Women's Suffrage

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Women's Suffrage An Unfinished Battle

The womens suffrage movement lasted over 70 years, from the first formal womens convention in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, to the passage of the 1th Amendment to the United States Constitution. Changing social conditions and the idea of equality for women led to the birth of the women's suffrage movement during the early 1800s. Women started to receive more education and to take part in reform movements, which involved them in politics. Women began to ask why they were not also allowed to vote. In the 150 years since the first landmark Womens Rights Convention, women have made clear progress in the areas addressed by the women's rights pioneer, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, in her revolutionary "Declaration of Sentiments". Since then, women have won the right to vote and are being elected to public office at all levels of government. By 171, however, three generations later, women were still less than three percent of our congressional representatives. Today women hold only 11% of the seats in Congress, and 1% of the state legislative seats. Yet, in the face of such small numbers, women have successfully changed thousands of local, state, and federal laws that had limited womens legal status and social roles.

One of the first public appeals for women's suffrage came in 1848. Two reformers, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, called a womens rights convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y., where Stanton lived. The men and women at the convention adopted a list of grievances that called for women to have equal rights in education, property, voting, and other matters. Elizabeth Cady Stanton used the Declaration of Independence as the framework for writing what she titled a Declaration of Sentiments. Stanton connected the campaign for womens rights directly to that powerful American symbol of liberty. The same familiar words framed their arguments We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Then the document went into addressing specific injustices women faced

· Married women were legally dead in the eyes of the law Order Custom Women's Suffrage paper

· Women were not allowed to vote

· Women had to submit to laws when they had no voice in their formation

· Married women had no property rights

· Husbands had legal power over and responsibility for their wives to the extent that they could imprison or beat them with impunity

· Divorce and child custody laws favored men, giving no rights to women

· Women had to pay property taxes although they had no representation in the levying of these taxes

· Most occupations were closed to women and when women did work they were paid only a fraction of what men earned

· Women were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law

· Women had no means to gain an education since no college or university would accept women students

· With only a few exceptions, women were not allowed to participate in the affairs of the church

Elizabeth Cady Stantons draft continued Now, in view of this entire disenfranchisement of one-half the people of this country, their social and religious degradation, -- in view of the unjust laws above mentioned, and because women do feel themselves aggrieved, oppressed, and fraudulently deprived of their most sacred rights, we insist that they have immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of these United States." Suffrage quickly became the chief goal of the womens rights movement. Leaders of the movement believed that if women had the right to vote, they could use it to gain other rights. Most people who opposed suffrage for women believed that women were less intelligent and less able to make political decisions than men. Opponents argued that men could represent their wives better than the wives could represent themselves. In ridicule, the entire text of the Declaration of Sentiments was often published, with the names of the signers frequently included. Just as ridicule today often has a squelching effect on new ideas, this attack in the press caused many people from the Convention to rethink their positions. Many of the women who had attended the convention were so embarrassed by the publicity that they actually withdrew their signatures from the Declaration, but most stood firm. And something the editors had not anticipated happened. Their negative articles about the womens call for expanded rights were so widespread that they actually had a positive impact far beyond anything the organizers could have hoped for. People in cities and isolated towns alike were now alerted to the issues, and joined this heated discussion of womens rights in great numbers.

In 186, suffragists formed two national organizations to work towards the right to vote. One was the National Woman Suffrage Association, and the other was the American Woman Suffrage Association. The National Woman Suffrage Association, led by Stanton and another suffragist named Susan B. Anthony, was the more radical of the two organizations. Its chief goal was an amendment to the Constitution giving women the vote. In 187, Anthony and a group of women voted in the presidential election in Rochester, N.Y. She was arrested and fined for voting illegally. At her trial, which attracted nationwide attention, she made a stirring speech that ended with the slogan Resistance to Tyranny Is Obedience to God. The American Woman Suffrage Association, led by the suffragist Lucy Stone and her husband, Henry Blackwell, was more conservative. Its main goal was to induce individual states to give the vote to women. The two organizations united in 180 to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

During the early 100s, a new generation of leaders brought a fresh spirit to the woman suffrage movement. Some of them, including Carrie Chapman Catt and Maud Wood Park, were skilled organizers who received much of their support from middle-class women. These leaders stressed organizing in every congressional district and lobbying in the nations capital. Other leaders, including Lucy Burns, Alice Paul, and Stantons daughter Harriet E. Blatch, appealed to young people, radicals, and working-class women. This group of leaders devoted most of their efforts to marches, picketing, and other active forms of protest. Followers even chained themselves to the White House fence. The suffragists were often arrested and sent to jail, where many of them went on hunger strikes.

The womens rights movement of the late 1th century went on to address the wide range of issues spelled out at the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and women like Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Sojourner Truth traveled the country lecturing and organizing for the next forty years. Eventually, winning the right to vote emerged as the central issue, since the vote would provide the means to achieve the other reforms. The campaign for woman suffrage met such staunch opposition that it took 7 years for the women and their male supporters to be successful.

In 11, as the suffrage victory drew near, the National American Woman Suffrage Association reconfigured itself into the League of Women Voters to ensure that women would take their hard-won vote seriously and use it wisely.

After the 1th Amendment was ratified on August 6, 10, the organized Womens Rights Movement continued on in several directions. While the majority of women who had marched, petitioned and lobbied for woman suffrage looked no further, a minority - like Alice Paul - understood that the quest for womens rights would be an ongoing struggle that was not satisfied by the vote.

In 10, the Womens Bureau of the Department of Labor was established to gather information about the situation of women at work, and to advocate for changes it found were needed. Many suffragists became actively involved with lobbying for legislation to protect women workers from abuse and unsafe conditions.

In 1, Alice Paul, the leader of the National Womans Party, took the next obvious step. She drafted an Equal Rights Amendment for the United States Constitution. Such a federal law, it was argued, would ensure that Men and women have equal rights throughout the United States. A constitutional amendment would apply uniformly, regardless of where a person lived.

The second wing of the post-suffrage movement was one that had not been anticipated in the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments. It was the birth control movement, initiated by a public health nurse, Margaret Sanger, just as the suffrage drive was nearing its victory. The idea of womans right to control her own body, and especially to control her own reproduction and sexuality, added a new dimension to the ideas of womens emancipation. This movement endorsed educating women about existing birth control methods. It also spread the conviction that meaningful freedom for modern women meant they must be able to decide for themselves whether they would become mothers, and when. It was not until 165 that married couples in all states could obtain contraceptives legally.

In the 160s a second wave of activism rose into the public consciousness. Esther Peterson was the director of the Womens Bureau of the Dept. of Labor in 161. She considered it to be the governments responsibility to take an active role in addressing discrimination against women. With her encouragement, President Kennedy convened a Commission on the Status of Women, naming Eleanor Roosevelt as its chair. The report issued by that commission in 16 documented discrimination against women in virtually every area of American life. Title VII of the 164 Civil Rights Act was passed, prohibiting employment discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race, religion, and national origin. The category sex was included as a last-ditch effort to kill the bill but it passed. With its passage, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was established to investigate discrimination complaints. Betty Friedan, the leaders of the various state Commissions on the Status of Women, and other feminists agreed to form a civil rights organization for women similar to the NAACP. In 166, the National Organization for Women was organized. In 17, Title IX in the Education Codes of 17, equal access to higher education and to professional schools, became the law. The long-range effect of that one legal passage beginning Equal access to education programs... has been powerful. The number of women doctors, lawyers, engineers, architects and other professionals has doubled and doubled again as quotas actually limiting womens enrollment in graduate schools were outlawed. Athletics has probably been the most hotly contested area of Title IX, and it has been one of the hottest areas of improvement, too. The rise in girls and womens participation in athletics indicates a significant change. One in twenty-seven high school girls played sports 5 years ago, one in three do today. In the world of work, large numbers of women have entered the professions, the trades, and businesses of every kind. Women have opened positions in the clergy, the military, and the newsroom. More than three million women now work in occupations considered nontraditional until very recently.

Women have accomplished so much, yet much still remains to be done. Substantial barriers to the full equality of Americas women still remain. But the Womens Suffrage Movement has clearly been successful in permanently changing the circumstances and hopes of women. The remaining injustices are being tackled daily in the courts and conference rooms, the homes and organizations, workplaces and playing fields of America.

Women and girls today are living the legacy of womens rights that seven generations of women before us have given their best to achieve. We have a lot to be proud of in this heroic legacy and have a great deal to celebrate for the more than 150 years since the founding of the Womens Suffrage and Women's Rights Movements.

Women's Suffrage Timeline

1776 Abigail Adams writes to her husband, John Adams, asking him to remember the ladies in the new code of laws. Adams replies the men will fight the despotism of the petticoat.

1777 Women lose the right to vote in New York.

1780 Women lose the right to vote in Massachusetts.

1784 Women lose the right to vote in New Hampshire.

1787 US Constitutional Convention places voting qualifications in the hands of the states. Women in all states except New Jersey lose the right to vote.

17 Mary Wollstonecraft publishes Vindication of the Rights of Women in England.

1807 Women lose the right to vote in New Jersey, the last state to revoke the right.

Women Join the Abolitionist Movement

180s Formation of the female anti-slavery associations.

186 Angelina Grimke appeals to Southern women to speak out against slavery.

187 The Pastoral Letter of the General Association of Massachusetts to the Congregational Churches Under Their Care is promulgated against women speaking in public against slavery, it is mainly directed against the Grimke sisters.

1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and other women barred from participating on account of their sex.

Women Begin to Organize For Their Own Rights

1848 First Womens Rights convention in Seneca Fall, New York. Equal suffrage proposed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton After debate of so radical a notion, it is adopted.

1850 Womens rights convention held in April in Salem, Ohio. First national womens rights convention held in October in Worcester, Massachusetts.

1850-1861 Annual Womens Rights conventions held. The last, in 1861, in Albany, New York lobbies for a liberalized divorce bill. Horace Greely opposes the bill, which loses.

1861-1865 Civil War. Over the objections of Susan B. Anthony, women put aside suffrage activities to help the war effort.

1867 Fourteenth amendment passes Congress, defining citizens as male; this is the first use of the word male in the Constitution. Kansas campaign for black and woman suffrage both lose. Susan B. Anthony forms Equal Rights Association, working for universal suffrage.

Suffrage Movement Divides Over Black vs. Woman Suffrage

1868 Fourteenth amendment ratified. Fifteenth amendment passes Congress, giving the vote to black men. Women petition to be included but are turned down. Formation of New England Woman Suffrage Association. In New Jersey, 17 women attempt to vote; their ballots are ignored.

186 Frederick Douglass and others back down from woman suffrage to concentrate on fight for black male suffrage. National Woman Suffrage Association formed in May with Elizabeth Cady Stanton as president. American Woman Suffrage Association formed in November with Henry Ward Beecher as president. In England, John Stuart Mill, economist and husband of suffragist Harriet Taylor, publishes On the Subjugation of Women. Wyoming territory grants first woman suffrage since 1807.

Civil Disobedience Is Tried

1870 Fifteenth Amendment ratified. The Grimke sisters, now quite aged, and 4 other women attempt to vote in Massachusetts, their ballots are cast but ignored. Utah territory grants woman suffrage.

1871 The Anti-Suffrage Society is formed.

187 Susan B. Anthony and supporters arrested for voting. Anthonys sisters and 11 other women held for $500 bail. Anthony herself is held for $1000 bail.

187 Denied a trial by jury, Anthony loses her case in June and is fined $100 plus costs. Suffrage demonstration at the Centennial of the Boston Tea Party.

1874 Protest at a commemoration of the Battle of Lexington. In Myner v. Happerstett the US Supreme Court decides that being a citizen does not guarantee suffrage. Womens Christian Temperance Union formed.

1876 On July 4, in Philadelphia, Susan B. Anthony reads The Declaration for the Rights of Women from a podium in front of the Liberty Bell. The crowd cheers. Later, the suffragists meet in the historic First Unitarian Church.

1878 Woman suffrage amendment first introduced in US Congress.

1880 Lucretia Mott, born in 17, dies.

188 The House and Senate appoint committees on woman suffrage, both report favorably.

1884 Belva Lockwood runs for president. The US House of Representatives debates woman suffrage.

1886 Women protest being excluded from the dedication ceremonies for the Statue of Liberty. Suffrage amendment reaches the US Senate floor, it is defeated two to one.

1887 Utah women lose right to vote.

180 The NWSA and the AWSA merge to form NAWSA. The focus turns to working at the state level. Campaign loses in South Dakota.

18 Matilda Joslyn Gage publishes Woman, Church and State. After a vigorous campaign led by Carrie Chapman Catt, Colorado men vote for woman suffrage.

184 Despite 600,000 signatures, a petition for woman suffrage is ignored in New York. Lucy Stone, born in 1818, dies.

185 Elizabeth Cady Stanton publishes The Womans Bible. Utah women regain suffrage.

186 Idaho grants woman suffrage.

Suffrage Activism Enters the 0th Century

100 Carrie Chapman Catt takes over the reins of the NASWA.

10 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, born in 1815, dies.

106 Susan Brownell Anthony, born in 180, dies.

107 Harriet Stanton Blatch, Elizabeths daughter, forms the Equality League of Self Supporting Women, which becomes the Womens Political Union in 110. She introduces the English suffragists tactics of parades, street speakers, and pickets.

110 Washington (state) grants woman suffrage.

111 California grants woman suffrage. In New York City, ,000 march for suffrage.

11 Teddy Roosevelts Progressive Party includes woman suffrage in their platform. Oregon, Arizona, and Kansas grant woman suffrage.

11 Womens Suffrage parade on the eve of Wilsons inauguration is attacked by a mob. Hundreds of women are injured and no arrests are made. Alaskan Territory grants suffrage. Illinois grants municipal and presidential but not state suffrage to women.

116 Alice Paul and others break away from the NASWA and form the National Womens Party.

117 Beginning in January, NWP posts silent Sentinels of Liberty at the White House. In June, the arrests begin. Nearly 500 women are arrested, 168 women serve jail time, and their jailers brutalize some. North Dakota, Indiana, Nebraska, and Michigan grant presidential suffrage; Arkansas grants primary suffrage. New York, South Dakota, and Oklahoma state constitutions grant suffrage.

118 The jailed suffragists released from prison. Appellate court rules all the arrests were illegal. President Wilson declares support for suffrage. Suffrage Amendment passes US House with exactly a two-thirds vote but loses by two votes in the Senate.

11 In January, the NWP lights and guards a Watchfire for Freedom. It is maintained until the Suffrage Amendment passes US Senate on June 4. The battle for ratification by at least 6 states begins.

10 The Nineteenth Amendment, called the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, is ratified by Tennessee on August 18. It becomes law on August 6.

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1.What are some of the advantages and disadvantages to using structured observations as a method of research?

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Structured observation (strange situation) gave Ainsworth¡¦s group a better control over the environment; it enables variables to be studied in a systematic way, and reduced the impact of confounding variables. It is a useful technique to study a child¡¦s emotional development; it can also be used to predict future social behavior Research has shown that two year-olds rated as insecurely attached were less likely to ask adults for help and became frustrated more quickly if they encountered problems; Children rated as securely attached between 1 to 18 months of age were more confident and outgoing at both 5 and 10 years old and more enthusiastic about solving problems. This technique also allows the research to be replicated easier and provides a better control means. However, Main (11) found that not all babies fit into the classification system, although many do, this is because the structured observation (strange situation) may have lower ecological validity. The artificial environment (the Strange Situation has been criticized for being artificial) may affect behavior so that the results can¡¦t be generalized to more natural settings. Another criticism is that attachment patterns can change. The attachments may shift from insecure to secure, and vice versa, depending on family circumstances. These circumstances might include changes in the people available to the child, or changes in the amount of stress a mother may be under. This suggests attachment is not fixed component of mother-child relationships. This study was also criticized on ethical grounds for the stress it caused some children. There were also cultural variations in attachment patterns. Secure attachments were most common in all cultures. But German mothers value independent behavior and may tend to see the securely attached child as ¡§spoiled¡¨. Japanese families in the other hand have a high percentage of ambivalent children and few avoidance ones. This shows that the strange situation may not be a suitable measure of attachment for all cultures.

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Printmaking

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Printmaking is an art form consisting of the production of images, usually on paper but occasionally on fabric, parchment, plastic, or other support, by various techniques of multiplication, under the direct supervision of or by the hand of the artist. These fine prints, are considered original works of art, even though they can exist in multiples. There are many different forms of printmaking.

Engraving is a form of printmaking that includes the cutting is done by a graver, or burin, on a copper, zinc, aluminum, or magnesium plate, and the design is printed with a roller press from ink rubbed into the incised grooves. Wood engraving came from the woodcut, but the use of the hard, smooth boxwood, cut with the burin commonly used by the copper-plate engraver, produces a finer, more detailed image. By contrast with engraving from metal plates, the printing of wood engravings is done from the surface of the plate or block; the parts that are not to be printed are cut away.

Etching is also another method of printmaking. This is the method of engraving in which lines or textures are bitten, or etched, into a metal plate, usually copper, with acid.The image produced has a spontaneity of line that comes from drawing on the plate in the same direct way as with pen or pencil on paper. The first etchings date from the early 16th century, but the basic principle had been used earlier for the decoration of armor. Many pioneers of this were Albrecht Altdorfer, Albrecht Durer, and Parmigianino, but the greatest of all etchers was Rembrandt. In the 0th century, etching has been especially popular for book illustration.

Mezzotint is a collaboration of both of the previous types of printmaking. Engraved or etched lines are often introduced to give the design greater definition. Mezzotint was invented in Holland by Ludwig von Siegen in the 17th century but thereafter was practiced primarily in England. Its adaptability to making color prints made it ideal for reproduction of paintings. After the invention of photography it was rarely used. In recent years the technique has been revived, especially by U.S. and Japanese printmakers.

Finally, woodcut one of the oldest methods of making prints, it was used in China to decorate textiles from the 5th century. Printing from wood blocks on textiles was known in Europe from the early 14th century, but developed little until paper began to be manufactured in France and Germany at the end of the 14th century. In the early 15th century, religious imagesand playing cards were first made from wood blocks. Black-line woodcut reached its greatest perfection in the 16th century with Albrecht Durer and his followers. In the late 1th and early 0th century, artists such as Edvard Munch, Paul Gauguin, and the German Expressionists rediscovered the expressive potential of woodcuts. Woodcuts have played an important role in the history of Japanese art

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Conflict Resolution

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Case Study Paper On Leadership Development

Francis B. Smith

October 8, 00

Problem

I am currently employed by a fortune 500 Company as Manager of Customer Service. My immediate Manager is Sue Clark, who is Director of Administration and she is highly experienced in the Records Management industry. The problem with her is that she lacks people skills and this is affecting her leadership ability. She's very competent and her input is highly valuable to the daily operations of the business. She has over 10 years experience in the Information and Records Management industry, and has established a reputation that exceeds our expectations. She is valuable to the organization, we don't want to lose her, but she comes across a bit condescending. She can be short and rude at times. She's very impatient, and she has been known to be defensive and rules with an iron fist (It's either my way, or you can forget it). It is important to provide constructive criticism; it is definitely needed in this case.

Recommendation

Poor Management skill is a disaster waiting to happen. Once detected upper management should discuss and provide support to the manager/executive in question. After coaching, the progress should be monitored to make certain retraining is not necessary. It is my opinion that management must be people oriented, open-minded, understanding and willing to listen. The above Executive must make the appropriate changes, if not her career will be at risk because no matter how knowledgeable she is, her people skills must be up to standard. This is what management should be and must continue to foster. Ms. Clark should meet with her direct reports and peers to discuss the issues. The information gathered from the survey will be shared with her, this includes what was heard, and started to discuss how impressions get formed, especially unintended impressions. We could either have the Executive's boss provide counseling or we could do further research to gain additional insight on the extent of the situation. But because Ms. Clark understood the frustrations out there, she became the motivator behind the change process. The agreement was to do further research to gain additional insight.

Focus for Analysis

• The challenge to overcome is to help her refine her communication style to come across more open to new ideas and inviting of other opinions.

• To value the positive influence of diverse cultural and gender perspectives on organization effectiveness and to develop a global outlook;

• To become conversant with a wide variety of leadership models and be able to select appropriate models to meet existing needs;

• To understand effective interpersonal communication and master organizational functions of written and oral communication;

• Most importantly achieving the above will motivate her staff in making them feel comfortable to have an open conversation with her.

The alternative solution and the solution I believe is best is a suggestion to have the Ms. Clark take a leadership development class. The recommended program consists of the fact that leaders in supervisory and administrative positions need a variety of human and conceptual skills. They use planning, communicating, problem solving, and decision-making to guide the efforts of individuals and groups to achieve organizational goals. The program is designed to impart the theories, tools and techniques that make such leadership effective. It focuses on in-depth understanding of human behavior, development of leadership skills for multiple applications, and adapting leadership models to the changing organizational settings of the twenty first century.

On the other hand, (opposing view point), if Ms. Clark had become adamant about opening up, refusing to accept new ideas, failing to accommodate others opinions, and not willing to apply herself, she would not have been able to overcome the obstacles that were negatively affecting her career and that of her employees.

After Ms. Clark takes the recommended class she will be able to defined her style, she will be much more approachable, understanding and open minded. Her behavior will change and her employees will be much more relaxed and upbeat. The change will also play a positive role in her career because her superiors will notice the difference. She herself will be surprised by the change, as the morale in her employees will increase tremendously. The turn over level in her direct reports will drop. She will find that her communication skills will improve in all areas.

Solution

As a result of interviews with her direct reports, and about six of her peers, it was determined that she is lacking strength in her communication style, leadership presence, managerial style, and credibility. By collecting feedback from seniors, peers and direct reports, we will be able to get a well-rounded objective version of the concern.

Next, all notes will be complied and conducted a qualitative analysis. This will focus on key areas that were of concern to her peer's and subordinates. It will bring out issues of abruptness and condescension. I am one of those employees who will deliberately stay away from her unless I absolutely have to approach her for any reason. The research will also allow the discovery themes of micromanagement, closed-mindedness, and a personal agenda. Even though these impressions might not have being intentional, they are there. The behaviors that were being displayed to send out these negative impressions will be pinpointed.

Since Ms Clark understood the need to change her behavior and has been willing to try new approaches to develop more flexibility. This means that she is open to accepting feedback that will help her develop her leadership and impact.

Conclusion

I view the program as a means to further enhance ones leadership skills. The programs philosophy of integrity, competence, and vision makes it valuable and worthwhile. Another benefit is that everyone within organization will feel comfortable in his or her dealings with Ms. Clark. One of the policies in place is "open door policy"; this change makes it very effective.

Work Cited

http//www.cdaconsulting.com/case_study_executive_coaching.htm

http//www.emersus.com/casestudyec.htm

http//www.executive-leadership-management-coaching.com/case.html

Analysis of my Readers

My readers are top executives within the organization. The Executives were fully aware of the situation; they were concerned that one of their colleagues was having a negative effect on the performance of peers and direct reports. Their viewpoint was to have the problem solved as soon as possible, even if the outcome was to terminate the executive. The recommended solution will achieve a positive outcome because Ms Clark will still be employed by the organization, which is my purpose.

Self Evaluation

This class has taught me to embrace all types of writing formats, addressing various topics of interests. I have found that my usual, formal, textbook-like, style of writing is anything but fitting for the leadership management topic that I have described. I have found that I have had to push my writing to become a much more personal a concept that I possibly took too far in this leadership paper.

What I have found, is that because leadership management is such a personal thing for me, it must be discussed in the manner in which I did, as depicted above. I love how the introduction paragraphs appear catchy and the writing throughout it is witty and enjoyable.

This class has been very rewarding thus far I feel that I have become much more confident as a writer. I feel like what I am writing has importance and that my opinions are valid and personal. In the past, I have always considered myself a weak writer, but just by the sheer amount of writing that we have done this semester, I feel that my ability to write and convey opinions has grown leaps and bounds. I hope to continue to grow as a writer throughout the semester.

Please note that this sample paper on Conflict Resolution is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Conflict Resolution, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Conflict Resolution will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Tom Jenkins

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suffers privately with the knowledge that Granma is

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end of the episode, Mas calm exterior cracks just

slightly she warns Tom not to touch her, saying that

she can retain her calm only as long as he doesnt

reach out to her. This ability to act decisively, and

to act for the familys good, enables Ma to lead the

Joads when Pa begins to falter and hesitate. Although

she keeps her sorrows to herself, she is not an

advocate of solitude. She consistently proves to be

the novels strongest supporter of family and

togetherness. Indeed, the two tendencies are not in

conflict but convene in a philosophy of selfless

sacrifice. Ma articulates this best, perhaps, when she

wordlessly directs her daughter to breast-feed the

starving man in Chapter Thirty. With her indomitable

nature, Ma Joad suggests that even the most horrible

circumstances can be weathered with grace and dignity.

Ma Joad is the focal point for the entire family. She

is the driving force behind the familys ability to

get through even the roughest times. She never lets

anyone know of any doubt or pain that she might have,

as even the slightest show of weakness could cause a

mild panic in the family.

Ma Joad John Steinbeck uses good characterization in

The Grapes of Wrath. One in particular, is Ma Joad.

She is the backbone of the family whose main goal is

to keep her family together and safe. Ma Joad is the

backbone character. Vlcek writes, "…Ma's primary

obligation is to take care of he

Ma Joad is one of the main characters in John

Steinbecks novel Grapes of Wrath. Ma is a strong,

wife and mother who is the leader of the family. She

does anything to keep the family together. In Grapes

of Wrath, Steinbeck uses two literary techniques,

direct description and portrayal of

We already know, then, that she loves her family

passionately, and will stand by them loyally, and we

know that she thinks violence is sometimes justified.

Shortly after Tom comes home from prison, the family

has to leave their farm. They have decided to move to

California and try to get work as migrant farm hands.

Both on the trip and once they have arrived in

California, Ma Joad continues to show her great

strength and fierce loyalty.

Please note that this sample paper on Tom Jenkins is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Tom Jenkins, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Tom Jenkins will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Looking for Alibrandi

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Looking for Alibrandi

1

The book 'Looking for Alibrandi' was written by Melina Marchetta. The purpose of the book is to inform people of what life is like for teenage people in today's world, another purpose of the book is to entertain people that read books. The Audience that the author has tried to target is teenage people because they would be able to relate to the issues that the main character Josie faces throughout the novel. The story is set in the Eastern suburbs of Sydney in Australia. This book contains social, historical and cultural context. Social context is shown through Josie putting everyone into stereotypical groups. Cultural Context is shown through Josie's family being Italian-Australians and the customs their family has, such as the room in Nonna's apartment, which is only used for guests. Historical context is shown when Nonna talks about, how hard it was for, Italians who came over to Australia to live.

The author Melina Marchetta was born in 165. 'Looking for Alibrandi' was Marchetta's first novel and it has been acclaimed widely.Order Custom Essay on looking for Alibrandi

Throughout the novel the main character Josie changes personality. This is mainly because Josie became more mature but there were many aspects of her life that she changed her perspective on. One aspect she changed her perspective on was her father, Michael Andretti. At the start of the novel Josie says, "We don't need him" this shows that Josie doesn't want to know him and she would rather not have him in her life. Then as the story goes on Josie starts to get to know her father and starts to get along with him "When we forgot the fact that biologically he was my father, we could be friends". The end of the novel shows Josie and her father getting along as father and daughter 'I love Michael Andretti more and more everyday'. Josie also changes her perspective on her Nonna. The start of the novel shows Josie not getting on with her grandmother " My main objective in life is to get on my Grand mothers nerves". As the novel goes on and Nonna starts telling Josie about Marcus Sandford and she tells Josie that "he was in love with me". It is not until towards the end of the text that Josie realizes that Nonna had an affair with Marcus Sandford. Josie is angry at first and says, " I hate you. Not because of my life. But because of my mothers". After this Josie comes to realize that Nonna only treated her daughter bad because she didn't want her to make the same mistake she did. Josie also changed her view of herself. When the novel started Josie thought that she and her group of friends were social misfits and she didn't fit into society "Please, God, let me be accepted by someone else rather than the underdog". Then as the story goes on she starts to realize that she really isn't a social misfit. She first starts to realize this when she is appointed as school captain. "You were voted School captain but I gave the job to Ivy". Then after she finds this out she starts to realize that "Socially we weren't as shitty as we thought".

The text type of the text is Prose fiction. The text is written in first person so the audience gets the view of the main character and the audience can see the perspective of the main character. It is first person because of the use of the words I, me and my "I glanced at the students around me". Similes are used when Josie says "well, I'm not sure whether everyone in this country will ever understand multiculturalism and that saddens me, because it's as much part of Australia as football and meat pies" and another example of a simile is "she's a slut… like her mother". The Tone of the text is serious with forms of exaggeration and sarcasm throughout it. The structure of the text consists of an orientation where Josie finds herself struggling with life and finding g it hard to get on with some of the people in her life. The complication is when Josie starts to change her perspective towards life and the people involved in her life. The resolution is when Josie becomes more mature and realizes that even though her life is not perfect she can overcome it and get on with life.

4

The medium of production of the text was through novel. This affects the way we respond to the material because this is a novel we have rely on our imagination to show us what is happening. The readers are able to make up there own visual images of the characters and settings.

5

The text shows me that change can occur in a person, as they get older. This text showed me that as a person gets older they are able to change their perspective on the people around them and they are able to become more tolerant than they were

Please note that this sample paper on looking for Alibrandi is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on looking for Alibrandi, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on looking for Alibrandi will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Arts

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IMPORTANT NOTE Welcome to DV Chapter Thirteen. If you are just joining us, great. If you have already read part one and are here for part two then click right here.

Dedication With all thanks to my betas, Amy, Ali, Brian, Mahoney, Clary, and Aja, who read the last part and contributed a certain amount of spasmodic weeping and a lot of emoticons. But mainly this chapter is dedicated to all of you You who have been reading this fic from the beginning, however long youve been with me, I feel Ive changed and grown so much as a writer thanks to your feedback and support. I am allowed to get mushy because Book Five is coming out, so you - I love you all.

Draco Veritas Chapter 1 The Malfoy Family Code of Conduct

Part One Home Country Buy cheap arts term paper

I would be happy enough, living in my home country, if Pelias would give his consent. May the gods see fit to free me from my labors, said Jason. And his voice is at once that of the ever-hypocritical lover trying to soften the cruelty of his desertion, and that of the hero who looks, weary and detached, over the scene where he is obliged to kill, cheat, travel, desert, and, finally, to be killed.

-Roberto Calasso.

Master, said the house elf-nervously, there is someone in the library.

Thaddeus Nott folded down the left side of the paper he was reading (The Daily Prophet, business section, Wizarding Market Update Wands Waver As Broomsticks Soar) and glared at the elf over his spectacles. Nonsense, he said. There cant possibly be anyone in the library.

Yes, sir. Binky is understanding that, sir. Except that, sir...

Yes?

There is someone in the library, sir.

Nott threw the paper down with a bark of exasperation. Is it one of the children?

No, sir.

Well, who the bloody hell else can it be? I havent asked any guests here, Marthas off at the spa in Theamelpos, and the only uninvited person who can get through the wards is the Dark Lord... He paused, and paled markedly. Its not the Dark Lord, is it?

No, sir, it is not someone Binky is knowing, sir.

Oh, bloody hell, Ill go see who it is, Nott snapped, propelling himself to his feet. He winced a little - his back hurt these days, more than it once had. Not enough exercise, that was the problem. Too much time spent slaving away in dark little rooms, plotting with Francis and the rest of them. Get out of my way, you infernal bat-eared moron, he snarled, aiming a solid kick at Binky that sent the little creature sailing across the room into the bookcase.

At least he still had his excellent aim, Nott thought with some satisfaction, setting off down the hall towards the library. In his day, hed been one of the best Beaters Slytherin had ever seen. Tom Riddle himself had once congratulated him on a game. Hed never forgotten it.

If Malfoy Manor was both the oldest and possibly the grandest wizarding house in England, Notwick Estate was the wickedest. Its dungeons were the darkest, its gardens the most foreboding, and its corridors the most reliably unlit. The children were forever barking their shins on the legs of chairs but Nott refused to invest in more expensive torches or more powerful Illuminating Charms. His grandfather had liked it dark, and so did he.

He navigated the staircase to the third floor largely by memory, one hand guiding him along the rough stone wall. The library door was open slightly when he reached it, and pale light spilled out through the crack, throwing a narrow golden bar along the floor.

He stopped dead in the corridor and frowned. It wasnt that he hadnt believed Binky, but - well, perhaps he hadnt quite believed the daft little creature could possibly be correct. No one could get through the wards surrounding Notwick. No one. This had to be one of his children, playing a prank. He strode to the library door, threw it open -

The angry exclamation died on his lips. He stared around him in bewilderment. The library was full of light, a deep gold color like summer twilight, and like summer twilight it was tinged with a dark red. It poured from the walls, ceiling and windows and suffused the fire in the grate with layers of deeper color, as if thin sheets of hammered gold had been laid over the flames.

And in the center of the room a boy was standing, very still, his arms at his sides. He was wandless, in wizarding robes that hung loosely open to show dark clothes underneath. For a moment, Thaddeus Nott, who was hardly a man given to wild flights of fancy, wondered if he were seeing a ghost made corporeal. Those clothes, that looked as if they had been tailored fifty years ago, that posture, the easy tilt of his head. But this boys hair was like luminous candlelight and his face was warm and open, and he smiled as Nott hung in the doorway. Thaddeus, he said. You arent glad to see me?

H-how did you get into my house? If youve tampered with the wards -

Wards cannot keep out the one who made them, said the boy.

The Dark Lord Voldemort made those wards, barked Nott. I am under his protection -

Voldemort, the boy mused. I dont think I like that name very much. I suspect Lucius talked me into it. He always had a regrettable tendency towards the baroque.

I dont understand, muttered Nott, dizzily, but he almost did understand. Even as the possibility loomed before him, monstrous, unbelievable, his mind rejected it. He flung himself forward into the room, and the door banged shut behind him. He could have sworn the boy had gestured at it with his left hand - Stop that, Nott roared. You brat - you meddle in what you dont understand. Do you really wish to risk the wrath of the Dark Lord?

The Dark Lord whom you betrayed? The Dark Lord whom you renounced and threw to the rabble? You would rather have accepted the bitter charity of your enemies than lay down your life in loyalty -

It is not for you to rebuke me! cried Thaddeus Nott, forgetting for a moment that he was shouting at a child he had never seen before, seeing instead the accusatory face of his master, whom he had sworn to follow and obey, and whom he had betrayed. It is for my master to do so! And he has forgiven me!

Has he? asked the boy, his blue eyes reflecting the gold light in the room; and then, with a look of indolent amusement, he swept his left hand towards Nott. It described a shimmering silver arc in the air, which turned before Notts eyes into a razor-edged silver disc. The disc launched itself across the room with unbelievable speed, spinning itself into a blur; it struck Nott in the throat, severing his head neatly from his body as cleanly as a razor might slice a scrap of parchment, killing him instantly.

Tom watched, one light eyebrow arched in amusement, as the decapitated body thumped to the Aubusson carpet. The bloody, severed head itself rolled across the room, fetching up at his feet.

With a cats grace, Tom knelt and stared down into the dead face of Thaddeus Nott.

Perhaps your master has forgiven you, Tom said. But I have not.

As he reached to shut the staring black eyes with the tips of his fingers, a smile touched the corners of his mouth. He straightened up, and looked about himself in satisfaction.

One, he remarked, to the empty room.

When Rhysenn finished telling her story, Ron stood up abruptly, detaching himself from her hands and her cloak, and went to stand on the edge of the roof.

It was like standing at the edge of the world. The sky was not properly black but a deep transparent blue like the water at the oceans floor, five miles down. Charcoaled streaks of clouds touched the tops of the mountains in the distance and somewhere far below there was the sound of water crashing over rocks - a river? Or a waterfall?

He could hear Rhysenn behind him, getting to her feet. He turned around and looked at her. She looked smaller than he had first thought she was, and the wind took her black hair and whipped it across her face, hiding her expression. She had hair like Harrys hair, that black so black it looked unreal, as if each strand had been individually dipped in ink. Hair that made you think that if you touched it, the color would come off on your fingers. Harry, Ron thought, and felt that sharp slicing pain that came with thoughts of Harry, that was clean and sharp as the cutting edge of a piece of glass.

Did my tale upset you? Rhysenn said, pushing her hair out of her small white face. If it did, then I am sorry. That was not my intention.

No, Ron said. No. It wasnt you. Hate that was once love is the strongest hate there is, he thought, and realized how close he had been to hating Harry and hating Hermione and damning them along with himself for the mistakes they had all made, the ways in which they were imperfect. I was just thinking, he said, that Im a Diviner. So why cant I see what I should do? I dont know what to do. I wish I was more like - like Malfoy. Well, except for the being a giant arsehole part. Its just - its easier when only one thing matters to you.

No one is that simple, said Rhysenn. Nor do you have many choices. You are a prisoner, after all.

There are always choices, said Ron. I could throw myself off the roof right now. You couldnt stop me. Splatter myself all over the rocks. Voldemort wouldnt have much use for me then.

Is that what you want to do? Rhysenn looked at him curiously, sidelong, her eyes gray and bright. Kill yourself?

Ron pulled his cloak close about himself and shivered. No. I want to live. Does that make me a bad person?

I dont know, Rhysenn said. I dont know very much about people. I have only ever known the Malfoys.

Ron snorted. If you can call them people, he said. His hand was still at his collar, holding his cloak shut. The brooch Hermione-who-was-not-Hermione had given him, with its intricate design and winking single jewel, pressed against his hand. With a decided motion, he pulled it free and held it in his palm. You are marked now twice, Voldemort had said to him. With my sign.

She had never really loved him. Ron drew his hand back and flung the brooch hard; it arced out and tumbled down towards the darkness below, striking silver sparks from the air as it fell. Ron watched it go. The wind took his unfastened cloak and pulled it from his shoulders and it spun away from him as well, caught by the winds edge, fluttering and falling.

All your protections gone, said Rhysenn at his side. If he hadnt known better he would have thought she sounded sad.

No, Ron said. He squared his shoulders resolutely. Not all of them.

We interrupt Wake Up With Warbeck to bring you this emergency bulletin from the Daily Prophet. A surprise attack on a wizarding house in Devon during the night has left the magical community stunned. As of this report, there is one confirmed death. Information is sparse but it has been confirmed that a Killing Curse was not responsible for the death, although sources claim that a message was found written in blood on a wall inside the --

Hermione, groping blearily for the volume control on the Wizarding Wireless Alarm next to the bed, succeeded in knocking the radio to the floor. It made a sproinging noise, popped a coil, and fell silent. She gazed down at it for a moment, hanging off the edge of the bed. Oh, she muttered under her breath, honestly. What a way to wake up. As if we hadnt --

She broke off, suddenly wide-eyed. We. Of course. She wasnt sleeping alone in this bed. She bit her lip, remembering the night shed passed falling asleep with Dracos arms around her, her hands knotted across his back, her legs flung over his, tangled together. They must have untangled themselves during the night, somehow. She had no memory of it. Shed slept like the dead.

Hermione pulled herself back onto the bed, cleared her throat, and turned around. Draco, are you --

The words died on her lips. Apparently, shed been wrong. She was alone in the bed. The other side of the bed was unoccupied, the sheets pulled smooth, the pillow, jammed against the headboard, still crumpled where hed slept on it.

A feeling of unease washed over her. Then she told herself she was just being silly. Surely hed merely gotten up to go take a shower. Hed been sleeping badly lately, after all. She swung her legs over the side of the bed and padded, barefoot, into the living room.

It was empty. The fireplace was full of smashed glass. The wall was dented where the candlestick shed thrown had struck it. Dracos jacket was on the floor, but his boots were gone. She could feel the blood rise into her face and hurried towards the bathroom, pausing only to pick up the antidote flask she had thrown the night before. It had rolled to a stop beside the couch. For a moment, she cradled it against her chest. Then she tucked it into the pocket of her dressing-gown and hurried down the hall to the bathroom.

It was empty, although a damp towel flung over a rail showed her that he had, indeed, showered that morning, or some time during the night. The second bedroom was also empty, as was the kitchen. By the time Hermione reached the door to the balcony and flung it open, her heart was pounding.

The balcony was bare and the wind was icy - shivering, she slid her hands into her pockets. She picked her way over to the railings and gazed blindly down at the view of Diagon Alley below, its wheel-rutted streets glazed gunmetal gray with dirty snow. Crowds of black-clad witches and wizards, hoods up over their faces, hurried to and fro on the pavement. He could have been any one of them. Hermione tightened her grip on the flask in her pocket.

À la claire fontaine

Men allant promener

Jai trouv leau si belle

Que je my suis baign

Sous les feuilles dun chêne

Je me suis fait scher

Sur la plus haute branche

Un rossignol chantait

Il y a longtemps que je taime

Jamais je ne toublierai

Il y a longtemps que je taime

Jamais je ne toublierai

When he opened his eyes, she stopped singing, startled. He had been asleep so long that she had almost forgotten that she was waiting for him to wake up. When he stirred and exhaled and opened his eyes slowly, she broke off and leaned over him, her long hair brushing his hand, and whispered, Harry?

The green eyes looked up at her, leaded by their long black lashes. His sopping hair was pasted to his forehead in limp dark streaks. He had already sweated through four pairs of pajamas and the ones he wore now were comically oversized on him. Hermione? he said, squinting up at her. His voice was raspy-soft, vague with sleep. Is that you?

No, she said, and reached for the glass of water on the bedside table. No, its not Hermione.

I searched for you on the beach but I couldnt find you, he whispered, his eyes fixed on her but not seeing her. I wanted to tell you I was looking for him -

She halted with the glass in her hand, arrested by curiosity. Who are you looking for?

Ron, he said, impatiently, as if she ought to know this. I lost him, but Im going to find him again.

She lowered the glass of water to his mouth. Please drink, she said, but he turned his head away irritably and the water splashed down over his chin and onto his already soaked pajamas. His hand went to his throat and he closed his fingers as if he expected to find something there, but they closed on air. Your Epicyclical Charm is gone, she said. Have you lost it, Harry?

He shook his head fretfully. I left it for you, he whispered. With my letters. You got my letters, didnt you? I told you to look after Malfoy. Hes not well -

He started to struggle up to a sitting position, but she put a hand on his chest and pushed him back down. Weak as a kitten, he flopped back onto the pillows. Youre not well, bb, she said. Its not Draco thats ill, its you. And you need your rest.

He turned his head into the pillow, his eyes shut. Across his chest, he held his left hand tightly with his right, as if it were injured, although, when she had looked at it earlier, she had found thathe skin was unmarked. His breathing slowed, and he cried out a name. She wondered what he was dreaming.

Hermione was in the kitchen when she heard the door of the hotel room open and close. She had been making a new batch of the antidote -- Add tisane of bloodroot, flower of antimony, wormwood infusion, powdered mandrake -- when she heard the click of the lock. She dropped the pestle shed been using to smash the mandrake to powder, and bolted out of the kitchen.

Draco was standing in front of the hotel room door, unbuckling the front of his cloak. His hood was down and there were flakes of snow caught in his hair. He looked up as she raced into the room, a startled expression crossing his face as she flung herself at him, almost knocking him back into the wall.

I thought something happened --

His arms went around her and for a moment he held her so hard that she winced as the buckles on the front of his cloak dug into her skin through her blouse. Then, as if suddenly recollecting himself, he pushed her away. Be careful, he said. Theres ash all over my clothes.

Hermione glanced down at herself. The front of her white nightgown was smudged with dark gray streaks. I see that, she said, irritation beginning to flood over her relief. And where were you? You could have told me you were going out--

You were asleep. I didnt want to wake you. His voice was light, careless. He undid the last buckle on his cloak and threw it over the back of a nearby armchair. A pale cloud of ash rose from it, almost making Hermione cough. Sorry, he said. There were streaks of soot on his face; what she had thought was snow in his hair, she now realized, was ash. We went to bed rather late, if you remember.

His casual use of the phrase we went to bed threw Hermione briefly. She felt herself blush; Draco noticed, and smiled a blandly engaging smile at her.

I remember, she said tightly. That doesnt mean you should just go haring off without me, you know. I thought we were in this together.

We seem to be in a lot of things together, Draco said, pulling off his jumper. He threw it on top of his cloak, and went to work on his shirt buttons. Suddenly.

Hermione blinked at him. Where did you go, Draco?

Floo Hub, he said, pulling his shirt off. He was wearing a t-shirt under it. There was ash around the collar.

Looking for a lead on Harry?

No, I just have a kinky thing for fireplaces. Yes, looking for a lead on Harry.

And you went without me?

Do you actually want me to respond to that or can we both agree the answer is fairly self-evident?

If you do that again, Ill -

Youll what? He flung himself into the armchair, shedding ash all over the red leather, and went to work on the laces of his dragonhide boots. Or after Ive spent a bracing morning getting knocked into various fireplaces by the security trolls at the Floo Hub while looking for your misplaced boyfriend, youll stand there with your hands on your hips and glare at me like I just bashed your cat in the head with a steel-toed boot? Oh, wait. YOURE ALREADY DOING THAT.

Hermione glared at him. Are you done?

Draco glared back. No. Im just getting started. Im considering it as a career. Whining for England. He yanked off his left boot and tossed it on the floor. I need coffee.

Not until you take your antidote, said Hermione automatically.

Fuck my antidote, said Draco with great satisfaction. Fuck it upside down and sideways.

You really do need coffee, Hermione said. As repartee goes, that was not up to your usual par.

Draco took off his second boot, and dropped it with a deliberate thud. Its early yet.

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Determining if a Substance is a Sugar, a Starch, a Protein, or a Lipid

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We were given four unknown substances (A, B, C and D), and we had to figure out which one was a sugar, a starch, a protein, or a lipid. What did we do? We performed four simple tests that, for the most part, with a color change told us the results. We did them one at a time so we could eliminate a substance per test. The first test we did was the Biuret test in which we found that none of the substances were proteins, and; therefore we could not eliminate any of the substances. Second, we did the Benedict's test in which we only saw a change in substance A, which lead us to believe that substance A was a sugar. After eliminating substance A, we did the brown paper test that does not have a color change for a result but lives an oil spot which is simple to identify. The presence of an oil spot on the brown paper told us that substance C was a lipid. Finally, we preformed the iodine test on the last two substances, which showed us that substance B was starch because it reacted and changed color from yellow to black.

Introduction

Three types of organic polymers are proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. These polymers are composed of monomers. The monomers of proteins are amino acids; the monomers of carbohydrates are sugars; and the monomers of lipids are fatty acids. In this experiment, we will be studying the chemical composition of carbohydrates (sugar and starches), proteins and lipids.

Scientists have different tests or experiments the can be preformed in substances to figure out the substances' chemical composition. We will be using four types of tests to identify the chemical composition of four unknown substances. We are especially interested in finding out which substance is a sugar, a starch, a protein, or a lipid. The four tests that will be used are the Benedict's, iodine, Biuret, and brown paper tests. First, the Benedict's test is used to determine if a substance contains a sugar. Second, the iodine test helps us figure out if a substance contains a starch. Third, the Biuret test identifies proteins in substances. Finally, the brown paper test helps to recognize if a substance is a lipid. In the first three tests a color change will let us know which substance is what. In the Benedict's test, the substance that turns from blue to brown or green will be a sugar. For the iodine test the substance that is a starch will turn black when iodine is added. Similarly, in the Biuret test the substance that turns purple will be a protein. However, in the brown paper test we are not looking for a color change but since "fats do not evaporate from brown paper; instead they leave an oily spot," we are looking for an oily spot (Mader 00). Cheap College Papers on Determining if a Substance is a Sugar, a Starch, a Protein, or a Lipid

The four unknown substances are labeled A, B, C, and D. Substance A and D are clear colored liquids and we suspect that one of these substances is our control, in other words water and that the other is a protein or a sugar. Substance B appears to be dried potato flakes; therefore, we suspect that this will test positive to starch in the iodine test. Lastly, we suspect, because substance D looks oily like lard or cream, that D is a lipid and will test positive in the brown paper test.

Materials and Method

One of the experience's purposes was to reveal which substance A, B, C or D was a protein. The test preformed was the Biuret test, which tests substances for protein. The first thing we did was gather all our materials. The materials used were substance A, B, C, and D, four test tubes, a test tube stand, a wax pencil, a millimeter ruler, biuret reagent, and a dropper. Second, we marked the test tubes by using the wax pencil and ruler at the two, and four-centimeter levels and marked each with a letter of a corresponding substance. Third, we filled test tube A with substance A up to the first mark on the tube. Then, we did same thing with the rest the substances. Fourth, we filled the test tubes with Biuret reagent up to the second mark. At this point, we could see if a change in color had taken place. We recorded our finding using a table, which stated which substance tested positive or negative in the Biuret test.

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Is T.s Eliot's poetry appreciated in modern society?

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"Of withered leaves about your feet…You dozed, and watched the night revealing, the thousand sordid images …Of which your soul was constituted…The notion of some infinitely gentle, infinitely suffering thing."(Preludes) These are one of the many demoralizing lines found in Eliot's poetry.

T.S. Eliot is considered to be one of the most prominent poets and playwrights of his time and his works are said to have promoted to "reshape modern literature" (Britannica). He was born in 1888 in St. Louis, Missouri and studied at Harvard and Oxford. It was at Harvard where he met his guide and mentor Ezra Pound, a well-known modernist poet. Pound encouraged Eliot to expand his writing abilities and publish his work. His published work was alarming and little to find enjoying. He gained the ability to write poetry filled with wisdom while adding his own passionate language. Eliot received the Nobel Peace Prize for literature in 148. His poetic nature changed as he matured and the issues that associated society. Irrespective of the subject Eliot's themes were cynical and pessimistic that emphasized society's role. As a whole, the works of T.S. Eliot an influential pessimist depicted the public's position as a moving culture faced with conflict.

As a radical innovator whose poetry represented the harsh realities of England in the 10s, T. S Eliot magnified England's society through a fine tooth comb. Incidentally England was then an expanding industrialized empire and did little to mollify the working class, whose political discontent was no doubt aggravated by the social upheaval, brought about by the Industrial Revolution.

The 114-18 war marked the end of the Victorian-Edwardian age, it was described as an age of social, political, economical reformation in society, where one sought to erase the old order and replace it with a completely new set of values. But Eliot was never interested though contented to examine the habits of the old order and contrast them with the new hopes and fears without offering solution. Such an example is 'Ash Wednesday'.

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Mainly in free verse his careful choice of descriptive words is the main reason why his poems are constantly discussed. Eliot's poems one might say are nauseating because of the strong courage he exerts to emphasize his perception. Society in 10s neither expected, nor was ready for Eliot's view of the world. They were disgusted and appalled by Eliot's poetry soon to realize it was their lives he was articulating.

An example of one of his poetry is the 'Morning at Window', where strong effective words are used such as "rattling", "sprouting despondently", "trampled "aimless" all conjuring a bleak mundane atmosphere. In this poem Eliot slightly advocates to the lower class. He repeats similar words throughout his poems, words he really likes and adds the undercurrent of irony. An example is "twisted" where he uses "Twisted faces" in 'Morning at the Window', "Twists like a crooked pin" and in the same poem "last twist of the knife" (Rhapsody of a Windy Night). Readers realize he is not merely poetic out of anger but finds joy out of creating cynical expressions and gasp at his menacing character.

He's indeed articulate to an extent that even his poetic structure relates to the theme. For example there isn't any punctuation in 'Morning at Window" till the end of each stanza. The continuity of long sentences suggests the long monotonous life of the servants who are metaphorically revealed in the poem.

A similarity that occurs in all his poems is the first stanza where he sets the scenes, which are mainly murky and dark. All seem to have a penetrating aura of magic "lunar incantations" (Rhapsody of a Windy Night) but are distort and destroyed by the realities of the actual town and its events. In 'Rhapsody of a Windy Night' a misanthropic poem, is Eliot's description of a working nightmare. Lines like "Dissolve the floors of memory", "Madman shakes a dead geranium" all evoke a sense of violence and aggression. From the beginning Eliot's epigraphs and opening lines alarms the readers whether to continue reading or not.

Even phonetics played a big part in his poems, with certain letters deliberately repeated to emphasize and establishing the tone and point of the poem. Certain strong s-sounds "scuttling across the silent seas" (The Love Song by J.Alfred Prufrock) emphasizes lack of purpose. Certain "t" sounds are also used commonly in most of his poems - "And now a gusty shower wraps" (Preludes), "The street-lamp sputtered, the street lamp muttered" again to emphasize his point.

Eliot's awareness and knowledge of different languages are clarified through his extensive use of other languages especially French supposedly the "language of love."

He uses it to express his point clearly and sometimes in languages words may have a deeper meaning to get the gist of an emotion. Such examples are "cauchemar" (Portrait of a Lady) and "La lune ne garde aucune rancune" (Rhapsody of a Windy Night) even in French he malignly describes society.

Generally the personas in his poems are on a journey, which lasts throughout the poem and appears to have no fixed destination. Only in the physical sense do they seem to be going nowhere and this is due to the fact that in both an emotional and intellectual perception each persona reaches some kind of awareness. (E.g. The loved song by J. Alfred Prufrock) All of the themes in his poems can be briefly summarized as issues relating to social classes and their mistreatment, fulfilled longing desires, loneliness, relationship misfortunes, anti-Semitic, antifeminist etc. His poems are journeys that penetrate deep inside his subject and theme which are all pessimistic.

He entertains and keeps the excitement and tone upbeat by repeating phrases to form a sort of chorus to a song. We tend to sing to the chorus of a song first then learn the whole song; similarly here his main theme is illustrated in the repetitive phrases. Especially his long poems where he establishes the scene in his first two stanzas, describes subject in the rest but the second last stanzas usually express an insight to a fantasy, a positive image, a hope in life then he naughtily drowns and dissolves such thoughts with sordid paradox images in the remaining last lines. "Till humans voices wake us, and we drown." (The loved song by J. Alfred Prufrock)

The modern reader may find T.S Eliot's poems distasteful and hostile due to the cynical perspective he portrays in his poetry. He informs the reader of certain human circumstances whether they are resplendent or disturbing. Many of his poems are associated with death and dreadful elements. Although one might occasionally, want a reality check a subtle approach would be appreciated but Eliot's emphasizes and reiterates the sufferings of life. Death, loss, failure, misfortunes that all relate to today's society in nature. Modern readers would find little to enjoy because the elements criticised are still issues discussed today.

Sexual discourse, relationship misfortunes, suppressed emotions etc, are all current issues of society. Being anti-feminist (lines 16-0 Rhapsody of a Windy Night) in today's society isn't popular because of the large amount of opinionative women, his poetries would be left isolated.

Personally I enjoy T.S Eliot's poetry solely because of his sceptical view and his articulate phrases that conjure forceful images, emphasizing the ironic truth. Eliot in his time was an individual who passionately connected to society by providing a window into individual thoughts, while everyone was too ignorant and afraid to allow themselves to question. He expressed the hurtful truth. For someone engrossed to produce vivid pessimistic imagery, I do believe he had experience his themes expressed in his poetry, during his life.

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Organisational Culture

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The organization I work for is Soft Craft Systems, an Information Technology (IT) company based in Tokai, Cape Town. The company promotes a family like culture and has grown out of this. In the seven years Soft Craft has been in existence, the company has grown from two to the current twenty employees. There is some gender bias in that, of Soft Craft's twenty employees, only two are females. The directors have been looking at ways of addressing this imbalance, yet females in the IT sector seem to be higher sought after, so they have not found it easy to begin building a more balanced workforce.

I have been with Soft Craft for three and a half years so have been part of some interesting developmental phases within the company as we seek to move forward in the business world. Management encourages the entrepreneurial spirit within the employees and is very supportive of any initiative shown on the part of the employees. As a result, employees are given some amount of freedom in that they are able to explore various ideas with the backing of the company. This has been borne out of a desire to expand the company into a successful business enterprise. Creativity and innovation are thus encouraged within the employees.

Organizational culture can be defined as a cognitive framework consisting of attitudes, values, behavioural norms, and expectations shared by the organizational members (Shein in Baron & Greenberg, 1). At the root of any organizational culture is a set of core characteristics that are collectively valued by the members. Characteristics that are considered to be particularly important are sensitivity to the needs of customers and employees, freedom to initiate new ideas, willingness to tolerate taking risks and openness to communication options (Martin in Baron & Greenberg, 1). After doing an employee survey was conducted among the employees last year, Soft Craft has been addressing all the above-mentioned areas in developing a culture that best represents everyone that is part of the organization.

While most organisations typically have a dominant culture, this culture is normally made up of a number of subcultures, depending on the size of the organization. A dominant culture reflects the organisation's core values and the dominant perceptions that are generally shared throughout the organisation. An organisation's culture provides a sense of identity for the members and the more clearly an organisation's shared perceptions and values are defined, the more strongly people can associate themselves with the organisation's mission and can feel that they are a vital part of it. A second important function of culture is generating commitment to the organisation's mission. When there is a strong, overarching culture, people feel they are part of a larger, well-defined whole and are involved in the entire organisation's work. Bigger than any one individual's interests, culture reminds people what their organisation is all about.

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A third important function of culture is to clarify and to reinforce standards of behaviour, which is essential for newcomers, but is also beneficial for seasoned veterans. In essence, culture guides the employees' words and deeds, thus making it clear what they might do or say in any given situation. In this sense, it provides stability to behaviour, both what an individual might do at different times and what different individuals might do at the same time.

One system for categorizing varieties of organizational culture is known as the double S cube, which characterizes culture along two independent dimensions, both of which begin with the letter "S", sociability and solidarity. The sociability dimension is a measure of the friendliness of an organisation's members. Among the first things a new employee notices about a company is its degree of sociability. Some companies are very friendly and have people who always socialize and go out together (i.e. high sociability). Others are composed of people who largely refrain from socializing and who stick to themselves (i.e. low sociability). Sociability has both a positive side and a negative side. On the positive side, sociability helps to promote creativity, because it encourages people to work together in teams and to share information, there by making them open to new ideas (Amabile in Baron & Greenberg, 1). On the other side, sociability may cause workers to form informal cliques that can become so influential they actually subvert the decision-making process. In keeping with this idea, members of highly sociable groups may be reluctant to disagree or to criticize each other, thus possibly leading to groupthink.

Solidarity focuses on the extent to which people share a common understanding of the organisation's tasks and goals. In organisations with a high degree of solidarity, employees tend to stick together in a highly focused way to accomplish an agreed-on goal. By combining high and low levels of both sociability and solidarity, four basic types of organizational culture can be identified.

Networked cultures are characterized by high sociability and low solidarity. They are extremely friendly and light-hearted in style. People tend to keep their doors open and they tend to talk about business in a casual, informal manner. They tend to socialize regularly and get to know each other quickly, feeling part of the group. The mercenary culture is characterized by low sociability and high solidarity. People are highly focused on pulling together to get the job done. Communication tends to be swift, direct and handled in a no-nonsense way. A business-like manner predominates and chatting is not encouraged, because it is considered to be a waste of time. Winning is considered everything and people are considered to put in whatever time is necessary to make that happen.

The fragmented culture is characterized by low sociability and low solidarity. People are likely to have little contact with their associates and only talk to each other when it is necessary, but generally leave each other alone. Members of a fragmented culture do not identify with the organisation in which they work, but rather identify with their profession. The communal culture is characterized by high sociability and high solidarity. People are very friendly and get along both personally and professionally. Communal cultures wisely exist among many computer-related companies. Since individuals in such organisations tend to share so many things, communication flows easily across people at all levels of the organisation and in all formats. Employees strongly identify with communal organisations and wear the company logo and support the organisation when talking with outsiders.

In terms of this model, I would classify Soft Craft's culture as communal, having progressed through both a mercenary culture and a networked culture. When I first joined Soft Craft, the attitudes and views of the founders predominated in Soft Craft and the culture tended towards the mercenary. The focus was very much on getting the job done and the atmosphere was a lot more formal. Employees would be encouraged to "put in the hours" and this was seen as being a sign of commitment to the company. Since then the management team has undertaken to listen to the needs of the employees and as a result a more communal culture has emerged. This transformation of culture was initiated by a company survey done by the employees to determine their perceptions, values and opinions. As a direct result of this, and through the intervention of a human resources specialist, communication was opened up between employees and management such that the culture has shifted toward a communal one.

Another key event in the shift toward a communal culture was a strategic planning workshop where, guided by the same HR specialist, the employees together with management created the company's mission and vision. Each person was given a chance to give their input on various matters and employees felt valued and appreciated. Nowadays, employees are given the freedom to express any concerns or issues they may have at bi-monthly staff meetings or access to the services of an HR consultant should they wish to discuss any company or personal problems. These issues are then discussed openly and honestly with management and the relevant employees.

Employees have also been encouraged to bring in new business through an incentive scheme whereby they receive a commission. New ideas are encouraged and employees are given the chance to try out these ideas in the market if they are considered promising business propositions. This gives the employees greater freedom to explore their creativity and to express who they are through their work.

The company encourages creativity and innovation. Creativity in individuals and teams involves three skills, domain-relevant skills, creativity-relevant skills, and intrinsic task motivation. Domain-relevant skills refer to those skills and abilities an employee already have. There must be the capacity to perform a certain task at even a basic level for creativity to be present. Creativity also involves special abilities that help people approach what they do in novel ways. Creativity is enhanced when people do not limit themselves to the old way of doing things they think outside the box, break mental sets and take new perspectives. Considering complex ways in which ideas interrelate and understanding these relationships also leads to creativity. Creative people consider all options and avoid premature judgments. Productive forgetting, which is the ability to abandon unproductive ideas and set aside stubborn problems, is also a skill which leads to creativity. People also sometimes follow certain strategies known as creativity heuristics to help them come up with new and creative ideas. These are rules people follow to help them approach tasks in novel ways.

For creativity to be present, people must not only have the creative skills, but must also be willing to perform the task in question, which is referred to as intrinsic task motivation. When a person has a personal interest in the task, intrinsic motivation is said to be high as the person will be motivated to perform the task and do it creatively. Task motivation is also high when the person perceives that he or she ahs internal reasons to perform the task. People who come to believe they are performing a task for some external reason, such as high pay or pressure from a boss, are unlikely to find the work inherently interesting and are unlikely to show creativity when performing it.

Innovation may be defined as the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organisation. Organizational innovation requires that organizations have the kind of cultures that encourage innovation and this normally starts with management. Innovation also requires that an organisation has the resources to be innovative. Unless an organisation has the necessary skilled people and finances available with which to innovate, stagnation is likely to result. An organisation must also have the skills in innovation management, most importantly, balance. Specifically, managers promote innovation when they show balance with respect to three key matters goals, reward systems and time pressure. Goals should be linked to the company mission but not too specific and reward systems should generously and fairly recognize one's contributions, but should not be so specific that they connect every move to a bonus or monetary reward. Innovation also requires carefully balancing the time pressures under which employees are placed. If such pressures are too great, people maybe unimaginative and offer routine solutions and if they are too weak, employees may have no sense of urgency or believe that the project is not important enough to warrant any creative attention on their part.

The management Soft Craft has taken on seeking the balance in innovation management. They seek to encourage creativity and strive for Soft Craft to be an innovative organisation. They have made a concerted effort to understand the factors that contribute to creativity and innovation and actively encourage these qualities within the employees of the organisation.

New employees are made to feel welcome in Soft Craft and encouraged to express their unique skills and character within the organization. As expected, Soft Craft is generally very specific with regards the employees it employs and they are generally handpicked for a special quality they can bring to the organisation. Management employs people that are considered creative and innovative and who will bring a unique quality to the organisation. Employees are made to feel valued and appreciated.

Soft Craft has a process that is followed when new employees join the organisation. Employees are initially welcomed by the management team and are then guided through an orientation and induction process. He or she is introduced to each employee and is also formally welcomed at the next staff meeting. Once the employee has completed a form to capture all his or her important personal details and to set up their email and logon accounts, they are given policies and procedures document to read through. This document contains information about the processes that are followed within the organisation with regards to email policies, telephone answering, office security procedures, salary and bonus expectations, the performance appraisal process, the annual leave policy, time-keeping requirements, client expectations and technical procedures. After reading through this document, the employee has a good idea of what is expected of them in terms of what to do and what not to do. He or she should also get a sense of the culture of the organisation.

The management of Soft Craft is continually looking at ways of improving the culture of the organisation. They have taken on understanding the people dynamics of the organisation as well as the role that they play in leading and shaping the culture of the organisation. An employee satisfaction survey that was run within the organisation last year highlighted the perceptions and concerns of the employees and management has undertaken to address these concerns to create a successful environment in which creativity and innovation are encouraged. This process has lead to employee empowerment, as employees are encouraged to take on more responsibility for creating the company that they want. I have been involved in this organizational change process and will continue to suggest ways to improve the organisation.

Soft Craft has undergone the unfreezing process described by theorists. Unfreezing refers to the process of recognizing that the current state of affairs as undesirable. This has resulted in changes in organizational structure as the balance of power has shifted from management to employees. Management still have the final say on matters and guide the employees in maintaining set standards, but employees have been given the freedom to take on more responsibility and have a say in the decision making process. More recent changes have been brought about due to the realization that the company needs to generate more income through new business and this has encouraged the entrepreneurial spirit within the organisation, as well as having the effect that each employee realizes that their contribution to the bottom line is important. This has stimulated a sense of urgency within the organisation.

The majority of the employees seem to welcome the change, while some find it unsettling, as they have been comfortable with the way things have been up until recently. These employee's concerns have been addressed and they have been encouraged to embrace the organizational change and contribute to the organisation to ensure its success. Overcoming the resistance to change within the mindsets of management as well as employees is perhaps one of the challenges that Soft Craft faces. There are various ways that resistance to organizational change may be overcome.

For change to be accepted it is important to win the support of the most powerful and influential individuals in the company. This has been the case with Soft Craft as management has been the driving force behind the transformation process. Sometimes people are reluctant to change because they fear what the future has in store, especially around economic security. As part of educating employees about what organsational change may mean for them, top management must show considerable emotional sensitivity. This has improved tremendously in Soft Craft and employees are beginning to realize that management considers the best interests of everyone before making decisions.

People who participate in making a decision tend to be more committed to the outcome than those who are not involved. The management of Soft Craft have recognized this and have involved employees in the decision making process with regards company strategy and the development of the mission and vision of the company. Another successful way to facilitate organizational change is rewarding people for behaving in the desired fashion. Feedback on the progress of employees in this regard is important.

Organizations that have developed the capacity to adapt and to change continuously are known as learning organizations. In these organizations, people set aside their old ways of thinking, freely share ideas with others, form a vision for the organisation, and work together on a plan for achieving that vision. To become a continual learner, management must establish a commitment to change, adopt an informal organizational structure and develop an open organizational culture. In these terms, Soft Craft is a continual learning organisation.

We have also been on a number of team building exercises, which have been successful in terms of encouraging employees to get to know one another in an informal environment away from the office. Further team building exercises are being planned and are becoming a regular activity within the organisation. Another process that was implemented to encourage commitment and engender a sense of fun into the organisation was the initiation of a team competition. The employees have been divided into three teams and accumulate points each month based on hours worked, time keeping, and generating new business. There is a monthly prize for the team with the most points as well as a grand prize at the end of the year. This concept has worked well and has created a sense of friendly competition, teamwork and creativity.

It seems that the transformation the organisation is undergoing is related to the growth and willingness to listen that management have undertaken. This has been filtering down to the employees and has created a learning atmosphere within the organisation. People have learnt to accept the views of others and there has been increased tolerance for individual differences. This has been encouraged through open discussions, which have become part of the culture of Soft Craft.

Further improvement in the culture of Soft Craft is being sought by both management and the employees and with the guidance of an HR consultant, from whom I am learning a great deal, a continual process of growth has been created within the organisation, both from an individual perspective and an organisational perspective. It is interesting and exciting to be involved in this process and to be consulted on various issues where I am given the freedom to express my thoughts and contribute to the growth and success of the company. Cox, T. (11). The multicultural organisation. Academy of Management Executive, 5(), 4-47.

Greenberg, J. & Baron, R.A. (000). Behaviour in organizations (7th ed.) New Jersey, Prentice Hall.

Ivancevich, J.M. & Matteson, M.T. (16). Organizational behaviour and management (4th ed.) United States, Irwin.

Please note that this sample paper on Organisational Culture is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Organisational Culture, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Organisational Culture will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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