The psychoanalytic model of abnormality

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Discuss the Psychoanalytic Model of Abnormality.

All theories of human behaviour that claim to be psychoanalytic in nature adhere to a number of basic claims put forward by Sigmund Freud earlier last century. In its simplest form Psychoanalysis suggests that the conscious behaviour of any individual is in essence determined not by their conscious decisions and intentions but instead by motives and processes that operate below the level of conscious awareness. Essentially then this means that an individual does not always know why they behave the way that they do since being unconscious, their motives are inaccessible to them. In attempting to comprehend behaviour psychoanalytic theory encourages us to consider the view that our conscious actions are merely symbolic representations of our unconscious motives and processes. Therefore in order to comprehend behaviour it is necessary to establish what that behaviour might be symbolizing for a person at a deeper sub-conscious level...this is essentially the basis of Psychotherapy...the treatment for abnormality according to this model.

By considering the symbolic content of his patient's behaviour and recollections Freud claims to have identified a recurring theme of either trauma or abuse occuring in early childhood. Since his patients had no concious recollection of these experiences Freud suggested that they had become locked away in the sub-conscious and made unavailable for conscious experience. According to Freud early experience of trauma had undergone repression but were finding symbolic expression as neurotic behaiour. As a solution the model assumes that a person must gain insight into their repressed trauma. When the person becomes consciously aware of their own repressed conflicts they are, as a adult, in a much better position to come to deal wit it in a more rational way.

As a model of abnormality, psychoanalysis relies heavily on the assumption that repression does indeed exist as a process. Levinger and Clarke showed how recall for threatening words (at least in the short term) was significantly less than for neutral words. This has sometimes been regarded as evidence for a repression like process taking place. However we must consider the fact that over a much longer time period, Eysenk discovered the opposite effect i.e. that threatening words had the better recall. It is also doubtful whether we can make comparisons between threatening words and real experiences such as abuse.Order College Papers on The psychoanalytic model of abnormality

Perhaps the most serious issue with this model is the reliance it places upon subjective interpretations. In their analysis, the psychotherapist can not be certain that the patients accounts are valid nor can anyone be sure that their interpretation will be meaningful. Some professionals have suggested that psychotherapy may come with its own expectations and that whatever trauma/experience is pieced together is essentially a false memory that becomes conesually validated.

As a course of therapy, psychotherapy is neither quick nor inexpensive. Both the time and the financial commitment must surely play a role in the acceptance of a therapists interpretation and play a role in what have become known as "iatragenic" illnesses, i.e. illnesses or conditions that are essentially the a product of the therapy itself. It also highlights another issue with the model. Rather than nurturing an attitude of self-reliance and autonomy, psychotherapy tends to encourage dependency and reliance on the therapist as a source of answers and insight. Finally we must consider the fact that the central aim of psychotherapy i.e. to allow repressed traumas to once again become conscious, may not be a healthy experience in itself indeed it may cause considerable anxiety for the patient. One tends to assume that the therapist is in a position to sensibly weigh this risk up against the value of "insight". However this is not guaranteed to be the case despite a professional code of conduct.

In summary then, the psychoanalytic model assumes that current abnormality is caused by the repression of sub-conscious needs and anxieties. Psychotherapy aims to make these conflicts once again conscious i.e. to gain "insight". The main limitation of this approach is it's reliance upon a therapist's subjective interpretations and the potential for creating iatragenic illnesses as patients come to rely so heavily on the therapist.

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George Seldes and Censorship of the Press

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Censorship in the media of the United States can hide the complete truth from its people in order to benefit the leaders and cooperate companies, despite what negative effects it may have on the public. The antifascist, foreign correspondent George Seldes spoke out against censors in his works, among them, You Cant Print That!. He tried to explain to the public how advertisements and the government limit what they can know for their own benefit.

Censorship of the press hides the whole truth from readers. It only reveals what the censors want the citizens to see. The government hides truths from the public because these truths might make the people question their support for their country, or worse, their support at election time. Government officials are afraid to let the public see mistakes their country makes and forms their own decisions and vote accordingly. The leaders would much rather show the people only what the country does right, and have an ignorant, yet whole-hearted opinion from society.

George Seldes was against censorship, but according to him, most of the censors came from advertising and not only the government. He believed that the advertisements control what goes in and out of the newspaper and other media because of the media's dependence on their financial support. The advertisers pressure the press to change reports and stories according to what the advertisers want to sell.

Advertisers want the public to buy their product, so they will constantly show only people ecstatic with their product. They also will not use any means of showing America their goods that mentions something against them, so the media cannot let the public know if the product might be questionable. An example of this is when tobacco ads were out in newspapers. The companies would not put ads in papers advised readers against smoking, so the papers who needed the money for the advertisements needed to appear to condone smoking, despite the known health risks. They could not make the risks known to the public for fear they would lose their funding. Help with essay on George Seldes and Censorship of the Press The public deserves to know everything that is going on with their country, but the censors will not permit that if it might affect the citizens' support. Perhaps censorship is not all bad, but as Seldes said in Lords of the Press, "A people that wants to be free must arm itself with a free press" and there can be no such thing until censors allow the public to know whole truths.

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My Pappa's Waltz

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Chris Watkins

March 5, 00

English 10

Tuesday/Thursday 0a.m.

Custom Essays on My Pappa's Waltz

Father

Theodore Roethke in "My Papa's Waltz," is discussing spending time with his father. "My Papa's Waltz" brings questions of physical and mental abuse in regard to Roethke as a child. "The whiskey on your breath could make a small boy dizzy", is an indication of a disaster waiting to happen. Most individuals cannot operate properly under the influence of a large consumption of alcohol. Roethke's father being drunk, romping around, and striking Roethke might indicate that child abuse is taking place.

The physical danger in the type of waltzing they are doing is indicated when Roethke states, "At every step you missed, my right ear scraped a buckle" (4). Roethke received scrapes on his ear due to his father being to rough with him. This type of dangerous activity is uncalled for and nothing was being done to stop it as indicated when Roethke states, "My mother's countenance, could not unfrown itself" (4). Long-term emotional danger could occur due to his mother standing by quietly as he was beaten. Roethke may not have a great deal of respect or trust for women due to her silence. He may also unconsciously feel this type of behavior is suitable for his children, and so the cycle would continue on.

The following statement might suggest child abuse. "You beat time on my head, with a palm caked hard by dirt" (4). This phrase from the poem also tells a story of a hard working father who has not even been home to clean up after work. Roekthe's father probably went to the bars after work before coming home and then let out his frustrations on his family. "We romped until the pans slid from the kitchen shelf" (4), indicates that his father is loud and clumsy when drunk. Roethke's father increases his chance of hurting someone while being clumsy and drunk.

Roethke is feeling fear while his father performs his "waltz". "But I hung on like death" (4), is a strong sign of fear running through Roekthe. The word "death" in this sentence draws a great deal of attention. "Death" is a strong word. The word has different meanings in which it can be used in a sentence. Roethke is using the word "death" to describe his "waltz" with his father. Picture a frightened young boy clinging to his father as he is "waltzing" around the house, but then again "Such waltzing was not easy" (4). This type of fear can deeply affect the way a child perceives his father. A child should feel safe and secure by his father. A child should feel comfortable with the presence of his father. In this situation Roethke does feel neither safe nor comfortable with the presence of his father.

Roethke's "waltz" is very similar to a terrible storm with loud thunder and electrifying lightning. "Then waltzed me off to bed, still clinging to your shirt" (4), creates a vision of a thunderstorm. Fear and excitement run through the spine while being caught at the mercy of a dangerous storm. Similar to the fear that Roethke possibly felt with his physical father. The only thing left after a bad storm is a terrible mess and memories. The memories that Roethke has of his father do not seem to be pleasant ones. The damage has been done. He still thinks about the times he would "waltz" with his drunken father. Roethke still pictures his mother's face, as she would stand by in silence through out his "waltz".

Child abuse is a serious crime and can be fatal. A child could break a bone or receive a fatal blow to the head. An individual under the influence of alcohol may not realize the amount of strength he or she is using on another human being. The emotional damage would probably be the most dangerous for Roethke. He may feel as if he needs to display high physical aggression toward other men due to the roughness of his father. He may also feel the need to display the same amount of aggression toward women in a manner to display his power.

I have not had experiences to the extent of Roethke. I am an only child and was raised by only my mother. Similar to Roethke's father she would go out drinking after work. She would come home buzzed, but not drunk. Her behavior toward me was one of care and concern. We would talk about my day at school, and she would tell me about her friends. There was never an abusive type of situation like Roethke encountered with his father. Occasionally we would rough house, but no one ever got hurt and it was all in fun. I cannot relate to Roethke in the sense of abuse, but I can imagine that it must have been very difficult for him to interact with his father.

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Never tell me never

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To many people Janine Shepherd is an inspirational person. She has faces her challenges head on and she never backs away from anything. The main challenges that Janine has faced an overcome in her life are; when she was seriously depressed, when she was able to walk again, when she had to overcome the fact she couldn't do as many sports as she could before and when she was able to have children.

Janine was faced with a lot of issues in a short period of time. Some of these issues she could overcome and some of these issues she could not overcome. It was the issues she couldn't overcome that sent her into a deep depression. Janine was really struggling with having to stay in hospital for such along time. When she said 'I felt trapped in my own body and felt there was no way out' (page 78) it showed how difficult it would have been for her.

In the book 'Never Tell Me Never' the story was really based around Janine's struggle to try and walk again. From the first couple of days in the hospital Janine was absolutely positive that she would walk again know matter what the doctors told her she wouldn't listen. Her positive outlook towards the challenge that faced her was some what ignorant but it was more inspirational than anything else.

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Janine may have been able to walk again but she could not do a lot of other things like sports. Janine set the goal that she would ski again during her recovery. This goal she set could not be accomplished along with the other fact that she couldn't play many other sports. Even the sports should could play she couldn't play as competitively as she did before the accident. Janine was able to adapt to this quite well, she didn't moan about it or over emphasize it she just accepted it.

From early on in Janine's recovery the doctors told her that she would never be able to have children. Janie wasn't too affected by this news because she was just too focused on overcoming her other goals and she had never really considered having children prior to the accident. When Janine recovered from her injuries she was able to have children. This was so inspirational because it wasn't luck it was Janine's stubbornness and determination to restore her life to the way it was before her accident.

The story of Janine Shepherd is so inspirational to people because of her never say never attitude. The way she was so confident and positive to say that she would walk again and that she would survive so early in her recovery and then go ahead and do it was amazing. Janine's love for her life is hope and encouragement for others to overcome their own challenges. Janine Shepherd is truly an inspirational person.

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Daddy

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In the poem Daddy, Sylvia Plath says that there are women who, due to early conditioning, find themselves without the tools to deal with oppressive and controlling men. They are left feeling helpless and hopeless. For some women, the struggle is never resolv.This poem portrays a bleak picture of life for some women. However, we know that Plath was able to resolve her conflicts. She states Daddy Ive had to kill you and Daddy, you can lie back now. Theres a stake in your big fat black heart

ed, others take most

In the poem Daddy, Sylvia Plath says that there are women who, due to early conditioning, find themselves without the tools to deal with oppressive and controlling men. They are left feeling helpless and hopeless. For some women, the struggle is never resolved, others take most of a lifetime. For a lucky few, they are granted a reprieve.

The speaker in this poem is Sylvia Plath. The poem describes her feelings of oppression and her battle to come to grips with the issues of this power imbalance. The poem also conjures the struggle many women face in a male dominated society.

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The conflict of this poem is male authority and control versus the right of a female to be herself, to make choices, and be free of male domination. Plaths conflicts begin in her relationship with her father and continues with her husband. The intensity of this conflict is extremely apparent as she uses examples that cannot be ignored. The atrocities of NAZI Germany are used as symbols of the horror of male domination. The constant and crippling manipulation of the male, as he introduces oppression and hopelessness into the lives of his women, is equated with the twentieth centurys worst period. Words such as Luftwaffe, panzerman, and Meinkampf look are used to descibe her father and husband as well as all male domination. The frequent use of the word black throughout the poem conveys a feeling of gloom and suffocation.

Like many women in society, we know that Plath felt oppressed and stifled throughout her life by her use of the simile I have lived like a shoe for thirty years poor and white, barely able to breath or Achoo. The use of similes and metaphors such as Chuffing me off like a Jew. A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belson. and I think I may well be a Jew clearly shows the feelings of anguished hopelessness and the ripping agony she must have felt. The agelessness of this poem is guaranteed as there will always be women who feel the same torture that is described. .

Strong images are conveyed throughout the poem. The words marble-heavy, a.bag full of God conveys the omniscience of her fathers authority and the heaviness it weighed on her throughout her life. The vampire who said he was you, and drank my blood for a year, seven years if you want to know describe her husband and the ability of male power to strip a person of their own sense of themselves.

The poem is written in stanzas of five short lines. These lines remind me of a Mike Tyson jab, short but extremely powerful. An example of this If Ive killed one man Ive killed two-The vampire who said he was you. The powerful imagery of these lines overpowers any of the rhyme scheme.

The tone of this poem is an adult engulfed in outrage. This outrage,at times, slips into the sobs of a child. This is evident by Plaths continued use of the word daddy and the childlike repitition You do not do, you do not do and Daddy, daddy, you bastard. Fear from her childhood moves her in directions that will take her far from herself. In one line in the poem she brings us starkly into the world of a childs fear. She uses words that sound like the words of a child staring out at us from behind a bardwire snare I have always been scared of you.

This poem portrays a bleak picture of life for some women. However, we know that Plath was able to resolve her conflicts. She states Daddy Ive had to kill you and Daddy, you can lie back now. Theres a stake in your big fat black heart

Athough it appears that Plath has reached resolution this is not the case for many women who find themselves under the thumb of a male. These women should look to this poem for help. It is a beautiful argument that clearly shows that she climbed f

In the poem Daddy, Sylvia Plath says that there are women who, due to early conditioning, find themselves without the tools to deal with oppressive and controlling men. They are left feeling helpless and hopeless. For some women, the struggle is never resolved, others take most of a lifetime. For a lucky few, they are granted a reprieve.

The speaker in this poem is Sylvia Plath. The poem describes her feelings of oppression and her battle to come to grips with the issues of this power imbalance. The poem also conjures the struggle many women face in a male dominated society.

The conflict of this poem is male authority and control versus the right of a female to be herself, to make choices, and be free of male domination. Plaths conflicts begin in her relationship with her father and continues with her husband. The intensity of this conflict is extremely apparent as she uses examples that cannot be ignored. The atrocities of NAZI Germany are used as symbols of the horror of male domination. The constant and crippling manipulation of the male, as he introduces oppression and hopelessness into the lives of his women, is equated with the twentieth centurys worst period. Words such as Luftwaffe, panzerman, and Meinkampf look are used to descibe her father and husband as well as all male domination. The frequent use of the word black throughout the poem conveys a feeling of gloom and suffocation.

Like many women in society, we know that Plath felt oppressed and stifled throughout her life by her use of the simile I have lived like a shoe for thirty years poor and white, barely able to breath or Achoo. The use of similes and metaphors such as Chuffing me off like a Jew. A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belson. and I think I may well be a Jew clearly shows the feelings of anguished hopelessness and the ripping agony she must have felt. The agelessness of this poem is guaranteed as there will always be women who feel the same torture that is described. .

Strong images are conveyed throughout the poem. The words marble-heavy, a.bag full of God conveys the omniscience of her fathers authority and the heaviness it weighed on her throughout her life. The vampire who said he was you, and drank my blood for a year, seven years if you want to know describe her husband and the ability of male power to strip a person of their own sense of themselves.

The poem is written in stanzas of five short lines. These lines remind me of a Mike Tyson jab, short but extremely powerful. An example of this If Ive killed one man Ive killed two-The vampire who said he was you. The powerful imagery of these lines overpowers any of the rhyme scheme.

The tone of this poem is an adult engulfed in outrage. This outrage,at times, slips into the sobs of a child. This is evident by Plaths continued use of the word daddy and the childlike repitition You do not do, you do not do and Daddy, daddy, you bastard. Fear from her childhood moves her in directions that will take her far from herself. In one line in the poem she brings us starkly into the world of a childs fear. She uses words that sound like the words of a child staring out at us from behind a bardwire snare I have always been scared of you.

This poem portrays a bleak picture of life for some women. However, we know that Plath was able to resolve her conflicts. She states Daddy Ive had to kill you and Daddy, you can lie back now. Theres a stake in your big fat black heart

Athough it appears that Plath has reached resolution this is not the case for many women who find themselves under the thumb of a male. These women should look to this poem for help. It is a beautiful argument that clearly shows that she climbed from total domination by a male to freedom.

rom total domination by a male to freedom.

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Please note that this sample paper on Daddy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Daddy, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Daddy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Examining Thucydides's Description of the Funeral Oration of Pericles

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Thucydides's description of Pericles's Funeral Oration was an ancient version of a modern "pep talk." The oration was meant to inspire, encourage, and remind the Athenians of their civic duties and to prepare them for the duration of the Peloponnesian war, in addition to honoring the memory of the deceased warriors.

Pericles did not wish his speech to be based solely on the memories and characteristics of the dead. He felt that the focus of his funeral oration should be on the brave deeds of the men, rather than the men themselves. He understood that it would be difficult for him to meet the expectations of the men's friends and families without alienating the rest of his audience with excessive praise of the dead men. He wanted to show the Athenians that the attention should be focused on the men's actions to preserve Athens and remind them of all of the reasons that he felt Athens was worthy of their sacrifice.

Pericles knew that the war with Sparta would be long and that victory would require much hardship for the Athenian people. He described for them the different principles of their culture and government and how these provided them with freedom and equality as citizens. He contrasted this by an implied comparison to the harsh, undemocratic Spartan ways of "laborious training." He stated that the courage of the Athenians was great as it was "by habit and not enforced by law" and that "we can be as brave as those who never allow themselves to rest."

Pericles wished for the Athenians to remember the beauty of Athens and what it offered to them. There were games, religious celebrations, and many other "relaxations from toil." They enjoyed "refined" homes and fine goods imported from other countries. He reminded them that there was much to revere about Athens, in times of peace as well as in war.

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Pericles stated that history would remember Athens well, without the need of poets and storytellers. The valor of their fallen soldiers and the "eternal memorials of our friendship and enmity" would be a testament to the great virtues of Athens. In his funeral oration, he was able to honor the dead and also instill in the living citizens the need and value of their own "toil on her (Athens) behalf."

Please note that this sample paper on Examining Thucydides's Description of the Funeral Oration of Pericles is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Examining Thucydides's Description of the Funeral Oration of Pericles, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Examining Thucydides's Description of the Funeral Oration of Pericles will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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I am Discourses

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Religious Studies Essay

The term discourse has a very diverse meaning as it can be seen if you looks at a dictionary definition. A discourse may be a talk, yet the talk could be a short address or a lecture. More generally a conversation may be thought of, suggesting the involvement of more than one person, or even, when considering 'religious' discourse, a sermon might be intended.

Therefore when we consider the fourth gospel the term discourse may be seen as an 'Umbrella' term, this is confirmed by the way certain scholars use discourse to describe a variety of communication types. Dodd for example frequently uses dialogue when considering discourses. It is through this dialogue the dramatic events of chapters and 4 are shown, or as sustained dialogue between Jesus and the crowd in Chapter 6. Such sustained elements are also present as long continuous discourses in Chapter 5 and 10, though these are different from the conversations of Chapters 7 and 8, which are more controversial.

Bultman suggests that it is part of a Johannine style to have a discourse where people butting in interrupt the flow. These people are called interlocutors, and it is their interruptions that allow a clarification of intended meaning as the audience takes literally what is meant to be symbolic. Barret suggests there emerges a pattern with a statement leading to a misunderstanding, followed by further teaching to advance the ideas being put forward. Bultman also hints that the initial statement has intended double meanings, if this is the case it shows how the people didn't fully understand Jesus, they could only see him superficially.

A further description of Johannine discourses is monologue. For example, in the Nicodemus passage in Chapter , the initial dialogue passes into monologue, as Nicodemus seems to disappear, leaving Jesus to deliver his teaching. Scholars also refer to Johannine discourse material as sermon. They believe his gospel shows more sitz im leben of the evangelist church or teachings of the Johannine church.

There is also a suggestion that the discourses reflect the dialogue between Christians and Jews. Such material is referred to as debatable, through which is revealed the sharpest antagonism to the Jews. Such comments may lead to the conclusions that discourse material in Johns Gospel may have the least claim to authenticity in terms of Jesus' actual words. However others scholars believe that the Johannine discourses are in fact enshrining a genuine part of Jesus that did not find a place in the synoptics.

The phrase 'I am' occurs times in Johns Gospel, of which 6 times are spoken by Jesus. This causes the scholar to conclude that 'I am' is consciously used and theologically significant expression.

The background has been debatable. Some scholars suggest a Pagan or Hellenistic background. For example, references are made to the goddess Isis, using I am. Many scholars cite the Old Testament where I am seems to be the language of the divine as in Deuteronomy and Isaiah. Barret suggests that I am the divine word of self-revelation and command. In Jewish wisdom literature, wisdom declares herself to be I am and so the use of the title would suggest that Jesus was wisdom made incarnate. In the synoptic tradition Jesus does not call himself I am, but he does use the expression 'but I say to you' often when he is criticising Old Testament teaching. In this tradition he does claim to be the one who has the authority to reveal God's will.

(b) The fourth gospel stands apart from the synoptic. The synoptic gospels contain teachings of Jesus that would have been used by a first century rabbi. The teaching of Jesus in the fourth gospel is quite different. There are no parables or short sayings drawn from life and in their place are heavy theological discourses, which in the opinion of most scholars are not accounts of Jesus' teaching. It is impossible to believe that the same person could have taught using the synoptic parables and the material in John.

In Johns Gospel, John presents answers to the questions, like who was Jesus and what was his significance. It is this evolved idea of theology concerning Jesus that has discouraged scholars in believing that a first century Jew could have written it. They believe John has been compiled using better sources and by clever people.

The verse, 'I am the bread of life' has been interpreted by scholars to be a reference to the Eucharist. But according to the synoptic gospels the only reference Jesus made to the Eucharist was done during the last supper. This raises more questions, as John does not include the story of last supper in his gospel.

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