African Presence in Ancient America

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African Presence in Ancient America (Part I)

In the history of America, Christopher Columbus is generally known for the first contact of the New World (the America's). Although having concrete evidence most historians deny the African presence in the Americas before Columbus in spite of the physical and cultural evidence presented by Ivan Van Sertima and other scholars. Despite academic resistance and racist ideology, Ivan Van Sertima provides, in his book, They Came Before Columbus African Presence in Ancient America, not only evidence of African people in the Americas prior to 14, but he also shows well substantiated evidence of their cultural influence on the indigenous people and culture.

The first piece of evidence suggesting African presence in the Americas before Columbus arrival in 14 surfaces from the documented sightings of Africans in the New World. During his second voyage to Espanola (Hattie) in 146, Columbus is presented linguistic evidence between the Indian's trading with the Africans. The Indians of Espanola spoke of "[the arrival of] a black people who have the tops of their spears made of a metal which they call guanin." (pg.11). The word used for spear in Americas, along with other alternative words such as gana, kani and coana, were all terms of guanin language. Upon Columbus inspection, he found to be made of eighteen parts gold, six parts silver and eight parts copper, which was found to be identical in all its proportions to that of the Mande people of West Africa. The evidence indicated by the Indians of Espanola carries a significant amount of weight in the innuendo of African presence in the Americas before 14. Cheap University Papers on African Presence in Ancient America

Another strong possibility of evidence arising of African presence was in 151, when Vasco Nunez de Balboa and his men moved further into South America where they encountered an Indian settlement. Balboa and his men were surprised to see a large amount of prisoners of war" who were plainly and unmistakably African" (1). The African men were of military standing, and had been engaging in war with the natives. Balboa was informed by the Indians that, "…men of this color were living nearby and they were constantly waging war with them. These were the first Negroes that had been seen in the Indies."(pg.1) One of the first noted historians of America, Peter Martyr reports,

"The Spaniards found Negroes in this province… It is thought that Negro pirates from Ethiopia established themselves after the wreck of their ships in these mountains. The natives of Quarequa carry on incessant war with these Negroes… there was nothing far-fetched about African boats being washed up as wrecks on the other side of the oceans current" ().

Although Balboa's encounter with the Panamanian Indigenous people takes place nearly twenty years after Columbus arrived in the Americas, the information exchanged during their meeting undoubtedly points to the fact that the Africans had been in the area for some time, and over this period of time their population grew large enough to set out attacks against the native Indians. This evidence gives you an idea of an African presence in the Americans based on the reports made by the Indians and Martyr.

In addition to sightings, Norwegian writer and explorer, Thor Heyerdahl, has studied several accounts of Africans navigating throughout the Atlantic before Columbus. Heyerdahl conducted an experiment using two ships (RA I and RA II) built identically to an earlier model African ship made from papyrus, to determine rather Africans did make it across the Atlantic to America. The RA I started at Safi in North Africa but fell short of making the journey across the Atlantic due to missing the rope that supported the "pliant afterdeck" (57). A Native American tribe, the Aymara, whose ship made it from Africa to America successfully, built the RA II. These experiment proved that if these simple vessels would navigate through the Atlantic using one of the two currents, then some of Africa's more sophisticated ships could have made the trip to the Americas.

The second strand of evidence is found in American pre-Columbian sculptures. Striking representations of Negro men and women appear in the Mexican heartland and are carbon dated around 800-700 B.C. One representation is an ebony head which bears a stunning resemblance to the Egyptian queen, Tiy, the Negroid mother of Tutankhamen. According to Van Sertima, it was accurate in coiffure, facial expression and geography. There were also Giant Negroid heads, standing six to nine feet tall and weighing up to forty tons each, were found at sacred ceremonial sites. Each head wore headdresses that were foreign and distinctive domed helmets, possessing facial features, such as broad fleshy noses, cheek and jaw lines and full lips. They stood in plazas in front of colorful temple-platforms with red, yellow, and purple sides and floors. They were twelve to twenty times larger than the average human face. One head, which was furnished with a speaking tube and flattened top, was used as a speaking oracle. This particular feature was of great importance when identifying the origin of these Africans. Eleven gargantuan heads were unearthed at three different sites in the Olmec heartland four at La Venta, five at San Lorenzo and two at Tres Zapotes in southern Vera Cruz; these Olmecs heads were carbon dated between 800 B.C.-680 B.C. (144-145). All the heads were facing east toward the Atlantic probably in acknowledgment of where these strangers had came from.

Another important artifact that emerges in the Americas, but its origin's is from Africa, is the pyramid. The type of pyramid that arises in America during the "contact" period (800-680 B.C.) is the stepped temple (ziggurat), which goes back to 000 B.C. "Suddenly in the 'contact' period the ziggurat or stepped temple (a particular kind of Babylonian/ Egyptian pyramid) begins to appear in American, and not only is the design identical but, like it presumed prototype, it is sun-star oriented and encircled by a precinct" (155). In addition, they served the same religious purpose, astronomical, and spatial relationships. It is argued that Egyptians discontinued the construction of pyramids, particularly this style, in 1600 B.C. The kings of Nubia during the initial contact period, Piankhy and Taharka, built the last of these pyramids over their tombs and the last ziggurats for sun worship. In late 5 B.C. Taharka's successor, Aspelta, built a stepped temple at Meroe where fragments of the ruins are still detected. The first American pyramid is found at the La Venta site. Others that have been found are the Pyramid of Cholula and the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan near Mexico City. There is clear evidence of a long evolution of a particular architectural configuration in the area that the foreigners came from. However, no evidence of predecessors exists to date in the area where they landed.

When a mummified figure was found in Palenque, Mexico it was evident that there had been a strong Egyptian presence there at one time. There are three main factors which points to this conclusion; "The jade mask on the face of the dead, the fact of mummification itself, and the flared base of sarcophagus" (157). Egyptians made sarcophagi, to enable the dead to stand up because all burials were vertical. The sarcophagi had a flared base that was made of wood, which made it easier to balance the dead in an upright position. Although the Mexicans buried their dead horizontally, the Palenque sarcophagus showed the use of the flared base. The Mexican sarcophagi were made of stone and chiseling a flared base into stone proving there had to be a great Egyptian influence in Mexico at this time. Not only was mummification seen in Mexico, but in Peru as well. Numerous Indian tribes of North America were also practicing mummification.

The chemical process that goes into mummifying a body is that of exactness and complexity. It took the Egyptians hundreds of years of experimentation to actually succeed at preserving the human body in an almost perfect state. Turning to Peru and studying their chemical process of mummification, you will find exactly the same embalming mixtures that were used in Egypt. Although the constituents are not notable, the formula is complex. This process and the detail that went into mummification were not common knowledge to the people of Egypt or the Americas. There were only a handful of people in these societies who understood and practiced mummification. So for something so complex to first arrive on the scene in Africa and then later in the Americas is not a coincidence, but rather clear evidence of influence.

Lastly, the Egyptians buried the internal organs of the mummified corpse in four Canopic jars. Each jar was dedicated to the Horuses of the four cardinal points, which were north, south, east, and west. Colors were assigned to the cardinal points. The same color scheme that the Egyptians used also showed up in ancient Mexico. There was a red north, a dark west, a white south, and a golden east. No other civilizations bore the same resemblance in color scheme. This likeness was too close to have occurred by chance.

In this book, They Came Before Columbus African Presence in Ancient America, Ivan Van Sertima provides proof of the long contested claims that Africans arrived in the Americas long before Columbus set out on his journeys. The Spanish sightings of Africans in the New World and anthropological discoveries of black colonies along the American shore outside of main post-Columbian slave networks provide just elements of proof that Africans and indigenous people in America had contact preceding 14.

Sertima's proof indulges primary and secondary accounts from the sightings of Africans in the Americas by Columbus and other Europeans, examples of direct cultural influence on Indian cultures by black people, and also the unearthed sites containing carbon-dated sculptures and temples of worship for both African and indigenous people in the area. These confirmations of African presence in the New World before Columbus' arrival kill the prevailing notion that Columbus "discovered" America.

PART II

Pre-Columbian African presence will never be taught in American history courses because Europeans who have euro-centric point of views write history books. If these writers give Africans they credited of being first to discover the New World then their sense of ownership over the sea will be threaten. American history is patriotic assuming that America has done no wrong. If history books were to tell the truth and explain that since Indians were here during the arrival of Columbus that makes them the founding ancestors of this country. If history books were to explain that Africans out smarted Europeans and arrived in the Americas during the age of 800 to 600 B.C., then history would question our superiority, education, and influences in the Americas. But instead we are not taught pre-Columbian African presence in American history courses because the ideal of getting a proper education would result in us understanding our history, freedom, and ultimate rights as citizens of this country. Truthfully, a simple answer to not teaching pre-Columbian African presence in American history is that once the honest truth is given there is no holding down a culture because they would be

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Slavery: Beyond Black and White

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Records show that the first group of laborers was Africans who arrived in Virginia on a Dutch Ship in 161. It was known that the Jamestown colonists treated the Africans as indentured servants. As years passed, many of these Africans received land and their freedom. Unfortunately, other Africans arrived in small groups, but it would be many years later when the Europeans would begin the systematic use of Africans as slave labor. Economics was a major issue. In Virginia, many indentured servants were purchased for 1,000 pounds of tobacco, while a slave might cost double or triple that amount. By the late 1600s, a decline in the indentured servant population doubled with an increase in the colonies overall wealth. Most arrivals to North America came abroad slave ships, not as indentured servants, but to be sold as slaves.

According to the Equiano packet, it stated that the European slave trade began on a small scale. A Portuguese sea captain landed on the Slave Coast, and captured twelve men in 1441. However, slave catching was not new in Africa. Muslim slavers had been selling black slaves to Middle Eastern buyers for centuries. It was also cited in the Equiano packet that the trade flourished for about 50 years. At this point of time, somewhere between 15 and 4 million of the West Africa's most able-bodied men, women, and children were taken from their homes and spirited across the sea. Most of them ended up in the West Indies and South America. About 500,000 had been brought to colonial America by 1777. At that time of the American Revolution, one out of six Americans was a slave.

The journey across the Middle Passage was a complete nightmare of horrors. Slaves were crammed into dark airless hulls of the ship, and they were also shackled together in long rows. The struggle getting to the West Indies took about five weeks. The food was scarce and often rotten. The sick and helpless were thrown overboard and many went mad. Unfortunately, others threw themselves into the sea rather than succumb to slavery. More than 0% of the black people who set out from Africa never reached their destination.Order Custom Slavery: Beyond Black and White paper

According to the Fredrick Douglas packet, he was a slave child, but at the time he was to young to work in the fields. So, he had a great amount of leisure time. The most he had to do was to drive up the cows at evening, keep fowls out of the garden, keep the front yard clean, and run errands for the master's daughter, Mrs. Lucretia Auld. He would also help Master Daniel Lloyd in finding his birds, after he had shot them. They became quite attached, and Daniel was sort of a protector to him. Daniel wouldn't allow the older boys to impose upon him. Fredrick was seldom whipped by his master and suffered little from food and cold weather. In February of 18, Portuguese slave hunters abducted a large group of Africans from Sierra Leone and shipped them to Havana, Cuba, a center for the slave trade. This abduction violated all of the treaties then in existence. Fifty-three Africans were purchased by two Spanish planters and put aboard the Cuban schooner Amistad for shipment to a Caribbean plantation. On July 1, 18, the Africans seized the ship, killed the captain and the cook, and ordered the planters to sail to Africa. On August 4, 18, the Amistad was seized off Long Island, NY, by the U.S. brig Washington. The planters were freed and the Africans were imprisoned in New Haven, CT, on charges of murder. Although the murder charges were dismissed, the Africans continued to be held in confinement as the focus of the case turned to salvage claims and property rights. President Van Buren was in favor of extraditing the Africans to Cuba. However, abolitionists in the North opposed extradition and raised money to defend the Africans. Claims to the Africans by the planters, the government of Spain, and the captain of the brig led the case to trial in the Federal District Court in Connecticut. The court ruled that the case fell within Federal jurisdiction and that the claims to the Africans as property were not legitimate because they were illegally held as slaves. The case went to the Supreme Court in January 1841, and former President John Quincy Adams argued the defendants case. Adams defended the right of the accused to fight to regain their freedom. The Supreme Court decided in favor of the Africans, and 5 of them were returned to their homeland. The others died at sea or in prison while awaiting trial.

Yes there were exceptions to the black rule, but they were few and far between. Cited in the Fredrick Douglass packet, soon after he went to live with Mr. And Mrs. Auld, she was kind enough to teach him his A, B, C's. After he learned this, she assisted him in learning to spell words of three and four letters. Just when he was progressing in his learning, Mr. Auld found out what was going on and immediately he instructed his wife to cut out these lessons. He explained to her that it was unlawful and unsafe, to teach a slave to read. Soon Fredrick understood the pathway from slavery to freedom. Now Fredrick had a new plan. He would make friends with little white boys, who he met in the street, so that they could teach him how to read. They would teach him at different times and places, and finally he succeeded in learning to read. Cited in the Equiano packet, his fate was not to be that of an ordinary slave, as he traveled extensively, eventually exploring the Artic. Eventually he was baptized with the name Gustavus I (Gustavus Vasa). He was one of the few slaves who became educated and as a result he was equipped to write him a journal.

To put it briefly, many of the slaves were treated poorly, but as an exception there were a few that were educated, and received their freedom. I feel that freedom has a major impact on a person. Having your freedom let's you find out about life and who you are as a human being. People like Fredrick Douglass and Equiano, were very lucky to be in history books so that we, especially black people, can learn more about them.

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Disadvantages of cloning

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Dolly the cloned sheep is big business. New cloning partnership between Rosslin Institute (Scotland) and Geron Corporation (California). Rosslin cloned Dolly, Geron Corporation perfected stem cell development, using embryo cells to create cloned human tissues for adults. Geron paid $5. million in stock for Rosslin Bio-Med to create Geron Bio-Med. Deal set to make some at Rosslin Institute very wealthy. Observer May 1

UK doctor proposes human cloning by embryo splitting to create identical cloned twins, one clone to be frozen as backup in case first child dies. Human cloning technology proven by Dr Jerry Hall in Washington DC 1, different from cloning by nuclear transfer using an adult cell. Paul Rainsbury, consultant gynaecologist at Bupa Roding Hospital Essex says he would consider recreating a dead child from a froze clone to ease parental grief. Times of India 0/4/

Human cloning may produce serious gene mutations French researchers in Lancet report cow cloned from ear cells had lethal blood and heart defects. Right chamber of clones heart abnormal and red and white blood cell numbers fell after birth. clone death from severe anaemia at 51 days. Times 0 April 1

Cows cloned from mothers milk - human clones could be made from almost any source including saliva, milk and blood implying human cloning without knowledge or consent will be possible. Daily Telegraph (Australia) 8 April 1

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Three goats cloned by Nexia Biotechnologies Canada - next step to use cloning to create goat that secretes spider silk gene in milk, commercial extraction to make BioSteel - strongest, toughest fibre in the world, tensile strength 00,000 pounds per square inch. Stronger and lighter than steel or polymers, uses could be artificial tendons or ligaments and other biodegradable structures in medicine. First cloned goats with new gene will then be breed conventionally. Reuters 8 April 1New legislation proposed in South Korea to ban human cloning. South Korea Times 8 April 1

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My Autobiography

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My Autobiography

Come on! Hurry up theyre gonna arrive any minute now! She yelped as she belted down the corridor holding my hand and somebody elses. I remember being dragged along like a childs limp rag-doll, bounding side to side. I was ushered into the darked, suffocating hall filled with row upon row of chairs, where all the people would come in and scrutinize every move I was about to make. And as I continued walking, it all struck me.

I dont want to be in here! I didnt want to be in this dumb play. I never even wanted to be in the play first place! I wasnt given any choice to whether I wanted to be in the play, from the beginning it was like as if, youre in the play whether you like it or not! but I was never asked if I wanted to be in the play in the first place. I was forced to go along with it.

The costume I wore trailed along behind me. It was way too large for me but I still had to wear it. I had to now and again gather up the muddy coloured, threadbare costume along so that I would not trip over it. Help with essay on My Autobiography I reluctantly approached the parting in the mass of chairs which led up on to the stage. The slight murmur of people talking slowly turned into silence as everyone turned to look at me. I took a peak at them and momentarily froze but then nudged along by my teacher, by now whom I hated. I nearly got to the stage without any glitches.

I was just about there! I started to walk more briskly towards the stage. But then, just as about my stage-fright had disappeared, I forgot to gather up my costume! It gathered around my feet like a rope trying to trap me. I tumbled to the floor like a sack of potatoes, and worse still a sack of potatoes that was being watched by loads of people. I had to get up! I carried on walking, it felt as if everyone was in a fit of uncontrollable laughter, I now realise that there was only one little boy sitting next to his mother smirking.

One very important thing I had learned about that incident. Dont be too nervous. Be calm.

Summer had come early this year. I was a sweltering 7oC in early May. I dashed out to play in the garden with my cousin who had just arrived. I got my football out from under the overgrown, almost dead apple tree in the far corner of the garden. I remember the smell of the trees at the back of the garden, it had a very distinctive smell of sap.

We stared to kicking the ball to each other. The first time I kicked the ball I narrowly missed the rusting greenhouse which was probably there years. After a while we got bored of just kicking the ripped leather ball about. I had just moved into our new house a few days earlier, so I didnt really go into the garden that much. There was one part where I hadnt been yet, I called that part the jungle because it was shrouded darkness and was taken over by ivy as if that area was invaded by the ivy. We had set out to explore.

I walked up the mound of mud to the jungle, my cousin followed slightly apprehensively behind me. There it was!

It sat there looking like a big boulder, not moving. It was a brown- green colour with bumps on its shell. My cousin ran away like a scared mouse. He ran into the house thinking that the tortoise was a monster out to get him. I picked it up and took it out into the baking sunlight and out of the jungle.

My Sister told me not to touch it or otherwise I would catch some deadly disease. I didnt listen to her. The tortoise didnt do much it just sat there munching away at the grass which hadnt been mowed in weeks. I remember vividly thinking we could keep it as the new portable lawnmower.

We werent allowed to keep it. I told my parents the lawnmower idea seeming that my Dad cant be bothered to mow the grass the tortoise can do it for him. Thinking about that now I realise what a stupid idea it was.

My dad took it to the vets the next day. It turned out that it belonged to the vets next door

and that the tortoise had escaped very slowly through the hole in the fence next to the still unexplored jungle.

On another day that summer, we were invaded! It was the middle of summer and there was a drought for the first time in years. School had just finished for the day and I was on my way home in the blistering heat. Walking home on that day turned out to be one of the worst moments ever!

As I walked out onto the main road which was as usual jammed with a mass of cars, but today it was unusual, all the cars had their windows closed in the middle of summer and most with their windscreen wipers on when it was not even raining.

I noticed when one of them collided with my face and I squashed it with my hand. I looked at my hand in disgust and saw a dead bug in my hand with this sort of brown blood coming out of it, it looked like a queen ant. I looked around in horror and saw thousands of them swarming everywhere. The cars which had their wipers were killing the bugs which landed on their windscreen like they werent living creatures. There was also one woman across the road screaming and flailing her arms in the air as if she was a maniac.

I hadnt seen anything like it tin my life. It was like one of the plagues of Egypt. When I was younger I was always scared of spiders and big flying insects, so this was one of my worst nightmares come true.

The ground looked as if it was alive in places, it moved where was a mini swarm of them. Everywhere I looked there where these pests, I fought to keep them off of me. I couldnt take it anymore. I ran as fast as my legs could carry me to the nearest phone box to call my Dad to pick me up even though my house was only a few minutes away. The heat in the car was almost unbearable, but was still better than the mayhem that the flies were causing out side. For a while the normally bustling streets turned into a ghost town. The unknown things had invaded and taken over the street.

When it got dark and cooler they gradually went. Just as soon they had came they had left. All that was left behind was the carcasses of the things that had died.

To this day it has always remained a mystery about where they came from and where the thousands of flies went. I think that they presumably they came from a freak incident because of the really hot weather that year. I think Ill never really know.

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Rock vs pop the big debate

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The rockand pop argument has been about for sevearl years now.But only recently has it come to light just how big this debate has become. On one side we have the hard core rockers fighting for the love and passion of the music and life of rock. And on the opposing team playes the pop punters. This contains teeny boppers and other people of a more towny aspect.

In conclusion to evidence seen in todays charts we can say that has there been an out come from it all. Its seems that many resident rockers have left the cd chart and just belive strongly in live performances. however only time may tell on the offical out come of battle of the bands.Time takes so long yet all we can do is sit. Sit and wait for the sun to rise in the east and set i the west like in the old western films and when you realise this you should realise the meanning of life and all its wonerous colours of hope peeace and joy. Just like weddings and a funeral. Its so magica this fource that even those who have it find it hard to belive. But once you have found it. And it has found you. All the world itself and you. Every one inculding your aunt uncle sistier brother mum dad and cousin. If you desiyer ask you dog mable and her cosin fred. All the flee family are welcome to. And if the cat doesnt sit on the mat next to post man pat then go and ask why? So doris then shall get her oats and will go to the ball just like jack and jill or mary and jozef. And the soon to be aron and emily. But dont ask me ask them. Lets go together let them no every one for ever and a day.But dont ask me ask them for your self its the only way you will or would ever know. Belive me please i have learnt the hard way of course most peolple have to. But thats life thats what all the people say. Un till they shut down in may just like the old doris day. But hey you know where its at like all the rest. There the top of the top shes the best . yes. Elvis was a kool a shaker disco dancer movie maker. charlies angels girls on top. Moving swiflty on and on and non and you guessed it on again.

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Small business

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In today's world, small businesses dominate the economy. Out of all the business in the United States, small business accounts for % of it all. For a business to be a small business it must have under 500 employees, be locally owned and operated, dependent on the industry, and one or few owners. These owners receive a high amount of respect from all the employees and co-workers. Most of the time the owners have put forth a great amount of time and money in order for the company to be existent. Also, the owner will have more than just his or her money invested. He will have loans from the bank and also some of the family's money invested into the business. Therefore, most of the owner's life is spent running the business and making sure it stays on track. Many entrepreneurs start up a business because of a few advantages they can be their own boss, make a lot of money, they have freedom and flexibility, and do what they love to do. On the flip side, it is a capital risk, long hours, high stress, and fluctuating sales. Therefore, many people start up a business hoping to make a lot of money not knowing all the details it takes to successfully run it. Some factors that cause a business to fail are; poor management, nepotism, taxes, miss-hires, too much overhead, and product to market failure. After taking all of these things into consideration, I went out and interviewed business owners and collected information from all of them. Many of their answers were very similar and some were very different. Throughout the paper I will discuss the owner's daily practices, the results from their surveys, findings from the internet article, and whether or not the business world has changed since they have been in it and how it affected them.

For my paper I interviewed three business owners or daily managers from three different business fields. First, I interviewed Gary Sims from Sims Insurance Agency. He got involved in the company about 10 years ago when he purchased the company. Next, I interviewed Tom Gallagher from Countrytyme, Inc. He is into real estate where he purchases land and resells it. Last, I interviewed Joshua Garey from Grainger. He is a daily customer service manager. He got started with Grainger through their management trainee program. Throughout the research packets, interviews, and other additional findings certain themes seemed to reappear in many different ways. There were some very significant similarities between the three research surveys. There were two major categories from the first question on the survey that three people I interviewed had very similar answers for their most important. It seemed that money and customers ranked higher than any other aspect on the survey. Specifically, overall growth in revenue seemed to be ranked the highest out of all of them. Next, would be to improve service to their customers. Followed by improve profits margin and increase success in retaining customers. Lastly, improve return on capital rounded up the similarities as most important. With these five answers continually repeating themselves throughout the surveys and answers, then there must be a catch to them. Well it is not to difficult to find the catch between customers and making money. If a company, such as these three, takes to heart what they feel is most important and lives by it then what they want to come true will happen. All three of these businesses are very successful in their own right. Therefore, improving customer service and then increased success in retaining customers, which they feel is very important for their business, helps them meet their financial goals. It is quite obvious why those answers were ranked among the top. If a company improves its customer service and then increases customers the rest will follow, such as growth in revenue, improved profit margin, and improved return on capital.

There also were some similarities between the answers ranking at the bottom of the question on the survey. First, ranking low on the survey was financially viable return on investment in new services and facilities. When I asked them why this was not so important to them as a business, the common answer I received was that their companies were pretty set in what services they offered, therefore they did not view new services as too important. There was an exception to the other part of the question though, investment in new facilities. Tom Gallagher, land buyer, obviously has to reinvest his money into buying new land. Other than that this answer ranked toward the bottom. Also, to go along with the other question, successful introduction of new services and facilities ranked at the bottom. Basically the same idea goes along with this question as it did with the question before. Most of these companies are either limited on what they do or they are satisfied with their services as they are. The next question that ranked at the bottom of the survey was collaboration with other companies in your industry. When I asked them about this they just simply answered that they do not feel any interest in joining or working together with anybody else. Ranking near the bottom of the survey in most of the surveys was improving the relationship with suppliers. Basically, if the relationship between the business and its supplier is manageable and there are no problems then there is no real need to make an effort to improve the relationship between the two of them. During each of my interviews there were a few specific questions that I asked each business person. These questions were asked to aim at the daily decisions they make, the practices they go by, what problems they encounter, if the business world has changed since they have been involved, and etc. The first question that I asked them, "What is a typical day for you as an owner or daily manager?" Basically I got the response back that I expected to hear. There was nothing to out of the extraordinary just the basic everyday managerial duties one has as an owner or manager. Everyday tasks include such things as paperwork, dealing with customers, working with employees, checking inventory, and making sure the business runs smoothly and efficiently. All of these things must be done everyday for the business to stay on top of everything that is going on and to continue to make money, which is the bottom line. All of this work seems very time consuming and for the most part it is. One thing the owners mentioned is the fact that they are very busy during the day, but to make sure and save some time for yourself. This also goes along with the internet article I found on BusinessWeek. It simply states that people today are so concerned with making themselves available 4/7/65 to their customers that they have no time for themselves.

The next question I asked them, "What type of practices or guidelines do you work by in your business?" Once again there was a universal answer that I received from the people I talked to. A certain word kept coming up during the conversations with the business people and that word was ethics, the sense of right and wrong. When it comes to ethics some people tend to cringe up and not want to talk about them as if they are evil. Luckily the people I interviewed seemed to follow some type of ethical code when dealing with their business practices. Each of the business people I interviewed had a list of business ethics that all the employees had to go by and follow. They were all a little different based on the company, but the general principle was about the same for all the businesses. Also, the organizational ethics is only one of three branches which lead into the ethical dilemma. There are also personal factors that lead to the decision as well as opportunity. With opportunity a lot of times the reward must be a lot higher than the risk in order for a person to make the decision to do it. When I asked the business people what type of things they would or would not do for success in their business, it still lead back to personal and organizational ethics. If the consequence would hurt them as a person or the company as a whole, then the action was not worth taking. In order for a business to survive in today's world, the business must be ethical, i.e. Enron. The lifeline of a business is repeat business, therefore if you unethically make a decision that makes a customer mad, the chances of getting them back as a customer are not very good. One advantage of carrying positive ethics that I learned is the reputation of your business, which is very important. Once your business is known for doing something illegal or unethical then that type of reputation will stick for a very long time. After news like that gets out the chances of the business staying in operation are not very good.

The next question I asked them, "What are the biggest problems you have to deal with as an owner or manager?" The number one problem that all business people have to deal with is the customers. No matter whom I talked to whether it was the owners, managers, salespeople, or secretaries they all said that dealing with customers is by far the biggest problem. No matter how hard a business tries there will be times when they mess up an order or whatever for a customer. What the customer does not realize is that they did not do it on purpose. These businesses deal with tons and tons of customers and with even more orders, therefore there are going to be times that the order is not right. The customer never understands that and they are so impatient, which they have the right to be to an extent. When I asked the owners how they deal with the customers they simply responded, "The customer is always right." Even though % of the time they actually are not, the business still has to treat the customer as if they are right. Like I said earlier, the lifeline of a business is repeat business, meaning it is easier to get existing customers to buy more than to go out and find new customers, so in order to keep the existing customers you must treat them well.

Finally, I asked, "Has the business world changed since you have been in business, if so, how has it affected your business?" For some of them they have not really been in the business long enough to really notice much of a trend. For the others, the biggest change in the business world has been the economy. They mentioned the difference from when they just started back in the 170's and then in the 10's was the booming of the economy and all the technology that the business world has today. On the other hand they are starting to see the flip side of the economy. They are starting to get hurt a little bit with the recession and now the war starting. For some of them business is slowing up a little bit, but for others not much has changed. With Tom Gallagher, land buyer/real estate, he can definitely see a change in his business as of lately. Then with Gary Sims, Insurance agent, he has not seen a much of a drop in business. So depending on the type of business one is associated with the business world changes differently for each business.

In conclusion, this research project opened my eyes to a lot of different aspects that a business owner or daily manager has to encounter. A lot of things go into running a small business efficiently. As the owner or manager is it your job to make sure everything gets done the way you want it to. At the end of the day all the responsibilities are left for the owner to handle. No one else is to blame for the lack of revenue generated by a business other than the owner. Therefore, the owner must be able to deal with many different situations that he may have to encounter and solve them.

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Exportation check

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F. L. SMIDTH & CO. A/S

77, Vigerslev Alle, Dk-500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark

Telephone£º£¨01£0 11 66 Fax£º£¨01£0 11 0

Write your exportation check research paper

March 10, 00

TONG DA TRADING CORP.

RD FLOOR, MAIN BUILDING

18 TONG DA STREET 150076

HARBIN, CHINA

Dear Sirs,

We are glad to receive your letter, together with your quotation.

After studying your quotation, we have to say that your prices are unacceptable. The market prices for bicycles are falling here, meanwhile, we have received many quotations recently and some of which are about 10% lower than yours. May we suggest that you find a better supplier and lower your cost? To speed up our business, we can tell you that the highest prices we can accept are as follows

FD888 6 USD6.00 per set CIFC5 Copenhagen

FD666 4 USD68.00 per set CIFC5 Copenhagen

By the way, we can accept your trade terms listed in your letter except the terms of payment. We can only accept payment by L/C at 0 days sight.

Please take these matters into serious consideration and give us your favorable reply with the least possible delay.

With best Regards,

F. L. SMIDTH & CO. A/S

Hjorgen F. Nissen LL. M.

Manager

ͨ ï ó × ¹ ˾

TONG DA TRADING CORPORATION

=============================================================

ADD. RD FLOOR, MAIN BUILDING, TEL 086-0451-48855

18 TONG DA STREET, FAX 086-0451-48856

HARBIN, CHINA E-mail Box101@0451.com

March 17,00

FLSMIDTH & CD.A/S

77.VIGERSLEVALLE, DK-500VALBY

CCPENHAGBN

DENMARK

The reply

Dear Mr. Nissen

We are glad to receive your letter of March 10.00, but sorry to learn that your customers find our quotation too high.

The price we quoted is accurately calculated. However, in order to develop our market in your place, we have cut the profit to the minimum. We give you¡¯re the cheapest price, FD888, USD66.0 per quantifier CIFC5, DENMARK and FD666,

USD71.11 per quantifier CIFC5, DENMARK. In the meantime, we accept the Payment after seeing L/C for 0 days.

This offer is valid for ten days.

Faithfully yours

Harbin Tongda Trading Corporation

Du chang shuang

Sales Manager

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