Ubran sprawl

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"What Will it Take to Halt Sprawl"

Article By Molly OMeara Sheehan

The article What Will it Take to Halt Sprawl deals with three cities in different parts of the world that have had problems with urban sprawl in their societies. The three cities are Washington D.C. of the USA, Santiago in Chile, and Prague in the Czech Republic. They all come from very different backgrounds and have different situations which their people live daily life. The article tries to raise the awareness of the problems that urbanization can cause to the environment and to the people who live in it. The three cities that were focused on in this article are ones that can make a difference in our world. Basically, personal examples of national capital cities can cause a change in the way the rest of the world lives. Buy custom ubran sprawl term paper

The United States as well as Washington leads the world in sprawling development. In the early to mid 100's Washington's population boomed significantly as it built it up to over 1 million then to over million people. As the population built up, the metropolitan area grew even faster. The National Interstate and Defense Highway System Act of 156 launched highway building across the country with the goal of travel between cities, which resulted in more paved roads in between cities. Also because of the U.S. push for more affordable housing it too spread out the cities development. Washington's first attempt to limit the city's expansion was in 160, when they wanted a regional transportation system of railways. They wanted a combination of rail and roads, but it took forever for the metro underground to be built. As a result all the basic structure of roads had all ready been built. Until 000, the metropolitan population rose to nearly 5 million people, and the amount of land grew to more than ,500 square kilometers. Washington's difficulties in stopping sprawl starts with its lack of regional cooperation. It is between Maryland, Virginia, and D.C. The individual counties must compete for the limited funds. In an effort to shift people from cars to transit, D.C. council passed a $1 per day parking fee in 14, but after Congress threatened to veto it, the city decided not to enforce it. The 10 Clean Air Act amendments require all U.S. metropolitan areas to meet standards for air quality or risk losing federal transportation funds.

The 11 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act made it easier for regions to use federal funds for transit, or bicycles. Both of these two laws that were created made it easier for the public to become aware of the link between transportation policy and air pollution. Washington was in need of installing cleaner polluting buses, because of the poor air quality. It required $50 million to take measures. An organization called the Coalition for Smarter Growth was created to begin acting locally on the problems that face Washington. For example, construction in the Gallery Place Metro station, which had been vacant shows how land can be redeveloped into lively housing, stores, and offices all within walking distance of the station. They figured instead of spending money on new schools in newer areas, they should rebuild and spend money on existing schools. Improving existing schools jumped from 4 percent in 15 to 84 percent in 18. A better mix of housing for different income levels would help reduce travel. The people who have to travel a long way to fill lower paying jobs in wealthy areas would be filled in by people if there could be mixed housing. Washington now realizes that building on previously used lands is a better way to become pedestrian friendly and decrease the use of pollution.

During the Industrial Revolution as factories were built to take advantage of nearby mines and ironworks, the first railway was built in 145 in Prague, Czech Republic. The city grew in both population and land area to about 1 million people by World War II. Prague remained relatively small and compact while Washington and Santiago were booming, because of the communist rule during the time. After the communist rule was lifted, foreign investors rushed to Prague's newly free markets because of its educated workforce. It entered the industrial nations club, and as a prospective member it is receiving aid to improve long-distance transportation links. Its short distance urban transport is declining and most of the money that is received by the city goes to outlying locations not easily reached by public transport. They have begun to build large supermarkets in urban areas, in 17 they had 1 and in 000 they have 5. They are not doing anything for the development in central Prague as more than 1,000 hectares of abandoned industrial sites or brownfields now exist as holes in the fabric of central Prague.

In April 001, an anti-sprawl campaign brought foreign experts on brownfields redevelopment together with local developers and officials. Developers are afraid of buildings on abandoned industrial sites because they know they are polluted. Governments are changing the tax code to make the cost of cleanup deductible for them. An ITDP (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy) campaign targets both governments and companies to more responsibly develop Prague. It sees that the Czech's could more responsibly control land development. As well, consumer pressure could coax the retail industry into considering the environmental implications of the store. It wants to take a lead in committing to locating a certain percentage of stores in more central locations, and improving non-automotive access of existing stores. Prague has entered a regional government which is suppose to prepare regional plans for transportation and set aside areas to be protected as open space.

Santiago, the capital of Chile was too like Washington where its consumption of land outpaced population growth. Earlier on some of the sprawl was caused by unintended results. The socialist government passed a law which enabled poor farmers to own land by making it easier to subdivide large rural tracts into very small lots. The result was that developers snapped up these parcels of land on the city's fringe to build houses. With a military government in the 170's they evicted poor people from the city's core and sent them outwards. There were large tracts of agricultural land in the southern part of the metropolitan area. By 10 Santiago used less than half the urbanized land that Washington, D.C. did, yet they continued sprawl. The government listened to the investors that wanted to expand their land and profits instead of what was best for the people. The region was divided into too many jurisdictions and could not make common decisions amongst each other, basically management chaos of the area.

Santiago has a clash of groups between the SECTRA who believe in public transportation and the MOP who promote highway projects. The problem occurs that the MOP has all the money and is spending it on highway projects. When the national government wanted to build a major highway running through many people's houses they created a group called the Ciudad Viva, or Living City. In the process of fighting against the highway they also began to fight for alternatives such as improved public transportation, and better facilities for bicyclists and pedestrians. Also the Ciclistas Furiosos formed a group, which would take to the streets the first Tuesday of every month to dramatize means of personal transport. Ciudad Viva is like Washinton's Coalition for Smart Growth. They point out that only 0 percent of the people in Santiago can afford to commute by car so it would benefit the government to shift some of the space used by cars to the express of public busways. Yet the citizen activism has produced limited results, although it has increased the speed the traffic flow with the added bus lanes. The activist groups claim that they will continue to work on helping to stop sprawl and help the environment.

Washington, Santiago, and Prague are all very different situations but I feel that they can all be helped in the same type of manner. I feel that what many of the organizations in different countries are doing the right thing by trying to make a change. Looking at it now makes it seem like it will be very difficult in the future to stop the expansion and sprawl of cities. Although, what it takes is a complete and full effort by us, the people to try to help a solution. I think that the only way to prevent pollution and create more public transportation is to get the public informed on the issues and once they are informed they can be supportive of achieving new solutions. Changing companies or investors is not going to work, but governments will eventually listen if the people all unite and force a change, even if it means restructuring how the government operates or the people in control. In many cases it is too hard or expensive to make total changes to the programs that a city takes. Although, people themselves can make a conscious choice to help out the environment and contribute to the worlds best interests. The governments in the cities within this article are not putting the funds into the right parts of society resulting in these issues. They are building outwards when they could be helping to rebuild the central part. This will not only help transportation but the poor as well. I feel that the way for the world to make a change in urban sprawl is to have personal examples of cities that made sacrifices in their own, showing it can be done and it is a just cause. Without someone starting to take action others will most likely not follow, but with an example to follow they could see the prospects of a bright future and want to be like that. I feel this is the only way for us to make a difference in todays growing world.

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The United States Economy

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The United States Economy

The economy over the last eighteen months had started with moderate production, but began to slope into a recession causing the unemployment rate to rise. Beginning in the fourth quarter of the year 001, the Federal Reserve decided to lower its federal funds rate to 1-/4 %( this was the lowest rate in the last 40 years). With this move the economy expanded quickly not soon after the change. Consumer Spending increased considerably and housing production was on the rise with the help of good weather. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) had increased at an annual rate at an excess of 6 %. With the inflation adjusted at such a low rate, interest investments began to decline and business investments for an increase of capital had increased. The Fiscal Policies action to lower taxes, give investment incentives, and increase higher spending are stimulating the aggregate demand curve in a positive way. With a combination of a decline in our foreign exchange value of the dollar, the unemployment rate at a low percentage maintaining around 4.5 %, and economic growth strengthening, our economy was heading on the right track.

In the beginning of the year of 00, the pace of the economy was still rolling at a steady pace, mainly because of the unchanged pace of 001. The increase in real (GDP) was taking off rapidly with a surge of government spending on military defense, and weather related conditions which in turn was destroying property. Inflation was on the rise due to higher energy costs, but soon dampened a bit causing the inflation expectations to remain stabilized in the first half of the year. The competitive pressures of the foreign markets soon started to limit the growth of profits for the economy. With this in mind the (FOMC) decided to keep the federal funds rate at 1-/4 % unchanged. The (FOMC) thought it would be the best interest for the economy to achieve its long run objectives to keep the rate this low, but still faced the possibility that economic growth with the relatively high unemployment rate and lack of price pressures will cause the economy to fall short of its given potential.

The outlook of the end of the 00 year and surfacing the 00 year tends to look promising. The members of the Board of Governors and the Federal Reserve Bank, whom all participate in deliberations of the (FOMC), expect the economy to expand rapidly over the next six quarters. (GDP) is expected to rise a ¼ % for the year 00 and ½ % for the year 00. The 00 deficit is expected to be less than one percent of the total (GDP). If, growth promoting policies are pursued and withhold on spending is exercised, deficits will be both small and temporary. The government will need to higher interest rates to induce investment spending. Write my Essay on The United States Economy

With all done and said, I like the look our economy is heading, especially after the September 11, 001 terrorist attack. I think the citizens are regaining faith in our government's authority and are now increasing their spending on consumption goods, as well as investments in the stock markets which is slowly increasing after one of its all time lows. Hopefully our economy will exceed in the future comings to maintain as the most powerful nation abroad.

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Columbus and the Spanish Conquest

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Columbus and the Spanish Conquest

Columbus was a talented navigator from Genoa he wanted to benefit from the victory at Granada. He served the Portuguese crown for years he had also been a slave trader trading between Africa and the Atlantic islands. Columbus had been begging the courts of Portugal, England, France, and Spain to give him the ships and me to attempt to reach eastern Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic. There was a problem with this though. Columbus thought the world circumference at only 16,000 miles. So he said he would reach Japan or China by sailing west ,000 miles. But the Portuguese laughed at this because they put the worlds circumference at 6,000 miles. They told Columbus that he is mad if he tried that because he would perish on the huge ocean. With the fall of Granada Columbus had another chance to pled his case. Isabella who now had men and resources to spare grew more receptive to his request.Order custom research paper on Columbus and the Spanish Conquest

She made him "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" in charge of a fleet of two caravels, the Nina and the Pinta together with a lager ,square rigged ship The Santa Maria which Columbus made his flag ship.

Columbus left the port of Palos in August of 14 , Columbus headed south to the Canaries, to pick up provisions and sailed west across the Atlantic . As they traveled the crew became restless when October came around but on the 1 of October they spotted land. They splashed ashore on San Salvador, now Watlings island in the Bahamas. Chris was convinced that he was somewhere in the East Indies some where near China or Japan. Columbus called the local inhabitants Indians. For several months he poked about the Caribbean , mostly along the coast of Cuba and while doing so he ran the Santa Maria onto rocks the ship had to be abandoned. Because of this Columbus left a garrison of men behind on Hispaniola. When he returned in late 14 all of his men had been killed by the Tainos. After that Columbus made more voyages in quest of China. After his third voyage they shipped hi back to Spain in chains in 1500. Although later restored to royal favor he died in 1506.

Ex-soldiers and peasants were taken across the Atlantic to settle the new land. With them they carried seeds for Europe cereal crops and livestock, including horses, cows, sheep, goats, and pigs. The islands did not have fences so the animals went around the island freely eating every thing up. Because of that the Tainos food supply soon became threatened. The Spaniards forced the increasingly malnourished Indians to work for them. With all of this happening the native population declined catastrophically. By the 1514 only ,000 able-bodied adults remained on Hispaniola, from a population that was at least one million. This same thing happened to Cuba, Jamaica, and other small islands. Soon after all the Indians were dying we had African slave to replace them. The Spaniards continued their new world explorations as the years went by. One geographer name the new continent "America" which he named in honor of his informant the explorer Amerigo Vespucci. Soon Spain conquered Mexico and there they found treasure they had been seeking. Hernan Cortes and his small army of 400 men were the one to discover the fabulous city Tenochtitlan, the Aztec empire. The Aztec leader sent rich presents to persuade the Spaniards to leave but it had the opposite effects. Because of cultural misunderstanding war broke out. But the thing was that both sides had different objectives. Europeans tried to settle matters on eh battlefield and expected to kill many enemies. But the natives fought to gain captives whether for sacrifice or to replace the tribal losses through adoption.

When Cortes entered Tenochtitlan in 151 he seized Moctezuma the Aztec ruler as a prisoner and hostage. Though overwhelmingly outnumbered Cortes and his men began to destroy Aztec religious objects and replace them with images of the Virgin Mary or other Catholic saints. In response to this while Cortes was away the Aztecs rose against the intruders, Moctezuma was killed and the Spaniards were driven out with Heavy losses. But the smallpox the Spaniards left behind soon began killing Aztecs by the thousands. The next year Cortez returned with thousands of the Tlaxcalans warriors and he built warships armed with cannon to dominated lake Texcoco which the city lay on. After defeating the Aztecs the city lay in ruins but Spain built Mexico city on the ruins of Tenochtitlan.

Cabeza de Vaca made his way back to Mexico city in 156 after an overland journey that took him form Florida through Texas. Hernando de soto landed in Florida in 15 and roamed through muck of the southeastern US in quest of gold and silver. He crossed the Mississippi in 1541 wandered through the Ozarks and eastern Oklahoma. During these times of travel Spanish Priests did their best to convert Thousands of North Americans Indians to the Catholic faith. After that they started to build missions one of the first was in Virginia.

Today we still have missions all around the USA and Mexico. There are still native Americans that live in Mexico and all over the USA. Also there are many different cultures that live in America today and in Mexico. Not only do Europeans live here we have Chinese, Africans, Mexicans etc. We have people from all around the world who have settled and made America there home for generations.

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BOHNHOFFER

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Bohnhoffer is a movie based on a true story of a German minister named Dietrich Bohnhoffer who helps the resistance of the third right. In doing so he is imprisoned, tortured, and hanged.

The movie starts out with Dietrich in America in a gospel church when he tells his friend there that he must return to Germany to help his friends and family.

When he arrives in Germany he tries to get his sister who is married to a Jew to leave so that they aren't taken by the Nazis, so the next day his sister leaves. Dietrich is confronted by a friend, after Dietrich convinces some other Jews to leave, who wants Dietrich to pose as an intelligence officer in the German army, so that he can gain access to information that will help in criminate the Nazis and help free more Jews.

One day he is staying with someone he knows when he meets a young lady that he taught at school. The next few months he starts to fall in love with her and purposes to her and so they are to get married in a few months, but something goes bad.

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The resistance informs Dietrich that someone has talk and notified the Nazis about everything. The information they caught is hidden in a secret place just before some of the resistances is arrested. After being arrested Dietrich is asked questions about him really being apart of the third right and questions about the information that he has stolen. He is allowed to see his fiance who brings him information about the resistance. The Nazis search for the hidden information, after searching a while the find the secret room where it is hidden. When they do Dietrich is imprisoned and tortured by the Nazis who try to get more information about the resistance, but Dietrich doesn't tell and he is hanged in April 145 less than a month before Germans surrender.

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Slavery Between 1607-1775

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Economic, geographic, and social factors encouraged the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy in the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775. The growth of slavery grew tremendously between these years. Slaves contributed largely to the South's population. New fertile land meant an increased need for slave labor. Slaves were treated horribly by their masters, and lived under terrible conditions.

Many lands were immensely hospitable to corn and tobacco cultivation. Settlers often planted tobacco and corn in their fields. The growing of these crops required labor. The Virginians, especially, needed labor, to grow corn for subsistence and to grow tobacco for export. They had just figured out how to grow tobacco, and in 1617 they sent off the first cargo to England. The Virginians were ready to become the masters of their slaves. By 161, a million black slaves had already been brought from Africa to South America and the Caribbean, to the Portuguese and Spanish colonies, to work as slaves.

In the deepest South, slave life was especially severe. The climate was hostile to death, and the labor was life-draining. Slaves from Africa were captured and herded among sweltering ships, bounded for the gruesome "middle passage" on which death rates ran as high as twenty percent. Terrified survivors were eventually shoved onto auction blocks in New World ports. Tobacco was a less physically demanding crop than those of the deeper South. Tobacco plantations were larger and closer to one another than the rice plantations. The size and proximity of these plantations permitted the slaves more frequent contact with friends and relatives.

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History Family Traditions

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A change of traditions..

B) My family's traditions have changed so much since we have moved to America. We don't cook the same or talk the same or even read the same. I miss speaking Italian I even miss writing it and it is funny to look back and think that one day I would miss writing at all cause I had to write so much in elementary school the whole alphabet and I used to get frustrated but now it comes so easy. I wish we could still do the same things we used to but my Father says that here we have to be normal here we have to be Americans he says this so often that when I close my eyes I can imagine the exact expression that he has on his face while he says it. ( A scrunched up nose and narrowed twinkling eyes and with a big broad fake smile across his face.) ; But I guess I have adjusted , I had to.

G) Everyday at work this BOY walks by he looks like he is about Milo's age. He is very cute but he appears to be very clumsy because every time he passes he always looks in my direction, and so much that he always tends to trip on something or run into someone or something however I find it kind of funny and well....kind of cute. I wonder if he will ever try to talk to me? I wonder if he is courting anyone? Could I be in love or something wait no I don't even know this mystery boy but I want to. Maybe sometime I can say something to him. Maybe tomorrow I will try to sell him some fruit. Ohh but I were the fruit taken home with him. He looks Irish he has BRIGHT blue eyes and dark blond hair he is quiet tall too. I think I am going to try to talk to him. Father always said I was too outgoing but he also said he always loved that about me. So maybe other people including this boy will too....hopefully

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Equiano and the Middle Passage

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Equiano and The Middle Passage

Writers write for many different reasons, whether it may be to entertain, inform, or persuade. Writing would be nothing without diction and tone. Diction is the author's choice of words, and tone it the voice used to reveal the writers mood, feeling on emotion, these two go tighter because the specific words used give the feeling of the story. Equiano's purpose in writing this normative was to inform everyone of the mistreatment of the slaves on the middle passage in which he does by using these three different tones depression, frustration and amazement.

The first use of tone that comes up is the tone of helplessness. In the beginning to this narrative he is describing where the slaves were and how they were all compressed into tiny spaces. There was nothing that they could do. This brings out the feeling of helplessness. "… We were all pent up tighter, like so many sheep in a field…"(pg.48). He felt like an animal, that's how bad it was. No way of communication, no one to comfort you. One would start to feel lost and that's how he felt, "…rather than give any of them to us to eat…" (pg.46). This quote describes how hungry he was and that he had no way of getting food. He uses all of this to help the audience reading and tell them very bluntly what was going on on this ship.

The second tone that is very frequently apparent throughout this narrative is frustration. "I envied the freedom they enjoyed…"(pg 45). How low can a person feel? It's evident that he wasn't used to this sort of treatment. Equiano wants to be able to be out on the deck and learn how run the ship. For him, his independence is taken away which makes him feel discomfiture. When you are able to pick and choose what you want to do and suddenly that is all taken away from you then you feel frustrated. When he and his sister were split apart after they were taken he was also frustrated because he couldn't do anything about it. Equiano grabs out this feeling and reels in the reader to almost make them feel like they are in the story.

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"… I first saw flying fishes…"(pg 47). In this quote we see the feeling and tone of amazement. It's like for the first time. It almost makes the reader excited and want to go on reading. "I also now first saw the use of the quadrant" (pg.47). When the ship had reached it' destination he began to see lots of new things. The quadrant was on 6thing he was amazed by. He wanted to know more. "…I was now more persuaded than ever, that I was in another world…"(pg. 47). This quote just verifies he feelings about the flying fishes and quadrants. This arrangement brings out lots of other feelings like curiosity and it keeps the reader on their toes pushing them to read more.

It has already been said that tone and diction will make or break the way we read a story or passage. In Equiano's account of the middle passage, great emphasis is put on the three leading tones depression, frustration, and amazement. Essentially Equiano's purpose in writing the narrative as to inform everyone the mistreatment of the slaves on the middle passage; Which he does with the use of tones. I believe that he did a great job and made me interested in reading on.

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