Ethics- The art of living

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Ethics is about moral choices.It is about the value that lie behind them, the reason people give for them, and the language they use to describe them. It is about innocence and guilt, right and wrong, and what means to live a good or bad life.it is about the dilemmas of life , death, sex, violence and money. it exploeshuman virtues and vices and duties.To be intreasted in ethics is to intreasted in life.Each day we are bombarded with news of personal choices and their consequences,from the sexual proclivites of the famous to the violence and tragedy of war, and from the sight of those who are straving in an otherwise prosperous world to the casual vandalism and petty crime on inner-city streets.The explantions given for these things may vary, from elaborate justifications in terms of a political or economic ideology to the general complaint that traditional values have vanished. we cannot escape from moral issues, even if our own lives are untouched by painful decision or tinges of guilt.In this respect babies are lucky.They feel hungry or dirty or wet and just scream until someone figures out what is wrong and gives them what they need.They do not have the intellectual ability to question how they got into their particular mess, or the steps they need to take to get out of it. They are not morally responsible. Many choices are a straight forward matter of personal prefference,and the action that springs from them are neither moral nor immoral.They become the subject of moral debate only because of the intentions behind them, their results and the values of society or the individual that they refelct.

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Social Psychology and Adult Learning

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We all interact with many people on a regular basis. Some of our encounters go better than others. Some go very well. Some leave us feeling uneasy and anxious. What elements of our personalities and of the people we meet make the difference? This is the subject of Social Psychology. Social Psychology is used to describe, explain and predict similarities and diversities in humans.

This is what has led our class to study social psychology in adult development, for each individual to gain a better perspective of ourselves through common factors and individual experiences. There are several psychologists that have developed theories to aid in defining our stages of emotional, moral, and even physical development.

Before you begin to study adult development, you must understand how we learn and interact with people. In Kolb's Model of Experimental Learning there are four stages. Concrete experience is how we learn and what we learn. For example, where and when things happen, what you perceive is real to you. Observation and reflection, this is your thinking process. A person begins to categorize and reflect on how you felt about what happened also why it happened. This signifies a pattern of relationship.Buy cheap Social Psychology and Adult Learning term paper

Formation of abstract concepts and generalizations, is the point where you begin to formulate the thought process in a particular category, your mind is trying to put concepts in order. The final stage is testing and implication in new situations, which is a pattern of focus, where we are going to put information and how we will use this information.

Erik Erickson's Theory of Identity has been the basis and major influence in most of the stage theories of adulthood. He proposed that at each stage of life beginning at birth, we go through a dilemma defined by a pair of opposing possibilities; the other is the less healthy outcome. Erickson believed that a total healthy resolution was not the key to moving from stage to stage, nor is it the answer, the best resolution as he sees it is a balance of the two sides such as initiative vs. guilt, a child can become too much initiative causing harm to himself or to others. The identity theory also states that these crises are forced on us which moves us through the life cycle that is why each stage is age defined.

If these stages begin at birth for everyone then what influences our behavior causing us to move through the various stages? Some people argue that is in our nature that impacts us the most. Nature is what we are born with our genes and our internal make up; these factors can impact a person physically and emotionally. On the other side of the argument is the nurturing side which is environmental, meaning how a child is raised how much time is spent with that child, what has a child been taught. Both nature and nurture affect the human development.

As we begin to develop or identity and who we are, our thoughts begin to develop. Jean Piaget believed children pass through four periods of mental development. During the sensorimotor period, they obtain a basic knowledge of objects through their senses. This period lasts until about age . During the preoperational period, from about to 7, children develop such skills as language and drawing ability. In the period of concrete operations, from about 7 to 11, they begin to think logically. For example, they learn to organize their knowledge, classify objects, and do thought problems. The period of formal operations lasts from about 11 to 15. At this time, children begin to reason realistically about the future and to deal with abstractions. Abstractions are ideas about qualities and characteristics viewed apart from the objects that have them.

James Fowler presented a six-stage theory of faith development presented in his book, Stages of Faith, which has since become the most popular and commonly accepted theory

The adult stages in Fowlers theory typically include stages three through six. The earlier stages follow normal development; the various stages of faith are neither achievements, nor progressive steps to salvation, but simply degrees that ones faith goes through as it develops. The following is a brief description of the adult stages

Stage . Synthetic-conventional In this stage, a person knows why he/she believes. One pulls together various parts of faith and tends to conform to the majority, and people are rewarded or punished for following rules laid down by the proper authority (the church or Bible). Views at this stage are often stereotyped.

Stage 4. Individuative-reflective There is a relocation of authority within the self, along with a critical reflection of ones beliefs. Faith becomes uniquely ones own. In addition, there is usually a struggle to grow and understand. Stage 5. Conjunctive Individuals realize the paradoxes in faith, and learn to live with their faith and their questions. This stage involves a dynamic, trusting relationship with God. Stage 6. Universalizing Faith This stage is defined by feeling at one with God. People here invest their lives in a larger cause without being concerned by the personal cost Fowlers theory is very important, he hypothesizes that each of us develops through a shared series of faith structures(of world views, broad internal working models, meaning systems, or whatever we might choose to call them) over the course of childhood and adulthood. These stages are simply frameworks of understanding people and where they are in regard to their faith.

In the beginning of class we studied internal adult development, but in order to fully understand total development we must now turn to our external development. External development is not a formal term, it means to me the relationships you have with others and how you are affected. Sigmund Freud was a medical doctor from Vienna, who primarily worked with the mentally retarded. He formed several theories to explain how we as humans react to on another. The stage is called the ID, a drive that is in everyone, it is instinctual, and can even be traced back to cavemen. Out of the ID comes the libido, this is something energizing in the ID that wants immediate gratification. The next stage is the Super Ego, this deals with our morals, what we learned from our parents, our value system. Then there is the Ego, which Freud defines as reality, the part of the personality that seeks to satisfy the ID and the Super Ego in accordance with reality. This can also be defined as the balance between the ID and the Super Ego. In dealing with certain external factors a person may develop a generalized feeling of fear or apprehension that may or may not be associated with an object or event, this is called anxiety, anxiety is displayed through a physiological change. Anxiety is a bi product of stress caused by a stressor. A stressor is the environmental stimulant that affects the organism. In order to handle stress we protect ourselves emotionally, almost as if we are wearing a suit of armor.

This suit of armor is called defense mechanisms, an unconscious way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality. The defense mechanisms are Repression- not dealing with something may cause displaced aggression. Denial refuse to accept the source of frustration. Projection - attribute to other people your own undesirable traits. Reaction formation - behave in a manner opposite from true anxiety provoking feelings. Sublimation - redirect socially unacceptable impulses into acceptable ones. Rationalization reinterpret behavior to in terms to make it acceptable.

To conclude we must realize the inevitable which is we are all going to die. Kubler-Ross developed Stages of Dying. How people cope with their own death or the death of a loved one. There are five stages that all people go through, the first is denial, which is the belief that it did not happen or is not going to happen to me. Anger, why did God take this person from me, why am I going to die? Bargaining, if I do something then God will spare my life allow me to live longer or spar the life of someone else. Depression, which can be categorized as sadness and then finally the stage of acceptance, you are ready to die or you have accepted the death of your loved one.

Exploring the subjects of adult behavior has been an enlightening experience. Each theory that was studied or discussed gave me further insight into my life experience. It also helped me see where I am currently and where I would like to proceed. Life is a learning process and the more we learn about our selves in relation to the world, we then become better people. "Life is about moving from an imperfect state to a perfect state."

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Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman

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Lost Dreams

A common idea used throughout literature is the issue of freedom of the individual in opposition to the controlling pressures of society. Willy Loman, the main character in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, epitomizes this type of person, one who looks to his peers and co-salesmen as lesser individuals. Not only is Willy competitive and overbearing he also seeks after an ideal that is not in his grasp; becoming the greatest salesman ever. Determined to make money, Willy becomes uncontrollable and in some ways insane. Throughout Willy's life he portrays a character with an unknown identity and many insecurities.

Willy goes through life with many illusions in his head. His career as a salesman is built on a dream that he witnesses as a child. At an early age Willy hears of a salesman, Dave Singleman, who can make his living out of a hotel room and is very popular with many people. It is this ideal that Willy Loman seeks after; all he ever wants is fame, popularity, and a few friends. Unfortunately when Willy dies, not a single person comes to his funeral. Willy's life is one that is spent trying to become another person, namely Dave Singleman, it eventually becomes a waste. Willy is determined to live by ideals that place him above everyone else; it is with these lies and illusions that Willy's life begins to lose its' air of reality. As a result, he loses his identity, courage, and dignity throughout New England as a salesman. Biff says, "He had the wrong dreams. All, all, wrong. He never knew who he was" (Miller 1888). Realistically, Willy is not successful as a salesman due to his illusions of life.

As a result of Willy's illusions in life, his relationship with his sons suffers. Many problems arise that force economic and personal difficulties on him and his family. Furthermore, Willy spends hours on hours dreaming of the past; thinking of himself and his sons for which he had very high hopes for. Willy says, "Bernard can get the best marks in school, y'understand, you are going to be five times ahead of him. That's why I thank Almighty God you're both built like Adonises" (Miller 186). While comparing his sons to Greek Gods, Willy again manages to stray from reality and into illusion. Terry Thompson says, "Willy Loman's attempt at a flattering mythological allusion turns out to be just as inept as his business advice" (16). In response to this, Biff is Willy's true inspiration as a father, while he has the determination to become a great football player, not to mention to make something out of his life and the Loman name. However, as Biff flunks math Willy makes it out as he thrown all of his opportunities away. It is with these circumstances that Biff and his father begin to separate and part ways. Willy always promises his sons prosperity and good-fortune but eventually realizes he cannot give it to them. In result, when Willy loses Biff his life becomes an even larger failure than it has already become.Order custom research paper on Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman

Willy's goal in life is set on success and prosperity. Charley says of Willy, "He's a man way out there in the blue, riding on a smile and a shoeshine. A salesman is got to dream, boy. It comes with the territory" (Miller 1888). As Willy realizes his dream is in jeopardy he spends a lot of time brainstorming how to make his life what he wants it to be. Putting his family aside, Willy commit's a terrible sin that affects him and his family forever, adultery. As Biff learns of his father's affair, his thoughts of him being an influential salesman in New England are all lost at this instance. Instead, it appears that his father is a loser with no potential to ever support his family in a good manner. It is at this time that their lives spread apart in a big way. Biff speaks to his father, "I am not a leader of men, Willy, and neither are you. You were never anything but a hardworking drummer who landed in the ash can like all the rest of them! Will you take that phony dream and burn it?" (Miller 1885). Using this situation and the many other downfalls in Willy's life, it is not surprising when he kills himself. In search of happiness, Willy believes that he can give his family what they want if he could only leave the world. Willy's dreams are wrong in reality, as a result his family does not see any friends or co-workers that care enough to go to his funeral. Willy Loman dies for things that many men live for; pursuit of his family's happiness and prosperity.

Through Willy's dialogues and actions, he portrays a character of great insecurity and unknown identity. Willy dies still unsure of his status in the business world, his yearning for success and money at the age of sixty-one makes him realize that these goals are never to be reached. Willy's identity is lost and is presence on Earth is unknown. While Willy is influenced by society in a way that he cannot overcome the pressures of selling products and making money. In result, the pressure of society kills a man who once had courage and determination, as life goes on Willy loses his ability to see the world clearly. Willy's eyes can only observe despair and insecurity, it is through this realization that he decides to end his unhappiness by ending his life. Willy Loman dies with a lost identity of himself and his family.

Please note that this sample paper on Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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A Lesson Before Dying

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"I was not there, yet I was there. No, I did not go to the trial, I did not hear the verdict, because I knew all the time what it would be..." So begins Grant Wiggins, the narrator of Ernest J. Gaines,' A Lesson Before Dying. Within the novel, university educated, Grant, returns to the tiny plantation town of his youth, where the only job available to him is teaching in the small plantation church school. Grant, trapped in a career he doesnt enjoy, eaten up by resentment at his station in life, and angry by the injustice he sees all around him, allows one to confront the demands of his passions and responsibilities in the novel.

Grant confronts a responsibility brought to him by his aunt, with extreme rejection. Although he rejects this responsibility, Tante Lou forces him to undertake this issue. Tante Lou perceives that Grant ought to save their community, through the fact that he is educated. Grant however, considers this matter as unjust and obligatory rather than being a responsibility. He appears fairly selfish in the novel, mainly considerate of himself and lacks the awareness of his obligation. Grant focuses more on his passion and less on what is right. His passion is what controls his perception of living life; he believes

that he should live better than his people or rather be superior to them, due to his education.

As Grant struggles to impart a sense of pride to Jefferson, the accused of killing a white shopkeeper, Grant also learns an important lesson. This responsibility, to somehow educate this man, in the start of the novel, sends Grant into complete indignation. Having to pause his search for hope, he becomes angry with the people who he lives amongst. Being accustom of teaching Jefferson to become a "man," Grant doesn't want to lose his rank within his people, meaning that he does not want to lose his credibility from his aunt and to resist this lost he must go on with this responsibility and attempt to ignore the white society.

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As Wiggins begins to visit Jefferson they both commence in changing their negative attitudes about their situation and perceptions of life. Grant taught Jefferson to be a "man" and no matter what others assume, Jefferson will always be a man. Grant gains great respect from Jefferson and for Jefferson, when Jefferson's death was taking place. He told his class that "in a couple of minutes it will be 100 p.m., I will ask you to get down on your knees and remain on your knees until I ask you to get up."(50) This shows that his attitude towards Jefferson turns to compassion for his time of death, and by assisting him in becoming this "man," he obtains recognition for his doing.

Wiggins' attempt to make Jefferson a "man," shows the potential he possesses, which reflects upon the rest of the community. This challenge demonstrates the extent that blacks had to go through to show how well they confirmed their role in society.

Grant's acceptance in society remains significant to his well being because it builds his self-esteem, and paves the way for the many generations to come, giving them the chance that others were not given. Moreover, Grant's conflict between his passion and responsibility allows the reader to sympathize for him, and situate themselves between choosing what seems morally right for ones community or for ones self being.

Please note that this sample paper on A Lesson Before Dying is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Lesson Before Dying, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on A Lesson Before Dying will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Pro Abortions

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Abortion is a very issue with the world these days. Too many young girls or older girls for that matter are having kids that are not wanted. When you drive threw some towns and you see all these kids hanging out on the street corner because their parents do not care enough to keep them home, something is wrong.

There are the obvious arguments to abortion. Rape cases and pregnancy with girls at very young ages are usually the main reasons. But, it is also about other things. If a woman is married and they are not financially stable to support a child and they still have one, this child has not been given a fair chance even before it is born. Why have a child when you know you cannot financially support it? So, it can grow up in poverty and maybe have to suffer because it's mother decided to have the pregnancy.

It's not smart to put another kid on the street. The parents that live in bad neighborhoods because that's all they can afford are bound to have their children grow up in a life of crime. Usually join gangs and get involved with drugs. If a person cannot control and love their child then they should not be having one.

The financial side of this is another big aspect. It is so much less expensive to have an abortion (for a pregnancy that you do not want) than to have to provide for that child for a lifetime. Clothes, food, school, health insurance, it all adds up and is much more expensive than the alternative.

To all the people who are against abortion, why would you make a person have a baby that they do not want, so that this child is unloved and grows up without a good childhood and turns into one of the million people on this earth that are just hanging out on the street corner without a job getting drunk every night and causing trouble.

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Hamlett: Sane or Insane

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"Normal" or "crazy". A very important question to ask when discussing Hamlet's personality, mannerisms, and actions throughout the play. Which one of the two is he? There is no definite right or wrong answer, but there are equally insightful arguments for both, and it's up to the reader to hear them and decide.

Shakespeare's tragic hero, Hamlet, and his sanity can arguably be discussed. Many portions of the play support his loss of control in his actions and emotions, while other parts stay true to the idea of his ability of dramatic art. The issue can be discussed both ways and altogether provide significant insight and support for either side.

Throughout the play it seems as though Hamlet is in a sort of role-play, because Hamlet goes through mood swings like when his mood changes abruptly throughout the play. Hamlet appears to act mad when he hears of his father's murder. At the time he speaks wild and sporadic words Why, right; you are I' the right; And so, without more circumstance at all, I hold it fir that we shake hands and part…[II, v, 17-14]. It seems as if there are two Hamlets in the play, one that is a sensitive and ideal prince, and the other an insane barbaric Hamlet who from an outburst of passion and rage slays Polonius with no feeling of remorse of any kind, Thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell! /I took thee for thy better. Take thy fortune; /Thou find'st to be too busy some danger.[III, iv, 1-] and then talks about lugging his guts into another room. After Hamlet kills Polonius he refuses to tell anyone where the body is. Instead, he assumes his ironic form, which others perceive as madness. Not where he eats, but where he is eaten. /A certain convocation of political worms a e'en at him. [IV, iii, 0-1]. If your messenger find him not there, seek him I' th' other place yourself. But, indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby. [IV, iii, -6].

Hamlet's behavior throughout the play, especially towards Ophelia, is inconsistent. He jumps into Ophelia's grave, and fights with Laertes in her grave. He professes I love for Ophelia Forty thousand brothers /Could not, with all their quantity of love, /Make up my sum. [V, i, 50-5], during the fight with Laertes in Ophelia's grave, but he tells her that he never loved her, when she returns his letters and gifts, while she was still alive. Hamlet subtly hints his knowledge of his dwindling sanity as he tells Laertes that he killed Polonius in a fit of madness. [V, ii, 6-50] Help with essay on Hamlett: Sane or Insane Hamlet has violent outbursts towards his mother. His outburst seems to arise from his jealousy, stemming from his Oedipus complex. He alone sees his father's ghost in his mother's room, while every other time the ghost had appeared someone else had also seen it. During this scene he finally shows his madness, because his mother does not see the ghost. On him, on him! Look you how pale he glares! /his form and cause confined, preaching to stones /Would make them capable. [III, iv, 16-18].

Throughout the play, there are also supporting details to argue Hamlet's sanity, as these details compromise his madness, to balance out his mental state. Hamlet tells Horatio that he is going to feign madness, and that if Horatio notices any strange behavior from Hamlet; it is because he is putting on an act. [I, v, 166-180]. But although "mad", his madness reflects in no way that of Ophelia's, his madness and actions contrasts hers. Hamlet's madness is only apparent when he is in the presence of certain characters. When Hamlet is around Polonius, Claudius, Gertrude, Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, he behaves irrationally and unreasonably. When Hamlet is in the presence of Horatio, Bernardo, Francisco, The Players, and Gravediggers, his actions are sensible. Other characters confess that Hamlet's actions are still unsure whether Hamlet's insanity is authentic or not. Claudius confesses that Hamlet's actions, although strange, do not appear to stem from madness. And I do doubt the hatch and the disclose /Will be some danger; which for to prevent, /I have in quick determination. [III, i, 165-167]. Polonius admits that Hamlet's actions and words have a method to them; there appears to be reason behind them, they are logical in nature. Though this be madness, yet there is method in't. [II, ii, 06].

Hamlet tells his mother That I essentially am not in madness, /But mad in craft. [III, iv, 188-1]. Hamlet believes in his sanity at all times. He never doubts his control over himself or his sanity. He realizes his flaw as a man of thoughts and not actions. His cold act towards Polonius was out of rage and furious temper. He is sorry for it, but has no large amount of compassion or remorse for Polonius because of the immense grief he feels over his father's death.

Hamlet, a tragic hero, meets his tragic end not because he was sane or insane, but because of his tragic flaw, procrastination and grief. Whether he was sane or lost controls over his actions and mind, both points have their arguments and support. The support makes each theory a sensible decision either way. Hamlet as viewed from beginning to end can be observed that he was a prince that was grieve stricken, until a prince of rage and passion had developed by way of his own sanity and madness. Whether the madness is true or false, Hamlet took it upon himself to portray the role of a mad man.

Please note that this sample paper on Hamlett: Sane or Insane is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hamlett: Sane or Insane, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Hamlett: Sane or Insane will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Strengths of nokia

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Based on an analysis of Nokia's value chain, that is its various characteristics, strengths and weaknesses discuss how they can be a dominant competitor in the cellular phone industry.

At this present time, Nokia is a very dominant force in the communications market. One way to determine how strong a force they are is to carry out a SWOT analysis, which consists of a list of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.

Strengths

• Introduction of new products.

• Broad knowledge base from many standards.

• Large home market and 5% of global market.

• Roaming agreements.

• Investment in research and development (R&D).

• Concurrent engineering ensures quick delivery.

• Incorporation of recycling & material re-use in product life cycle.

• Human resource management knowledge transfer and flexibility.

• Business partnerships.

• Locked into suppliers.

• Nokia brand stands for quality.

• Attack markets.

• Internal IT systems.

• Products in each market segment.

• Group effort therefore large knowledge base.

Weaknesses

• Difficult to make transition from national to global brand name.

• Distribution networks not well established.

• Home market is a limited size.

• Finance needs to be carefully planned.

• Initial low brand recognition.

• Brand identification.

• Low profit margins.

• Challenge of innovation.

• Skills for emerging technology.

• Volatile markets.

• Dependence on suppliers.

• After sales support.

• Late into market for G phones.

Oppertunities

• Products

o First to market.

o Internet.

o Business to business.

o Substitute products.

o Network infrastructure.

• Develop software more features.

• High growth in consumer market.

• Global competitor.

• M-commerce.

• Mergers.

• Product replacement.

• G / Out sourcing.

Threats

• Competing with very large phone companies.

• Regulation lack of standardisation.

• Dependant on service providers.

• Health issue radiation.

• Environmental issues.

• Rate of growth with short product life cycle.

• R&D is in very large demand.

• Low cost producers.

• Losing best people.

• Internal work ethic.

• Quality.

• Product life cycle.

The value chain consists of primary activities and support activities. These are no different in Nokia's case. The primary activities are inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales and marketing and customer service. The support activities are firm infrastructure, human resource management, technology development and procurement.

Primary Activities.

Inbound Logistics.

Nokia try to re-use and recycle their products wherever possible. They also make suppliers pay a penalty for late deliveries. Nokia are also tied to a production schedule. All of these are aimed at the quick and smooth production of their products.

Operations.

Nokia try to keep the environment priority at production sites. This is for the long-term benefit of everyone. Most of the manufacturing at Nokia is outsourced. They get a lot of their parts from Motorola and AT&T. However, Nokia produces the electrical components. At present, Nokia manufacture across the globe. By using local production facilities and joint ventures allows fast development of products. Nokia also do a lot of research and development at this stage to guarantee quality and assist in product maintenance.

Outbound Logistics.

Outbound logistics are also a very important part of the value chain for Nokia. Operations are based on a decentralised structure and a measured control. They also collect finished products from sites across the globe. All scheduling and ordering is done via operators. Storage costs are very important the lower the storage cost the more profit the company makes.

Marketing & Sales.

Nokia use a distribution of networks to sell their products. They use the likes of Vodafone and O stores to distribute their handsets. The different phone networks do a lot of advertising for Nokia handsets, as it is in their interests to attract customers before the other networks do, this is good for Nokia as its free advertising for them. Where you would see most of Nokia's advertising is in newspapers and on billboards. Nokia also use the internet for advertising as a lot of people use the internet daily. As phone networks make the majority of their money from the calls alone, the aren't too bothered with not making money on the handsets, so they often do promotions like free connections or free handsets. They also subsidise the handsets, so Nokia get more money than the consumer actually pays. Nokia are a dominant force in the market because the capture all areas in the market, from business use to leisure use.

Customer Service.

Nokia offer many services to assist their customers, one service that Nokia offers on their products is a 1-month warranty. There are also upgrades available on all handsets. Nokia use there own Nokia stores for customer services rather than sales. Club Nokia is a membership available at these stores, if you are a member and your phone breaks down they will loan you the same handset while your handset is being repaired. This service isn't available at any other stores. Nokia use their website for most of their customers support services.

Support Activities.

Firm Infrastructure.

Nokia tend to concentrate on environmental management. They also have a lot of alliances. Along with these the mergers, acquisitions and business partnerships, Nokia have a very strong infrastructure.

Human Resource Management.

Human resource has a major part in Nokia, they have a continuous training program and they are always recruiting new staff. New ideas are the basis of Nokia's success in the market, and it is no surprise that one in four of Nokia's staff are employed in the research and development department.

Technology Development.

Nokia are constantly creating new designs and new technology, even after a phone has been released, Nokia develop new and improved versions of the software. There is also a lot of research of the market and the customer's expectations and wants. Nokia use technology to their advantage when it comes to advertising, sales, support and customer feedback.

Procurement.

As Nokia outsource a lot of their development, it reduces the amount of buildings and machinery the need to maintain. Nokia have OEM agreements with external suppliers.

Sponsorship also plays a major part in their company.

How can Nokia improve their supply chain management systems?

Nokia need to manage their supply chain because mobile phones have a short life cycle and with the huge product variety available. Nokia need to ensure the supply chain is designed to reduce market mediation costs. The aim is to get supply on par with demand. If supply is greater than demand they will have excess stock, but if demand is greater than supply they will lose out on valuable sales. Nokia need as much flexibility as possible when it comes to production. They need to be able to act fast if an unexpected demand occurs.

When choosing suppliers the important factors Nokia need to consider are, the speed at which they will be able to supply, the quality of their products, the cost of their products and most importantly the flexibility of switching products they offer.

To improve their supply chain Nokia need to identify a strategy for managing uncertainty in demand. Although Nokia phones come in an array of different sizes, weights, functions and standards, if they could share common components in their products, it would make production more flexible. Another way of improving their supply chain is to reduce lead times. This can be carried out by more orders received direct via the Internet or having direct ordering systems with agents.

If Nokia located production facilities close to their main market it would lead to faster and cheaper distribution. By producing their products close to the market, Nokia could distribute direct to their agents and customers. This would lead to shortening delivery cycles and faster development. Nokia's policy of employing mergers, acquisitions and business partners as a means to extend their geographic scope reinforces these supply chain management strategies. It is also important that they share info such as production requirements, design databases, etc.

How can E-commerce assist Nokia in building a competitive advantage in sales and service?

With all the new technology at Nokia's disposal it is important that they use it to their advantage. One way that it is very beneficial is their website. Having a well designed website allows them to display new products, display product details and display product features. Their website can be used to make sales and acquire customer profiles and real time customer information. The website also gives Nokia the option to display pricelists and information about new product developments.

Nokia could also use expert systems to share expertise with retailers and agents by allowing them to suggest a configuration that would satisfy customer requirements. E-commerce can also be used for after sales service. It can be used to monitor performance; hence, detecting any futures bottlenecks and develop methods for improving network performance.

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