Indian Independence

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The reasons for Indian Independence

World War I

During the war 1,50,000 Indians fought for Britain. They served in France in the trenches, but also fought in the Middle East and Africa. They proved themselves to be brave and loyal. This made many Indians expect that they would receive independence as a reward. Congress demanded that the British government should set a date for independence.

M K Gandhi Help with essay on Indian Independence

Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 115. He spent a year travelling, but from 117 began to take over Congress and attracted a lot more support. Before this, Congress had been made up of well-educated and well-off Indians, but Gandhi dressed in Indian clothes and tried to appeal to all Indians. He began a campaign of Satyagraha. He urged Indians not to co-operate with the British authorities. From 10 Gandhi became the main leader of the campaign to get independence. Gandhi said that his followers should

not become angry with their opponents,

put up with the anger of their opponents,

put up with the attacks of his opponents and never attempt to fight back,

allow themselves to be arrested,

allow their property to be taken away from them.

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (11)

This was an attempt to change the government of India and give Indians more say. Edwin Montagu was the Secretary of State for India and Lord Chelmsford was the viceroy. Montagu said that India would eventually become independent, but refused to set a date. The reforms allowed Indians to control education and public health, but the British kept control of the police, the law courts, law and order, and taxation. Many Indians were very disappointed.

The Rowlatt Acts

During the First World War the viceroy had been given special powers to arrest and imprison people without trial and to try suspects without a jury. The powers were unpopular, but were accepted because it was believed that they would only last as long as the war. In February 11, however, these powers were extended, although the war had finished. Many Indians were outraged and there were protests all over India. In Amritsar on 10 April five Britons were killed and another was beaten.

Amritsar

In Amritsar the newly arrived British army commander, General Dyer, banned all meetings. Sikhs gathered on 1 April 11 for a festival in the Jallianwalla Bagh, an open space surrounded by walls. Dyer had the exits blocked and then, without warning, ordered his soldiers to open fire at the Indians. 71 were killed and more than 1,00 were wounded. Dyer then announced a curfew, which meant that the wounded could not be tended to until the next morning. News of Amritsar was heard with horror all over India. Many Indians felt that after that events they simply could not trust the British. One such Indian was Motilal Nehru, the father of Jawarhal Nehru, one of Gandhis closest supporters. Motilal gave up his career as a lawyer and also became a supporter of Gandhi. The Nehru family were extremely high caste Indian family and they threw their support behind Gandhi and even donated their family home to the Gandhi movement which used it as an Ashram. This example of support from a high caste family demonstrates how Gandhi appealed to all Indian groups.

Summary

So you can see that the years from 117 to 10 were very important. It was the time when

Many Indians started to feel that the British could not be trusted

Many Indians believed that the British did not intend to give India independence

Many more Indians joined the campaigns for independence

A national movement for independence was created

There was a leader of the movement who the British found very difficult to deal with.

Gandhi was thus firmly anchored to pacifism when the war broke out in 1, but many of his closest colleagues and the rank and file in the Indian National Congress could not bring themselves to accept the feasibility of defending the country against aggression without resort to arms. Twice during the warafter the fall of France in 140, and the collapse of the British position in South East Asia in 141when there was a possibility of a rapprochement between the Congress and the Government for a united war effort, Gandhi stepped aside rather than be a party to organized violence. The rapprochement did not come. The only serious British effort for a compromise was made in the Spring of 14 with the dispatch of the Cripps Mission to India; it proved abortive.

For nearly two and a half years, Gandhi had resisted pressure from a section of his following for the launching of a mass movement. It became clear that the British Government first under Chamberlain, and then under Churchill, was reluctant to assure Indian freedom in the future, or to offer a practical token of it in the present Gandhi had endeavoured to restrain the radical wing of the Congress party, and diverted its discontent into individual Satyagraha, a subdued form of civil resistance confined to selected individuals

Gandhi with Sir Stafford Cripps, March 14

After the failure of the Cripps Mission, Gandhi noted with concern that in the face of grave peril posed by the Japanese advance in South East Asia, the mood of the people of India was not one of resolute defiance, but of panic, frustration and helplessness. If India was not to go the way of Malaya and Burma, something had to be done, and done quickly. He came to the conclusion that only an immediate declaration of Indian independence by the British Government could give the people of India a stake in the defence of their country.

QUIT INDIA resolution, 14 Churchills racialist hypocrisyEven after more than half a century, the Quit India resolution adopted by the Indian National Congress stands out as a landmark event in the countrys history. The trigger for the resolution was the failure of the British Cabinet Mission led by Sir Stafford Cripps, Lord Privy Seal. Both the Congress and the Muslim League rejected the Cripps proposals. The ironical part is that Cripps himself was in sympathy with the Congress demands and wasnt in any way responsible for the fiasco. The villain of the piece was the British War Cabinet -- ie. Winston Spencer Churchill, who was the War Cabinet. Nobody else mattered. Churchill at the time wielded greater powers than even the acknowledged dictators. Even Hitler had to consult Himmler, Goebbels, or Goering, and give way to them at times. But Churchill gave way to nobody. The underlying situation is brought out clearly in VB Kulkarnis scholarly work British Dominion in India and After. After Japans crippling attack on the American Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbour and the swift advance of the Japanese across East Asia, the US had its own geostrategic concerns to consider. One of them was the possibility of a Japanese advance through Burma (now known as Myanmar) into India (then, of course, undivided). In such an event, the US felt that Indian support would be vital. The US was openly worried over Churchills attitude towards Indian independence, and President Roosevelt had sent a personal representative to India, Colonel Louis Johnson. The message sent by Johnson on April 11, 14, is revealing Cripps is sincere...To my amazement, when a satisfactory solution seemed certain, Cripps with embarrassment told me that he couldnt change the original Draft Declaration without Churchills approval, and that Churchill had cabled him that he will give no approval unless [General] Wavell and the Viceroy separately send their own code cables unqualifiedly endorsing any change Cripps wants. The Draft Declaration referred to was the British governments scheme for so-called Indian self-government, published on March 0, 14. It envisaged a constitution-making body which would have to give a commitment for the future(!) to the British government that the interests of racial and religious minorities would be duly protected. How, asks Kulkarni pertinently, could any government making such a commitment to an outside body claim to possess untrammelled sovereignty? As regards the present, the Draft Declaration for self-government sanctimoniously declared that the people of India should participate effectively in the counsels of their country, of the Commonwealth, and of the United Nations (!)

India had been made a belligerent without the concurrence of Indian leaders. The Congress now proposed that the Viceroys Executive Council should be regarded as a full-fledged Cabinet, with a Defence portfolio handled by an Indian. Against the background of the tremendous contribution made by hundreds of thousands of Indian armed forces to the Allied cause in World War 1 -- a contribution that had been enshrined in the thousands of names of Indian dead inscribed in the War Memorial at India Gate in New Delhi -- the Defence portfolio proposal was by no means unreasonable. Cripps himself, says Kulkarni, was inclined to accept the Congress proposal. About the Draft Declaration itself, Kulkarni writes It was absurd to expect Congress to accept an offer which, as Johnson so aptly put it, contained little more than the unkept promise of the First World War...The Congress Executives Quit India resolution adopted in Bombay on August 8, 14 was therefore the natural reaction of a disappointed people. New light has been shed on Churchills racist arrogance by the recent release of certain British Intelligence records relating to the period. Some of the records made available have been used by British journalist turned historian Patrick French, extracts from whose readable book Liberty or Death have been published by newsmagazine Outlook in its August 5, 17 cover story. Patrick writes of Churchill His understanding of the countrys social and religious structures was superficial. He had a broad, emotional Edwardian belief in the racial superiority of the pinkish-grey races and the need to maintain the British Empire. It was once suggested to him that he should meet some prominent political activists who were then in London. Churchills reply I am quite satisfied with my views on India. I dont want them disturbed by any bloody Indian. Churchill blatantly employed racist arrogance, bluff, and the myth of British superiority, to stall Indian independence. To him, India only stood for the basis of British imperial power. He was hypocrite enough to stall Indian independence at a time when his own agents in India were busily recruiting Indians for the armed forces. His hypocrisy allowed him to do all this despite the magnificent contribution of the Indian armed forces to the war effort, on several fronts. From a mere 50,000 at the outbreak of World War in 1, the number rose to well over ,000,000 bloody Indians. Did Churchill realise that he was a racial hypocrite?

Massacre of Hindus Direct Action day 146

ExtractMUSLIM LEAGUE ATTACK ON SIKHS AND HINDUS IN THE PUNJAB 147, Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 147, by Sri. S. Gurbachan Singh Talib. This is the report submitted to Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee by Sri. S. Gurbachan Singh Talib and later published as a book by Voice of India with a forword by Sri ram Swaroop. The full book is available in the voi.org

Mr. H. S. Sahrawardy, Premier of Bengal, said

"Muslim India means business."

How grimly it 'meant business' was shown by the Calcutta killing, and was later on shown by Noakhali, N.-W. F. P. and the Punjab.

Mr. Jinnah in a statement issued from Bombay on September 11, 146 offered to the Hindus the choice between creating Pakistan and forcing a Civil War in the country.

Replying to a question seeking suggestions for the restoration of peace in India, he said"

"In view of the horrible slaughter in various parts of India, I am of the opinion that the authorities, both Central and Provincial, should take up immediately the question of exchange of population to avoid brutal recurrence of that which had taken place where small minorities have been butchered by the overwhelming majorities."

Thus, scouting any suggestion that there could be peace and amity in the country, he advocated exchange of population-the uprooting of millions-and as it later turned out to be, of over twelve millions, and the butchering of about a million. This was the direction in which the Muslim League was inevitably leading the country.

What shocked the conscience of India even more than Calcutta, was the large-scale murder, loot, arson, rape, abduction and forced marriage of Hindu women in the Noakhali District of Eastern Bengal. This time the trouble came about in the October of 146. It appears the League enthusiasts were on the look-out for an area of operation where they could be sure of very little resistance and where they could demonstrate to the Hindus in action as to what was in store for them in case they did not accept the Muslim League demand of Pakistan. In Calcutta the Hindus-although on the first two days they were completely surprised, and reeled under the sudden blow, and lost more than a thousand in killed-yet on the subsequent days they rallied and gave the Muslims as good as they got. The Muslim League perhaps realized the folly of having tried out Calcutta. A better spot should be selected, and this time it was Noakhali and the adjoining area of Eastern Bengal.

The district of Noakhali is almost at the extreme end of Eastern Bengal, surrounded by heavy Muslim majority areas. This district itself has perhaps the lowest percentage of non-Muslim population-the Muslim percentage being as high as 81.5. So, while it was particularly dastardly of the Muslims of this area to have chosen to fall upon the Hindus of this area, it was, from the point of their own scheme, a fit choice; for its very sparse Hindu population could offer little resistance to their onslaught. Attacks on a scale as large as Noakhali also occurred in the district of Tipperah, neighbouring on Noakhali, and with a Muslim population of 77.0%.

As the trouble broke out, for some time the country did not know about it. Noakhali is a far-away part of Bengal, and the Muslim League Ministry of Bengal did not allow the news of the carnage to trickle though as long as they could help it. So, the assailants had it all their own way for several days, unchecked.

The horror and the underlying conspiracy of this occurrence can best be described in the words of Shri S. L. Ghosh of the A. B. Patrika, quoted above. Says Shri S. L. Ghosh

"The four days' delay in receiving the news indicates at once the magnitude of preparations of the lawless elements as well as the criminal inefficiency of the administration machinery. It took ten days, fraught with horror, disgrace and torture for nearly two lakhs of Hindus for the Army to reach the neighbourhood of disaster, another ten days for them to move into the inner fringe of the disturbed area, and over a month to comb the interior of the devastated countryside.

"The horror of the Noakhali outrage is unique in modern history in that it was not a simple case of turbulent members of the majority community killing off helpless members of the minority community, but was one whose chief aim (to quote Dr. Syama Prosad Mookerjee) was mass conversion, accompanied by loot, arson and wholesale devastation……… No section of the people has been spared, the wealthier classes being dealt with more drastically. Murder also was part of the plan, but it was mainly reserved for those who were highly influential or who resisted. Abduction and outrage on women and forcible marriages were also resorted to; but their number cannot be easily determined. The slogans used and the methods employed indicate that it was all part of a plan for the simultaneous establishment of Pakistan. The demand for subscriptions for the Muslim League and for other purposes, including conversion ceremonies, showed that mass attackers, and their leaders were inspired by the League ideology.

"Apparently, the strategy of terrorisation adopted in Calcutta had failed to achieve the objective of recognition of Pakistan. The zealots of Pakistan in Noakhali and the southern portion of Tepperah, therefore, sought to make that muslim-majority area exclusive to a certain community, and thus convert it into the fortress of Eastern Pakistan, by forcible mass conversion of the other community…… (The League) leaders tried to minimize the enormity of the crimes…… they tended to confirm the impression that they were in close sympathy with the attackers and their nefarious policy and that this was the second phase of the direct action plan of the Muslim League to achieve Pakistan.

"It is false to suggest that the perpetrators were a gang of hooligans or that they mostly consisted of outsiders. The local people were the perpetrators in many cases and there was a general mass sympathy for what happened.

"The total number of evacuees, those, that is, who could leave the area of the disturbance alive, will be somewhere between 50 to 75 thousands including men, women and children of all conditions and castes.

"Over and above these persons, there will be another 50,000 or even more who are still living within the danger zone in what may be called the no man's land. Theirs is the most tragic fate. They have all been subjected to conversion and are still under the clutches of their oppressors. Most of them have lost everything, and they suffer from both physical and mental collapse. Their humiliation and torture know - no limitations. Their names have been changed; their womenfolk insulted; their properties looted; they are being compelled to dress, to eat and to live like their so-called new brothers in faith. The male members have to attend the mosques, Maulvies come and train them at home; they are at the mercy of their captors for their daily food and indeed for their very existence. . . ."

These occurrences shocked Mahatma Gandhi, and indeed the whole of India, very deeply. The Mahatma asked Acharya Kripalani; President of the Congress, to go to Noakhali and to see what could be done to bring relief to suffering humanity there, and to try to restore good relations between the communities there. Not long after, the Mahatma himself went there, and made his famous village to village, nay house to house trek, trying to restore good-will. How little the Muslim League fanatics cared for the Mahatma's noble teaching was made abundantly clear by what happened hardly within a month of the Mahatma's pilgrimage to Noakhali, in the North-Western Frontier Province, and another two months after that in the Punjab.

Acharya Kripalani's account of what he observed in Noakhali substantiates the statement of Dr. Mookerjee reproduced above. Said the Acharya

"Next morning (October , 146) we visited the interior of one of the affected areas. The place was Charhaim. Charhaim village and the surrounding areas are occupied by Namasudras (scheduled castes) numbering about 0,000. It was completely destroyed. Most of the houses were burnt. People were living in sheds, built from the ruins of their houses. All their property had been looted. Cash, ornaments, utensils and clothes, and cattle also, had been taken away by the raiders. All the males and females had only the clothes they were wearing. They had no food to eat. Their condition was pitiable in the extreme. There had been cases of murder, but it was not possible during the short time at our disposal to ascertain the number of the killed. Cases of abduction were reported to us. Even after looting and arson the villagers were obliged to embrace Islam; They had to perform 'Namaz' and recite the 'Kalma'……… All the images of the houses were broken and temples looted and destroyed. The conch-shell bangles of women and vermillion marks, signs of their married life, were removed."

This was a fairly representative area. Acharya Kripalani arrived at certain conclusions regarding the Noakhali trouble, which are as follows-

1. The attack on the Hindu population in the districts of Noakhali and Tipperah was previously arranged and prepared for. It was deliberate, if not directly engineered by Muslim League. It was the result of Muslim League propaganda. The local evidence all went to prove that prominent League leaders in the villages had a large hand in it.

. The authorities had warnings about what was coming. The warnings were conveyed to them orally and then in writing by prominent Hindus in the areas concerned.

. The Muslim officials connived at the preparations going on. A few encouraged. There was a general belief among the Mussalmans that the Government would take no action if anything was done against the Hindus.

4. The modus operandi was for the Muslims to collect in batches of hundreds and sometimes thousands and to march to Hindu villages or Hindu houses in villages of mixed population. They first demanded subscriptions for the Muslim League and sometimes for the Muslim victims of the Calcutta riots. These enforced subscriptions were heavy, sometimes amounting to Rs. 10,000 and more. Even after the subscriptions were realized, the Hindu population was not safe. The same or successive crowd appeared on the scene later and looted the Hindu houses. The looted houses in most cases were burnt……… Sometimes before a house was looted the inmates were asked to embrace Islam. However, even conversion did not give immunity against loot and arson.

The slogans raised by the attacking Muslim crowds were those of the Muslim League, such as 'League Zindabad' 'Pakistan Zindabad'; 'Larke Lenge Pakistan', 'Marke Lenge Pakistan'.

5. All those who resisted were butchered. Sometimes they were shot, for the rioters had a few shot-guns with them.

Sometimes people were killed even when there was no resistance offered or expected I have on record cases where 50 to 60 members of one family were brutally murdered. Some families lost all their male members.

6. (Is about the description and habitat of those who indulged in these crimes.)

7. Even after looting, arson and murder the Hindus in the locality were not safe unless they embraced Islam. The Hindu population therefore to save themselves had to embrace Islam en masse……… All the images of gods in Hindu houses were destroyed and all the Hindu temples of the affected area were looted and burnt.

8. There have been cases of forcible marriages There have been cases of abduction.

. "For obvious reasons it was not possible for me to ascertain the cases of rape. But women complained to Mrs. Kirpalani of having been roughly handled, their conch-shell bangles, the symbol of their married life, having been broken and vermillion marks removed. At one place they were thrown on the ground by the miscreants who removed their vermillion marks with the toes of their feet."

10 to 1 are about post-riot conditions.

14. The police did not function during the riots. They are doing merely patrol duty now. They say that they had and have no orders to fire except in self-defence. The question of definding themselves never arose, because they did not interfere with the rioters.

"The areas visited had already been devastated and all that I could see were burnt houses and helpless Hindu villagers whether converted or not."

Scouting any suggestion that the trouble may be economic the Acharya added, "Not a single rich Muslim house had been looted. To me it appeared to be absolutely communal and absolutely one-sided."

The Congress Working Committee meeting came soon after at Delhi, and its resolution on East Bengal contained the following observations

"Reports published in the press and statements of public workers depict a scene of bestiality and medieval barbarity that must fill every decent human being with shame, disgust and anger.

"The Committee hold that this outburst of brutality is the direct result of the politics of hate and civil strife that the Muslim League has practised for years past and of the threats of violence that were daily held out in past months."

This extensive account has been given of Noakhali for this reason, that coming soon after the Direct Action and Calcutta, this was the first large-scale beginning of that wholesale elimination of entire communities, that 'genocide' which from now on became the settled programme and policy of the Muslim League, not expressed or admitted officially, but nevertheless pursued and countenanced by it with vigour and with great satisfaction. It was clear after Noakhali as to what India was to expect in the coming months-mass attacks on minorities in Muslim-majority areas, co-operation of Muslim police and the officials with the assailants, indifference of the British bureaucrats, and the hypocritical fathering of the League leaders of the responsibility for these occurrences on the minorities themselves. In the case of Calcutta the League leaders blamed it all on the Hindus-in the case of Noakhali and Tipperah, the figures of casualties and damage were understated to ridiculous figures, or just not noticed. Had there been any regret expressed by the League on these happenings, had they sat up and realized the horror of what had happened and had their conscience pricked them, perhaps the recurrence of large-scale destruction like Noakhali would not have been possible. But the Leaguers viewed these happenings with glee. The programme was working according to plan.

Exactly the same pattern as in Noakhali and Tipperah was repeated during the next five months in other parts of India. These features were common to all these occurrences.

1. Places of occurrence were all heavy Muslim-majority areas-the minority attacked were Hindu or Hindu-Sikh. Successively they are Noakhali and Tipperah (October, 146) Hazara (December, 146 and January, 147); Rawalpindi (March, 147 For several weeks); Jhelum, Attock, Campbellpur, Dera Ismail Khan, Hazara, Multan, Gujrat, Gujranwala, Sargodha (all as before-mentioned). Lahore and Amritsar towns had an overwhelming Muslim majority in their populations though in the latter district as a whole the non-Muslims outnumbered the Muslims by a small percentage. In both towns from March, 147 onwards terrible outrages were perpetrated by Muslims on Hindus and Sikhs, the decisive result in either case being obtained only on the partition of the Punjab.

. Preparations were made by the Muslim League for attack on the minorities in every case a good time before the actual occurrence. Arms had been collected and distributed. Sufficiently large quantities of petrol and other inflammable substances had been hoarded for incendiarism. Training in swift methods of arson, stabbing, disposal of looted property and the killed had been imparted in the centres of the Muslim National Guards. Muslim police and officials had joined in hatching the plans with the Muslim League leaders and Muslim National Guard workers. The Muslim masses had been aroused to a pitch of anti-Hindu-Sikh fury by violent League propaganda.

. The attacks were simultaneous, widespread and in places so open and so sure of non-interference by the authorities that the assailants collected and marched with drums beating, shouting Muslim League slogans, and even making military formations. There was nothing secret about these attacks, as the police were already on the side of the attackers.

4. Large-scale arson, murder of males, abduction, rape and dishonour of women, brutalities to children, looting, forcible conversions etc. all these features were common to the localities affected. Those attacked were first asked to pay sums of money to pay off the invaders; then followed more demands, and attacks by outsiders. Local Muslims (that is, those of the village actually attacked) sometimes out of long habits of neighbourly intercourse, kept out of the actual attack, though of course they were in league with the invaders and abetted and helped them.

5. The victims were given no quarter when beseiged. Places of worship were desecrated, and religious feelings were outraged with fiendish gusto. Shaving of Sikhs, feeding of Hindus and Sikhs on beef, circumcision of Hindus and Sikhs, marrying away young girls and widows of Hindus, and Sikhs to Muslims-these practices were resorted to.

6. Police and the officials seldom appeared on the scene till long after the beseiged had been killed and their houses burnt and looted.

7. Muslim League leaders and Press said nothing in condemnation of these outrages. On the other hand, they trotted out imaginary stories of provocation by the non-Muslims, and of supposed retaliation by Muslims. This in every case kept up the morale of the assailants. .

This pattern was repeated in every one of the places that have been mentioned; and while the area of operations was necessarily limited while British power was still there, on the establishment of Pakistan it became general mass murder in West Punjab, in the North-Western Frontier Province, in Sind, Baluchistan and raider-held Kashmir.

Hindu Holocaust Day - August 14 Every Year. Lest we forget ...

Lord Louis Mountbatten

Lord Louis Mountbatten, India's first governor-general, had strongly felt that it was the Maharaja who should have the final word on whether to join the Jammu and Kashmir principality with India or with Pakistan or remain independent.Equally strongly, Mountbatten also recommended internationalisation of the Kashmir issue following the clash between India and Pakistan over the state's status in 147.In hindsight, these besides the other recommendations he made, ensured that the state remained a bone of contention between the two countries in future and prevented the two neighbours from striving for peace in the region.Sample this When Pakistani tribals invaded the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir on October , 147, Maharaja Hari Singh asked India for help but Lord Mountbatten held back. His argument was that he would not be able to send in troops at that juncture as General Claude Aunchinleck was the joint commander of Indian and Pakistani troops and Mountbatten did not want a situation wherein British forces faced British forces in war.Maharaja Hari Singh had to decide on accession to India or Pakistan before help could be sent. Time was running out. Tribals had penetrated deep and if Srinagar airport was captured, it would be difficult to send in Indian troops. On October 6, 147, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession in favour of India.Mountbatten, however, ruled that the accession was temporary and that the people of the state would finally decide to go with India or Pakistan on the basis of a referendum under the UN aegis.Somehow, Nehru agreed to Mountbatten's caveat with fateful consequences.Vallabhai Patels strongly objected to the suggestion but the Indian Cabinet referred the entire conflict to the United Nations Security Council. Many round of negotiations later, a ceasefire was negotiated in January 148. On August 1, 148, the Security Council submitted a resolution that was to shape the terms of India-Pakistan engagement on Kashmir for half a century.The August 1 resolution, which both India and Pakistan agreed to honour, had three parts. The first part called for a ceasefire to come into force. The second part mandated that since the presence of troops of Pakistan constitutes a material change and since it was represented by the Government of Pakistan before the Security Council, the Government of Pakistan agrees to withdraw its troops. Pakistan also committed to use its best endeavour to secure the withdrawal of tribesmen and other forces present there for the purposes of war. Section B of this second part of the resolution held that when the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) certified that Pakistani tribesmen and troops had withdrawn, India would withdraw from the State and all but a minimum level of force will be kept back to maintain law and order. Subsequently, Part Three of the resolution mandated, the future of Jammu and Kashmir would be decided in accordance with the will of the people.Lord Mountbatten's suggestion ensured that Kashmir remained a simmering pot of discontent. His suggestion of UN intervention also ensured that western powers would always be in a position to meddle in the affairs of Jammu and Kashmir.The suggestion of a plebiscite under the leadership of Sheikh Abdullah would probably ensure the merger of the state with Pakistan and the British knew India would never accept it. Tension would continue unabated as Pakistan would always refer to the plebiscite issue and harp on the UN charter to resolve the problem.For the British, Kashmir always was important outpost to Central Asia. They had a pro-British man on the throne of Jammu and Kashmir, and later, they organized the Gilgit agency to monitor Soviet Russia from Kashmir.By keeping control over Kashmir, the British also ensured that the region's largely Muslim population would also serve as a conduit through Pakistan to the Islamic world.

The 146 Cabinet Mission

When the Cabinet mission arrived in Delhi in March, it had three members, Cripps, A.V. Alexander and Pethick-Lawrence. They would work in close conjunction with the Viceroy who was assured that it was not intended that he should be treated as a lay figure.

The Missions task was to try to bring the leaders of the principle Indian political parties to agreement on two matters

The method of framing a constitution for a self-governing, independent India

The setting up of a new Executive Council or interim government that would hold office while the constitution was being hammered out.

The main problem was, as it always had been, the Hindu-Muslim partition. Congress wanted a unified India and the Muslim League wanted a separate, independent Pakistan. The Mission set to work at once, spending two weeks in lengthy discussions with representatives of all the principal political parties, the Indian States, the Sikhs, Scheduled Castes and other communities, and with Gandhi and several other prominent individuals. But at the end of these discussions there was still no prospect of an agreement between the parties and the mission decided to put forward the two possible solutions for consideration.

A truncated Pakistan, which Wavell had wanted to tell Jinnah was all he would get if he kept insisting on a sovereign Pakistan.

A loose federation with a three-tier constitution - provinces, group of provinces and an all-India union embracing both British India and the Indian States, which Cripps had devised with the help of two Indian officials, V.P. Menon and Sir B.N. Rau. The Union would be limited to three subjects, foreign affairs, defence and communications, with powers to raise funds for all three; all other subjects would vest in the provinces, but the provinces would be free to form groups, with their own executives and legislatures, that would deal with such subjects as the provinces within the group might assign them. In this way the Provinces that Jinnah claimed for Pakistan could form Groups or sub-federations and enjoy a large measure of autonomy thus approximating to Pakistan.

After some demur, Jinnah agreed to the federation plan, Congress also reluctantly agreeing and both parties were invited to send representatives to discuss it with the Mission at Simla. A week of discussions led to no agreement and the Mission decided to refurbish the plan to meet the views of the parties as far as possible that had been expressed at Simla. The final statement of the plan was published on May 16th.

The statement rejected decisively a wholly sovereign Pakistan of the larger or the smaller truncated variety. It went on to commend the plan for an all-India Union, with a three-tier constitution and went on to indicate the method how it should be brought about. A Constituent Assembly was to be elected by members of the Provincial Legislatures and after a preliminary full meeting, at which an advisory committee would be set up on fundamental rights, minorities and tribal areas, would divide into three Sections - Section A consisting of the representatives of the six Hindu-majority provinces; Section B of the representatives of the Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province and Sind; and Section C of the representatives of Bengal and Assam. These sections would draw up constitutions for the provinces included in them and would also decide whether a group should be formed and, if so, with what subjects; but a province would have the option to opt out of a group by a vote of its legislature after the new constitutional arrangements had come into operation. Finally the Constituent Assembly was to meet again as a whole, this time along with representatives of the Indian States in appropriate numbers to settle the Union Constitution.

The Statement was well received and was widely accepted as clear evidence of the British Governments genuine desire to bring British rule in India to a peaceful end. Gandhi pronounced it the best document the British Government could have produced in the circumstances. Jinnah was less enthusiastic, but both sides gave it consideration. Congress wanted to interpret the statement as meaning that provinces could choose whether or not to belong to the section in which they had been placed, but the Mission countered this with a further Statement on 5th May, in that the provinces in each section were an essential feature of the scheme.

Wavell and the mission wrote to the Indian states rulers, warning them that when Britain quit India it would cease to exercise the powers or shoulder the obligations of paramountcy. They would not in any circumstances transfer paramountcy to an Indian Government, but the ending of the relationship would leave a void, and it was suggested, would be best filled by entering into a federal relationship with the new Government of India as units in the proposed Union. They would retain their internal sovereignty and all their powers save those ceded to the Union in connection with the three subjects of foreign affairs, defence and communications. The Princes were reasonably content with this.

While the League and Congress were giving thought to the Statement of May 16th, the Mission went about the formation of a new executive council or interim government, but they also prepared and sent home a breakdown plan. The plan followed the premise that one of the main parties would reject the proposals. If the Muslim League rejected the proposals, Congress would go ahead on the premise that parts of the country not willing would be left out of the union. If Congress dismissed the proposals, it might be followed by a threat to seize power in another Quit India movement. Wavell proposed that the British should then withdraw from the six Hindu-majority provinces and allow them to become entirely independent but retain control of the other provinces until fresh arrangements acceptable to their population could be made.

However, discussion regarding the formation of an interim government which the Mission decided should be initiated by Wavell, was opened by him with the party leaders while they and the mission were still in Simla. The members of the interim government, except the Viceroy, would all be Indian and it would be, as far as possible, like a dominion government, but the Viceroy, in light of the existing constitution, would still retain overriding powers. Congress accepted these stipulations with a bad grace, but pleased Jinnah and the League who were happy to accept any check to Congress dominance of the interim government.

Discussions were still in progress when, on 6th June, the Muslim League voted to accept the constitutional proposals. The acceptance was said to be in the hope that it would ultimately result in the establishment of a complete sovereign Pakistan. The Congress working committee delayed giving their verdict, and further discussions about the interim government failed to bring about agreement as the League wanted parity with Congress and the exclusive right to nominate all Muslim members, both of which had been rejected by Congress.

The Mission, who were impatient to end their work and head home, decided to put forward compromise proposals. On June 16th, the Viceroy announced that discussion with the parties would not be further prolonged and that he was issuing invitations to fourteen named persons to serve as members of an interim government, Six were Hindu members of Congress including one member of the Scheduled castes, five were members of the Muslim League, and the remaining three a Sikh, a Parsee and an Indian Christian. The message also included a statement that stated

In the event of the two major parties or either of them proving unwilling to join in setting up a coalition government on the above lines, it is the intention of the Viceroy to proceed with the formation of an interim government which will be as representative as possible of those willing to accept the Statement of May 16th.

With the Muslim League ready to accept, Congress appeared to be on the verge of accepting until Gandhi intervened. Gandhi took his stand on principle, regardless of practical consequences. He said that acquiescence by Congress in the non-inclusion of a Congress Muslim in the interim government would be, he argued, the sacrifice of a vital principle to which Congress, as a national party with a Muslim president, could never agree at any time or place or in any circumstances. They rejected the interim government proposals. The Mission took the statement of June 16th to mean that Congress had agreed with the May 16th Statement that it was no longer possible to proceed with the formation of an interim government. Jinnah was infuriated by this interpretation, and now felt outwitted by Congress and tricked by Cripps. He declared the Missions interpretation had been dishonestly concocted by the legalistic talents of the Cabinet Mission and charged the Mission and the Viceroy with breach of faith. He also stated that the Congress acceptance of the May 16th Statement had not been genuine.

Wavell agreed with this view, but the mission wanted to try and salvage something and in a valedictory statement they expressed they gladness that Constitution-making can now proceed with the two major parties and their regret at the failure to form an interim coalition government, but said that after the elections to the Constituent Assembly had finished, the Viceroy would make fresh efforts to bring one into being. Meanwhile, a temporary caretaker government would be set up. The mission left bearing a note from Wavell that the government should be prepared for a crisis in India and must therefore have a breakdown policy in readiness.

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Critique of "The Cask of Amontillado"

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"The Cask of Amontillado" is an obvious choice for the anthology after reading it. It contains many literary elements within its few pages. The elements that I particularly enjoyed were the tone, symbolism, and irony.

The plot of the story is integrated. It is a straight and to the point story about a man who vows, plots, and carries out plan of ultimate revenge on another man who he considers a friend. There are two characters in the story. The protagonist, Montresor, and the antagonist, Fortunato. Montresor has apparently been insulted by Fortunato and has decided that this insult cannot go unpunished according to his family crest nemo me impune lacessit (no one wounds me with impunity). Montresor devises a plan that allows him to lure Fortunato, with a cask of Amontillado, into the catacombs beneath his house and wall him up in a niche.

The setting of the story is an evening during carnival season in unnamed city, possibly in Italy. The story is told from the first person point of view by Montresor. The tone seemed self-righteous and I imagined the voice to be haughty and matter of fact. I considered Montresor to be an unreliable narrator due to the fact that he is trying to justify pre-meditated murder to the reader and exaggerates. "The thousand injuries of Fortunato…" seems a bit extreme but necessary when trying to convince the reader of his intentions.

The symbolism in this story is outstanding. Montresor's family crest is a good example. Montresor is telling the story as if he were the foot stomping on a snake that had bitten him, while I saw him as the snake that is biting the foot that has stepped on him. Other aspects of the story that appealed to me were the suspense of the horror style, and the imagery in the catacombs. I could imagine the whole atmosphere. The irony, both dramatic and verbal, really appealed to my sarcastic side. Poe uses dramatic irony in Fortunato's name and costume. He was not very fortunate and is made a complete fool for not seeing the obvious signs that Montresor shows him of his fate. There are numerous places that Poe uses verbal irony. Montresor expresses concern for Fortunato's health several times. Fortunato says, "…I shall not die of a cough" and Montresor replies, "True true…" knowing how he will die. Another example is when Fortunato asks if Montresor is a Mason and he says yes. When Fortunato asks for a secret sign, Montresor produces the trowel.

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There didn't seem to be an exact theme in the story. The story gives an overall message that revenge is not something that should be sought. Montresor did not learn anything in the story, but the reader should see that revenge is a reaction not a justified action. Revenge is biting a foot that steps on you, not stepping on the snake that bites you.

Poe, Edgar Allen. "The Cask of Amontillado." 1846. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Sixth Edition. Michael Myer. Boston Bedford/St. Martin's, 00. 46-467.

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Sibling Rivalry

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THE ORIGINS OF SIBLING RIVALRY

By sibling rivalry we mean the antagonism or hostility between brothers and/or sisters which manifests itself in circumstances such as in the common childrens family fights (which begin with a pulling of the siblings hair or with the unwillingness to share a prized toy, and which try the patience of parents all over the world) to much more serious cases such as the permanent enmity between adult siblings. A similar competition exists between siblings in human families. However, here the scarce resources are the TIME, ATTENTION, LOVE and APPROVAL that the parents can give to each of their children. Looking at this situation in very simple terms, if the parents have only a certain limited amount of exclusive (one-on-one) time to give to ALL their children, it is easy to see that if there is only ONE child in that family, ALL of the parents available time will be for the only child; if there are TWO children in the family, each child can have HALF etc. This is the root of the problem. To examine this situation more closely, we can put ourselves in the place of each child in the family as each new sibling is born. When the first child is born, ALL of the parents available time and attention is only for that one child. Because of this, this first child feels rather special, and he or she usually gets to spend at least one year in these privileged circumstances. Nevertheless, even this limited period of time (of only one year) has an enormous impact on that child and his or her later life. It is a common observation that, in most families, it is usually the first-born that has the greatest success in later and adult life. What happens when the second child is born? To begin with, the amount of exclusive time that the parents can give to the first-born is immediately reduced to at least half of what it used to be. The true situation is even worse. A new baby requires enormous amounts of time, effort, and attention. What the first-born feels is that suddenly mom and dad hardly have any time to spend and play with him or her, and when they do, they are usually tired and irritated. Now, a one-year-old child cannot yet reason very well - we must remember that he or she is just beginning to learn to speak. However, even at this young age, the childs capacity for EMOTIONAL feeling is already rather well-developed. What he or she feels is an intense DISLIKE for new situation, and associates this disagreeable situation with the new intruder in the family (that is, with the new baby). To compound the childs frustration, this new situation goes on and on. The first-born is not very happy with this. Remember that, for a one-year-old, one day is a very long time, and a week may seem like an eternity (The effective reality is the one that the individual feels, which is not necessarily the one that is apparent to others). To make matters worse, this is happening just as the first-born is entering one of the most difficult and frustrating life-periods, for both the child and the parents, the so-called terrible twos. At an emotional level, the seeds of the antagonism are already sown. Part of the problem is that the human mind tends to process emotional impulses before it processes conscious thoughts (and unfortunately this is as true for children as for most adults). Almost unconsciously, the older child begins to look for ways to try to get the parents to stop loving the younger one. Later, the first-born will also begin to directly irritate and bother the younger child. When the parents become aware of this, they will reprimand and may punish the older child. However, this doesnt solve the problem. Punishing the older sibling simply makes him or her develop ways to diminish, bother, and irritate the younger one that the parents wont be able to detect (Some readers may believe that this is not possible. However, children can be surprisingly creative. For example, if the younger child is still a baby, the older one can whack or pinch her while she is sleeping and make her start to cry, without either the child or the parents noticing whose hand it was. Later on, the older sibling can secretly damage or lose the younger ones toys or clothing items. An even sneakier tactic is to put the younger childs things in a different place from where he left them. This makes the younger child appear careless and, if found out, the older sibling has the perfect excuse She was just cleaning up younger childs mess!). Meanwhile, how does the younger sibling see this situation? When he or she first arrives at the family home, all appears to be well. There are mom and dad, who take care of him or her and try to satisfy all of his or her needs. But there is also this other someone who, without any provocation, bothers, irritates, and tries to make life impossible for him or her. At first, the younger childs capacity for action is rather limited, and he or she cannot do anything either to defend him or herself, or to attack in return. But as the child begins to grow, he or she will begin developing ways to stop or hinder the elder's attacks. The easiest is to tell mom or dad He hit me! - He took my toy! - He pulled my hair! This makes the parent scold the older child and stops the attack... for the moment. However, an important part of the problem is that, for children that are still younger than some ten years of age, a difference in ages of even just one year means a tremendous difference in size, strength, dexterity, and mental capacity. The sad truth is that, from the beginning, the younger sibling has very little chance of winning in this conflict. As he or she grows up, this continual losing against the older sibling is a source of great frustration for the younger child (Of course, younger siblings dont always lose. As they grow older, younger brothers or sisters begin to develop all kinds of tactics to block the older siblings attacks and in turn bother and exasperate him or her... - TV-comedy writers and producers seem to find these older-younger sibling conflicts a great source of inspiration, which perpetuates the problem as children will imitate the behaviour of the kid characters that appear in the TV shows they watch). This is one of the reasons why, to attract the parents attention and approval, the younger child will tend to develop abilities that are different from the ones developed by the older one (If he or she tries to develop the same abilities, then he or she will never have something at which he or she is better than the older child). For example, if the older child is good at sports, then the younger one will tend to be good at school-work, and vice-versa. Next year, another new baby arrives in the family, and another round in this game begins. This time it is the two older siblings against the youngest one. Also, this time the parents have even less time and energy to devote to each child... It isnt difficult to figure out why, in many families, it is the youngest sibling who generally has the greatest psychological problems upon reaching adult life. Now, something that should be pointed out quite clearly is that sibling rivalry is NOT the oldest childs fault, nor that of the other children in the family. Also, it is NOT the parents fault either. The truth is that the root causes of this problem are the timeless and universal circumstances shared by ALL human families. As mentioned at the beginning, reading the Bible one can see that this is NOT a new problem. It should also be emphasized that the discussion presented herein is by no means a complete description of this complex problem. It is rather an attempt to point out the most important factors that contribute to this situation. There are many other modifying factors. For example, if the second childs sex is different from that of the first, then this will tend to lessen the development of the rivalry as, from the start, the second child has something special that the first child doesnt have, namely the fact of being a girl or a boy. On the other hand, if both children are of the same sex then the likelihood of the problem arising increases. Also, as is discussed in what follows, the difference in ages between consecutive children can greatly influence the development of this situation. COMPLICATING FACTORS One of the factors that greatly tends to complicate these problems is that these patterns of behavior or schemas are recorded into each childs mind when they are still so young. At this time the mind is still in its formative period, so these schemas become a part of the childs PRE-conscious mind (and this lays the foundations for all kinds of destructive psychological games in later life). The fact that these schemas are pre-conscious means that the child (or adult) is usually not aware of when he or she expresses them, and if he or she should become aware of them, he or she will perceive them as a completely natural way of acting and being. It has to be this way, as it is by means of such pre-conscious structures that each mind builds its conscious thoughts. As the child grows and develops socially, these ready-made schemas will be used within his or her peer group, with his or her friends and schoolmates. And, when the child reaches adult life, he or she will use these same destructive schemas with his or her social or business associates and subordinates, and eventually with his or her spouse and his or her own children. So, the emotional environment existing within the family during each childs first years of life has important delayed effects with respect to his or her behaviour with others in adult life. Even worse, these destructive schemas and effects are passed on from generation to generation. For example, a girl-child who feels hate and fury when her new sibling is born, is likely to feel the same way, as an adult, when her own children are born. Children are emotionally quite perceptive. A child that feels that even his own mother doesnt love him or her will in turn have difficulty in forming loving relationships. A boy-child that feels hated or victimized by his mother can very easily develop a hatred towards most or ALL women, and when reaching adulthood he may try to subconsciously seek revenge from his mother by becoming, say, a rapist or a physical or verbal abuser, specially of those women that in one way or another remind him of his mother (Now, it is NOT that the boy consciously thinks and decides I hate my mother so Im going to become a rapist or an abuser. What actually happens is that he feels an inexplicable but irresistible compulsion to hurt and diminish certain women. These are examples of psychological transference, in which the emotional response caused in the individual by one person is transferred to an apparently unrelated person - the relation between these two persons exists within the individuals subconscious mental structure that how subconscious mind works). Parents that harbour such subconscious hate and fury may also express these in various forms of child abuse or neglect. It is probable that all the children from such families (in which one or both of the parents subconsciously hate their children, as a result of the sibling rivalry that they, the PARENTS, suffered during THEIR childhood) will also have serious emotional problems (as children AND as adults). Sibling rivalry has another important delayed effect. Even when the problem is serious, its effects may not become clearly apparent until the children reach adolescence. This means that this problem may exist for many years within the family without the parents becoming aware of it. It is only until the childs mind begins to mature, between twelve and twenty years of age, that the hate and fury that have been bottled up inside during so many years begin to manifest as destructive behaviours against him or herself and others. By this time it is much more difficult to find solutions to the problem. Another important factor in the development of this problem is the difference in age between consecutive siblings. This is because one simply CANNOT reason with a child of less than about three years of age. A child this age simply does NOT have either the language or the capacity for logical reasoning. This means that for a child less than three years of age, no matter how hard the parents try to explain the need for him or her to love and care for the new brother or sister, the only thing this older child will understand is his or her frustration and anger with the arrival of this new intruder in the family. On the other hand, it is relatively easy to include a child that is older than three in the preparations for the arrival of the new baby. The parents can build up his or her excitement for this wonderful event, and convince him or her of how useful he or she is going to be to them in helping to care for the newborn. The older child will certainly still feel the big change, but now the parents can talk and reason with him or her, which greatly diminishes the level of stress within the family, the intensity of the resentment felt towards the new baby, and the expression of that resentment in harmful behaviours. Another factor which complicates this problem is when the parents, for whatever reason (work obligations, lack of appropriate social or personal values and priorities) leave their young children alone at home. Without the parents supervision, there is nothing to stop the aggressively of ones against the others, and events can quickly escalate to levels that can provoke resentments that can last a lifetime. As a general rule, children younger than twelve should not be left alone. The TV is most emphatically NOT an adequate substitute for the supervision of a responsible adult. An additional factor that greatly complicates this problem is the occurrence of family traumas or tragedies (the death of one or both of the parents, or their divorce or separation), which leave only one or none of the parents in charge of raising their children. These family traumas may occur because of war, sickness, accidents, and other natural or social disasters. In such cases the parents simply do not have the opportunity to teach their children about how to avoid the problems of sibling rivalry (or to teach them many other bits and pieces of information which are useful and necessary for day-to-day life) and so then, when these children grow up and in turn form their own families, they dont have the necessary knowledge to avoid the development of this rivalry among THEIR children. It may take several generations to overcome the effects of ONE of these family tragedies. In contrast, the most important factors for the development of good sibling relationships (and for the mental health of children in general) are the parents knowledge of basic parenting skills, their desire to apply these knowledge and skills, and that they have the time and opportunity to apply them with their children. It is when the parents knowledge, skills, desire or opportunity are lacking that birth spacing, sibling gender, temperament, and other potentially negative factors become increasingly important.

THE HUMAN MENTAL STRUCTURE What has been discussed so far can also be deduced from some principles on the organization of the human mental structure. These principles or premises are relatively self-evident truths about the human mind that can be useful in deciding which actions may nurture childrens mental health. Some of these principles are the following 1. The most complex structure in the known universe is each human mind. Modern science, even with all its spectacular recent advances, is only just beginning to understand this intricate structure. The human mind is a structure that, with the proper environment and preparation, is capable of discovering the answers to the mysteries of the universe, designing rocket ships to go to the moon, creating beautiful works of art, or solving the multiple problems of day-to-day life - and producing abundance of riches (on the other hand, with an INADEQUATE preparation, it is also quite capable of scheming to bring about misery, pain and destruction, in a small or a large scale). So then, EACH human child IS the most complex structure in the known universe. This should give an idea of the reverence and awe with which parents and educators should look at EACH child. . The human mental structure is primarily a product of the constantly changing environment in which it is evolving. The most important parts of this environment are its informational and emotional aspects. This does not mean that the genetic, biological and physical aspects of the environment are not important. It is just that these last are usually not under the parents control. On the other hand, the parents generally can have considerable influence on the informational and emotional aspects of the childs environment. This principle has at least two corollaries a) All the environments in which all children have developed have at least some similarities, so all human mental structures will also have some similarities (which means that even the most different people will have at least some points in common) and b) No two environments are exactly alike, so no two human mental structures will be exactly alike (and vice-versa, even the most identical people will have some differences). As noted previously, each successive child in the family has less access to his or her parents exclusive one-on-one time. Also, he or she will be influenced by the presence of his or her previous siblings, at their respective stages of mental and physical development. Additionally, the parental influence each successive child receives will reflect the fact that the PARENTS also evolve and change with time. All of these factors contribute to differences in the mental structures of siblings - therefore, it cannot be expected that siblings will have very similar mental structures only because they were raised within the same family environment. . The human mental structure is self-organizing. This is a biological, neurological, and psychological fact. On the one hand, the development of the underlying structures of the mind that allow concepts to be acquired follows a well-defined sequence, with later developmental stages allowing the acquisition of concepts of different kind and generally increasing complexity and abstraction. And then, the development of the mental structure itself is sequential and arbores cent The concepts that are acquired first determine its subsequent development by allowing or not the further acquisition of related concepts. And, environmental factors can accelerate, or delay, or obstruct the development of the underlying structures of the mind and of the conceptual structure itself.

Also, as is well known, human children will imitate social behaviours they observe in others around them. If these behaviours are incorporated at an early enough stage, they will easily be taken as natural by the child as he or she grows up. And then, it is easy to fall into the fallacy that if I feel this is a natural behaviour, and I observe it in others, then it IS the only possible natural behaviour (for this type of social situation) An obvious counterexample question is this Are there ANY human beings that exhibit different behaviour patterns in this type of social situations? If there are, then this means that, NO, this is NOT the only possible natural behaviour pattern, it is only ONE of several or many possible behaviour patterns (for any certain type of social situation) This indicates the importance of the factors present in the early environments, because any later organization will necessarily proceed from these. 4. After a certain short initial period, the most important factor in the environment of any particular individual is that very same individual, which is to say, his or her mental structure. That is, the factors present in the childs early environment are more important than the factors of later environments. This indicates the great importance of the emotional factors present in the family environment in which the child is raised, e.g., love, caring, attention, approval (or their lack), on the eventual adult mental structure of that child. This also indicates the importance of the presence of siblings in that environment, and their emotional attitude towards their new brother or sister. 5. All children are egocentric. This means that, for each particular child the center of the universe is that very same child, and his or her most important goal is his or her own satisfaction. In other words, during the early development of their mental structure, ALL children are INCAPABLE of thinking (and therefore of truly behaving) unselfishly. Erich Fromm, the renowned psychologist, considers that this initial egocentric stage lasts at least through age eight. This doesnt mean that children cannot pretend or imitate unselfish behaviour, which they will do to obtain their parents or caregivers approval. And in fact, it is these early trials at unselfish behaviour that create the bases for true cooperative behaviour later in life. 6. Every child will tend towards self-individuation. This means that each child will tend to develop capabilities that are DIFFERENT from those he or she sees in the persons around him or her, specially those of his or her siblings. WHAT PARENTS CAN DO 1. In the first place, when the family is expecting a new baby, the parents should begin early to talk and to convince their older children as to how important the childrens help is going to be with the caring of their new baby brother or sister. The parents should also discuss the childrens considerable responsibilities as older brothers or sisters. They should mention that these responsibilities will change with the babys age, and that they will continue for the rest of the siblings lives. . The parents should plan to allow sufficient time between the births of each of their children so as to try to avoid having more than one child needing the same kind of care and attention at one time. Also, as was previously mentioned, if the older child is still very young, he or she will not yet have the capacity to understand the parents explanations with respect to the efforts needed for the care of the new baby. A child that is still too young will not be able to understand and respond to the new babys arrival in a reasoned manner, but will tend to respond in a purely emotional negative way. It should be noted that Jewish law permitted an abortion if the mother already had a child that was less than two years old. . Parents should carefully observe their children, and continually explain to the older siblings the necessity that the parents have of their help with the care of the younger ones. 4. Parents should NEVER demonstrate a special preference for one of their children (of course, they certainly can and will HAVE such a liking or preference - the damage only occurs if the childs other siblings become aware of this preference). Giving preferential treatment to one of their children is one of the most TOXIC attitudes that parents can have with respect to their families. This attitude will actively cause the development of rivalry among their children. EVERY child has nagging suspicions that his parents love another one of his brothers or sisters more than they love him. There cannot be any good reason for parents to encourage their childrens feelings of rivalry by confirming such suspicions (See also Sibling Rivalry and the Family Favorite). 5. Another common mistake among parents is when they tend to over-identify themselves with one (or more) of their children and to satisfy that childs every wish or to give that child everything that the parent didnt have as a child. This parental attitude will make it difficult for the child to grow out of his initial self-centered stage. It will also obstruct the development of his or her tendencies toward cooperative behavior. More than 00 years ago the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote

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Do you know a sure way to make an unhappy child? It is to accustom that child to getting everything that he or she wants. Because, as the child grows, so will its demands. Sooner or later the childs wishes will become larger than our capacity to satisfy them, and this unexpected denial will cause him more torment than the lack of that thing he demanded of us. And, from that pain will come hate and loathing.

Both extremes, of too little or of too much satisfaction of their wishes, are harmful to the emotional development of children. This mistake is also frequently committed by parents of an only child, or with the oldest child, (during the time he or she is still an only child) and is also often committed by parents or caregivers who were abused or neglected when THEY were children - They are not really giving their child this extra love and attention, they are really giving THEMSELVES this extra love and attention (so it really is only a misguided form of parental self-love). These parents tend to feel that the only thing that their children need is LOVE. The problem is that children that receive this kind of overabundant love and attention, without sufficient moral and ethical life examples and instruction, tend not to grow out of the childish self-centered stage - they may grow up to be VERY intelligent and creative adults, but they will tend to use their talents ONLY for their OWN gratification - they may also become manipulative and abusive, simply because they have not developed the mental structures to empathize with the suffering and harm they cause on others (See Readers Letters, and also Note , Abuse of Power).

6. Another very toxic attitude that parents have with towards their children, is showing them APPROVAL for harmful or destructive behaviors, such as a lack of respect towards the other parent, or towards any of the childs siblings or any other person.

7. Because of the previously mentioned reasons, parents should not leave their children alone at home, with the older ones caring for the younger ones, if the oldest child is still less than twelve years old.

8. Parents need to plan and carry out frequent family activities with all of their children. During these, parents should try to avoid games and contests in which one of the children wins and the others lose. They should instead look for activities and pastimes in which they ALL win if they cooperate with one another.

. Each childs temperament is a matter of luck. Nature selects it at random, without asking the parents opinion. So then, some children are born with an abrasive temperament, are strong-willed, or may be easily angered or irritated. On the other hand, there are other children that are naturally sweet-tempered, mild-mannered, docile and obedient (The three components of a childs temperament are usually considered to be emotional intensity, activity level, and sociability). Parents or would-be parents have to be prepared for the fact that EACH of their children will come with his or her OWN temperament, and they have to be prepared to rear and educate each one of their children working with THAT particular childs innate temperament. What is important for the development of that child as a true human being is not the childs temperament, but his or her character. Character is the result of the childs innate temperament plus the rearing given by his or her parents.

10. Above all, parents need to spend TIME with EACH ONE of their children. Without asking for their consent, we brought them into this world - We need to take the time to have an active part in the shaping of their minds, to share our life experiences with them, and to become a friend to them (And, no - buying them material things instead of spending time with them will not make you their friend. Also, being their friend does NOT mean you stop being their parent or stop being the source of moral authority within the family). If we do not take this time, we definitely need to ask ourselves this question Just WHAT was our purpose in bringing them into this world?

Note See also Additional reading - Books on Parenting and on Sibling Rivalry. WHAT THE COMMUNITY CAN DO There are several ways in which the community can help reduce the incidence of the many problems brought about by inadequate parenting, including sibling rivalry. The communitys help is specially necessary for those families that have suffered different traumas due to social or natural disasters. The community also has a definite interest in breaking the vicious cycle of ignorance that keeps these problems recurring generation after generation. One way in which communities can help with this is including the previously discussed concepts in elementary and high school study programs, within such courses as Education for Family Life, or Social Studies. This should begin in early grades, with simple and general concepts, advancing towards detailed discussions on causes and consequences for high school students. Sex education is a necessary but certainly not a sufficient preparation for future family life. Because of these same reasons, perhaps these concepts should be included in mandatory counselling sessions or courses for couples applying for marriage licenses. And since not all children are born to married couples, these concepts could also be included in similar counselling sessions or courses for all women who are pregnant or who have recently given birth, possibly as part of pre- or postnatal social or medical assistance. If possible, these courses should be evaluated, with some kind of a (possibly monetary) small reward for successful completion. (For example, the Magna Systems Company distributes a series of instructional videos that could be adapted for such courses. This also means that national or regional social and economic development plans and programs should be re-examined as to whether these include adequate support for the well being of the family. Such programs usually address economic growth, employment, nutrition and/or health. However, if these plans make inadequate or no provisions for long-term support for the well-being of the family (e.g., for time for parents to spend with their children, and for guidance on how to help their children develop into well-adjusted, productive members of the community) then they are, in the long run, worthless. Without adequate support for the family, these programs are worthless because, even if they attain their stated economic, health or nutrition goals, their end result will be families with an appearance of abundance of material possessions, and apparently healthy and well-nourished children. But, if these children have not developed adequate affective bonds to their families and their communities, they will lack an inner vision of a positive purpose in life and become social malcontents that easily fall prey to drugs, gangs, or other self- or socially destructive behaviours - surely not a desirable goal, either for the community or for the individual. However, this depressing situation appears to be occurring with increasing frequency in communities all over the world. This is why each community needs to work on developing and encouraging work and employment systems that allow parents to spend enough time with their children, and also by the development and implementation of effective social work and childcare systems. One should remember that, in the degree in which these problems are not solved, it is us and our descendants, which, will have to live with their consequences. THE TRANSCENDENTAL SOCIAL IMPORTANCE OF SIBLING RIVALRY What has been said so far gives an idea of the importance and consequences of sibling rivalry within each family, and of its negative effects, which may last for several generations. However, sibling rivalry may also have transcendental social consequences, whose pernicious and persistent negative effects have permeated human history and continue to manifest themselves in the present. We begin by postulating that the principal source of all moral evil (i.e., any harm or injury caused to human beings by human beings) is the abuse of power or authority (in contrast to harm caused by natural accident or misfortune, without any persons wilful action; see Note , Abuse of Power). Throughout history, we humans have innately recognized this, and continually lamented and deplored the abuse of power. This being so, WHY does abuse of power continue to manifest itself? Where do people learn to abuse power? Where do they learn that might make right? (Or, perhaps more importantly, where did they NOT learn not to abuse their power?). The place where it is most natural to suppose that we learned (or did not learn) these things is within our early family environment, through the constant and repeated interaction with our parents and our siblings - the family environment is the source of our most enduring patterns of thought and action, and of our moral values (What things do we teach our children to value? What things to admire? What things to love? What things to hate or despise? - Or do we just let them learn these things from the TV or from minimum-wage daycare employees?). So, what does this mean with respect to abuse of power? What this means is that some human beings learn abuse of power directly through unchecked sibling rivalry situations in their early family environment - others will learn it indirectly from these proceeding ones, in the form of abuse they receive from their parents or other persons in positions of authority, and so on. We can see that this is how the pool of abusers in the community is continually replenished. Because of the nature of the human mental structure, to the young child, might IS right. To very young children, whatever means are available to satisfy their wishes are automatically justified. Young children have no sense of abuse of power as evil. If within the family there is no parental moral authority to the contrary, that is what the older siblings will learn, and that is also what the younger siblings will learn. And, when these children grow up and have families of their own, which is what, in turn, THEIR children will learn from them. So then, this pernicious effect of sibling rivalry is also transmitted from generation to generation. And, if someone has no sense of moral wrongness in the abuse of power towards members of his or her own family, it can be expected that that is how they will feel towards the rest of the people in their social environment. What has previously been described can be considered as an inadvertent or accidental mechanism or sequence for the origin of the abusive personality. Then, there can also be the profoundly pathological case of parents, families or social groups, that actively and intentionally teach their children that abuse of power is a desirable moral value, i.e., an acceptable form of resolving conflicts or of imposing ones will on others. If one accepts that abuse of power is the prime source of moral evil, then active teaching of this kind should certainly be considered a crime against humanity. A CHANCE ENCOUNTER WITH A STRANGER Having read so far, many readers will say All this is very well, but it has nothing to do with me. I try my best to educate my kids and never have had any serious problems with them. They love and help each other. The children of other families? Well, thats somebody elses problem, not mine. These readers seem to forget that THEIR children and THEIR families do not exist alone in the world. Some day, necessarily as they grow and leave into adult life, their children will have to come in contact with the outside world, and will have to interact and coexist with the children of those OTHER families. If those others suffer from serious mental problems because of inadequate family rearing, the results of such contacts can easily be tragic or fatal. A recent example is the case of Ennis Cosby, the son of the famous and wealthy comedian and educator, Bill Cosby. Ennis was an almost perfect son, well educated, nice-mannered and considerate with others. He was about to successfully finish his university studies, and he was the pride and joy of his parents and all his family. But one night in a Los Angeles freeway, he had to stop his car to change a flat tire, and there he had a chance encounter with a stranger, Mikail Markhasev, and in that encounter he lost his life. Why couldnt Markhasev stop his thrust to murder Ennis Cosby? We shall probably never know. However, it is also probable that if Markhasev had had an adequate upbringing and family life, he would have at least had the bases to contain his murderous impulse. So then, when we think about to whom we owe our brotherly love, we necessarily have to begin with those with whom we share our mother, father, family, or upbringing. However, both the Bible and science assure us that all human beings that live upon this earth have descended from one and the same mother. Then, if we really have an interest in the present and future well-being of our true sons, daughters, brothers and sisters, this may be an appropriate moment to begin to think again about what REALLY is important in this life, and on the wisdom and profound meaning of those ancient questions from the Old and New Testaments - Am I my brothers keeper? (Do we have an obligation to attend to the well-being of our brothers and sisters?), and - Who is my neighbour? (Who are those to whom we have a moral duty to consider as our brothers and sisters?).

Can Sibling Rivalry Be Useful?

Conflict among siblings isnt unique to humans; it happens in just about every animal species that raises several young at the same time. Although human children usually dont have to compete with each other for basic food and shelter, other effects of sibling conflict may prove helpful in the long run. For example, learning to cope with disagreements and disputes with ones sibling can help to promote several important skills, such as how to Value another persons perspective Compromise and negotiate Control aggressive impulses As useful as sibling conflict may be in teaching our children these important skills, your family can only tolerate a certain amount of conflict, so it helps to keep it under control. To do so, you need a good understanding of the many factors that affect the frequency and severity of disagreements between brothers and sister. Why Do My Children Fight? Most brothers and sisters experience some degree of jealousy or competition, and this can flare into the squabbles and bickering that we call sibling rivalry. Factors that might influence how often sibling conflict happens and how severe it is include Individual Characteristics Family structure is only part of the picture. Conflict among siblings is also affected by the individual characteristics of the children in the family, such as one or more children who are Fussy Easily bored Tense Easily frustrated. In addition, children who have areas of significant weakness in the development of such skills as language, attention, and social interaction may be more likely to experience friction with their siblings. Family Function Recent research suggests that the way a family functions can affect sibling conflict. This research shows that sibling rivalry is least likely to occur within families in which Parents model how to find solutions to daily problems and disagreements in ways that are respectful, productive, and not aggressive There's an overall family rule or understanding that physical aggression and name calling is unacceptable Members frequently enjoy activities that are fun for all family members Sibling relationships may be a barometer of your familys level of harmony. Working to improve how smoothly your family functions overall may help to reduce the likelihood of sibling rivalry. Television and Movies Research shows that exposure to violent TV and movie images increase the risk of aggressive behaviour among children. This is especially true for children who are already prone to aggressive behaviour. There has also been research on how TV and films portray sibling relationships. This research indicates that, especially in childrens TV and films, sibling conflict and disrespect have become the norm. With these points in mind, it may be helpful to reduce the amount of violent or aggressive programming that your children watch. If they do watch this type of material, watch it with them and talk about whats being depicted. You can also teach critical viewing skills by helping your children to understand the real-life consequences of violence and to come up with non-violent solutions to the problems presented in a particular program or film. What Can I Do? Once you have a better understanding of sibling rivalry, it may be helpful to develop guidelines about how to react when your children squabble. Try these ideas Don't react at all. Only get involved in your childrens disputes if theres a danger of physical harm. Even then, encourage your children to resolve the crisis themselves. If you intervene, try to resolve problems with your children, not for them. Separate your children until they are calm and instruct them to return with at least one idea about how their conflict could have been avoided or resolved. Dont put too much focus on figuring out which child is to blame for your childrens fights. It takes two to fight - anyone who is involved is partly responsible. If your children frequently squabble over the same items (such as TV or video games) post a schedule showing which child owns that item at what times during the week. If fights between your school-age children are frequent, have weekly family meetings in which you repeat your familys rules about fighting and name-calling and review your familys successes in reducing conflicts.

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History Of Electoral College

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History Of Electoral College

The constitutional Convention was considering a few different processes of electing a president. The first idea to elect a president was to have Congress choose the president, but some people didn't like this idea, because they felt that it would lead to disagreement and overall conflict in Congress with people getting their feelings hurt. Some people thought that corruption and foreign powers would step in and get in the way, and some people thought that the balance between the legislative and executive branch would be unstable, so the idea was dismissed.

The second idea brought forth was to make the State legislatures in charge of choosing the president, but it was also dismissed. People were afraid that if this were to happen the president would have the state legislatures disobey federal authority to win.

Having the president be elected by a direct popular vote was the third idea. This was dismissed for fear of people voting for the person they liked personally the most rather than any candidate that was outside of their state. "…. People would vote for a 'favorite son' from their own state or region." Says William C. Kimberling. (000; p 1) Cheap College Papers on History Of Electoral College

A "Committee of Eleven" in the Constitutional Convention brought a system for presidential election forth. It was an indirect election by a college of electors. This also became the first design of the Electoral College. State legislatures were responsible for the selection of the Electors, and neither members of Congress or employees of the federal government could serve as an Elector so a balance between the legislative and executive branch could take place. Each state's Elector would meet in different states, instead of a large meeting, so that issues such as bribery wouldn't occur. Electors were prevented from voting for their favorite candidate by making the Elector make two votes. One had to be from an outside state. The votes would be sent to the President of the Senate and he would open and read the results of the election. Majority had to win in order for a president to be selected, one over half the total. In the occurrence of a tie the House of Representatives would choose the president from the top five and each state could only cast one vote. This design lasted for four elections

Congress took on the rules of the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution to improve the fist design. Each Elector cast one vote for a president and a separate for the vice president. The top three candidates would be chosen to pick out a president if a tie occurred.

The Congress in 1845 came up with a uniform day for the states to select their Electors. The original permitted time was 4 days before the first Wednesday, but it needed to be changed so that states that vote later aren't influenced by the earlier votes. It was the Tuesday following the first Monday in November in years that could be divided by four. Other methods were tried but none of them worked as fair as this particular method.

The current ways of the Electoral College are the same as the last ideas the Constitutional Convention thought to improve. Each state is given a number of Electors equal to the number of its U.S. Representatives.

Reaction

I did not know that the government went through so many changes to a presidential selection process. I noticed that it did no mention anything about the citizens making a difference on who becomes the president. It enforces the fact that the citizens' votes do not count. I also thought the government didn't care about who's feelings would get hurt by the first idea. I thought it was a "too bad, so sad" kind of deal, where someone makes a choice and wouldn't let emotions get in the way. I find that to be very interesting.

The second idea I could understand would cause the federal authority to break down, if they had of chose that one and the third idea were rejected for a good reason. It wouldn't be fair if people voted for their favorite candidate. The uniformed day of voting was necessary, because the influence of early voters could change the later voters minds and end in a unfair result.

I thought the first design was a great and it seemed like a great process and the rules were fair, but it wasn't good enough for them or else they wouldn't have refined it. As I read a little bit more I noticed that the changes that occurred were necessary. It prevented states from cheating to elect a president, even though our president was already hand picked no matter what the votes said. Unfortunately the citizens were tricked into thinking we had control.

Reference

Grolier Incorporated 15

Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge volume 6

http//freedom.house.gov/electoral/fecmemo.asp

http//www.truthinmedia.org/Columns/Electoral-College.html 000; Origens and History of the Electoral College

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Religion and War

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Religion and War

What can cause war but also have people seek peace? What can give support to nations leaders but also have them question their ethics? What can provide strength to soldiers and assure them protection? Religion. Religion has played a large roll within soldiers, helping leaders during war, and creating views that protest against and for, ideals of war.

Soldiers all over the world enlist in the military forces for United States. Many have no hope at all that they will live through the war they are fighting in to defend their country. There is hope though, that 55 million American soldiers turned to during their time in war, according to American Military History (Chambers II 60). That hope is religion in which soldiers can find strength and protection. " Please God let me see the sunset. Please God, let me see another morning. Please God, let me see my friend again with both eyes intact and no gapping holes in his body" (James 1). This is a quote of a soldiers who turns to God in a cry of desperation to live to see another day while also describing the brutal injuries that many soldier faced in war. In hard situations many turn to something that will help them survive. In the case of war many men and women chose religion. There is something about having the assurance that you are safe and that a higher being (God) is watching after you. In a poll taken in the US army 80 percent of soldiers polled that they believed in God and had a specific religious preference. More than 100 different dominations and faith groups were represented (Chambers II 60). This poll that was taken proves that many soldiers have religious beliefs and all believe in the same God. Even though there were so many different religions represented in that 80 percent they were all united by believing in the same God. It does not matter what your religion is called, but the true meaning is what and how you believe in it. These men stood true to there beliefs and were not ashamed to say that they were religious. Leaving family and friends can make you become very lonely but knowing you have a God that is always with you and that is watching over you and your family can give a person peace and assurance. Religion has served as many purposes with soldiers, and has made war maybe somewhat easier to deal with. Custom Essays on Religion and War

Many leaders throughout history have turned to religion to help them with issues concerning war. " In the Persian Golf War, the president George Bush consulted the leaders of his own Episcopal Church and invited his longtime friend, Billy Graham, to the White House the night before hostilities commenced" (Chamber II, 600). It is very rare when you find a leader who is willing to stand up for what he believes in and turn to God in times of need. With the events of September 11th the U.S. has gone through some horrible losses. It has been amazing to see how our president, George W. Bush has reacted and how he has turned to prayer multiple times, announcing it to the public. Now that the United States is involved in War with the Middle East, he still turns to God with prayer for our nation. In a speech made by president George W. Bush on the night of September 11 he said, "Tonight I ask for your prayers for all those who grieve, for the children whose worlds have been shattered, for all whose sense of safety and security has been threatened. And I pray hey will be comforted by a power greater than any of us spoken through the ages in Psalm 'Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no evil for you are with me'" (Williams 1). This speech shows his religious beliefs and his compassions for all the hurting people. With out the president's prayers of other believers, many feel that the U.S. wouldn't be doing as well as it is with the war. Dryden once said, "We are glad to have God on our side to maul our enemies when we cannot do the work ourselves" (James ). The United States was founded on religion and many of it's first leaders were true believers of God. Many wars have been fought, and with God on our side we have won many of the battles. Some truly believe that the U.S. does so well because of it's religious foundations. Leaders through the years have kept that spirit alive, and hopefully that spirit will continue.

Even though there are many religious groups that believe God can help us through war, there are others who believe war is all together wrong. Every major religion stresses

peace and love but yet almost every religion has been involved in war. In fact Jainism is the only religion who has remained peaceful(BBCi 1). On the other hand though many religions see that war and religion are compatible. In New Journal, an article was written about a retired Major General Buckingham who believes just that; "I'm a Christian, and I'm a soldier,' he said. 'I see absolutely no incompatibility between the two. There is a confluence of values" (Caudill 1). Many wars were fought in biblical times, and God protected his people and gave them the victory. For an example, the story of David and Goliath in the bible1 Samuel 171-58. In this story, the Philistines and Israelites are fighting in which the Philistines are trying to takeover the Israelites. The Philistine army is much larger than the philistines' and even have one soldiers, Goliath, who is a giant. The Israelites though, were people of God and used just a small boy named David to defeat Goliath. In the end, because of the David's faith he knew that God would help him defeat Goliath; Goliath is killed by David with only one sling of a stone (Bible ). Clearly if God didn't think war was necessary he wouldn't have helped David defeat a giant who had all of the Israelites apprehensive. " Buckingham made reference to the New Testament. He said there is no place in it that condemns soldiers. Buckingham said killing in war is different from murder"(Caudill ). The retired General explains here that there is no condemnation from God on soldiers for killing in war. Again war was shown many times in the Bible and there is no biblical verses that preach against war. In contrast to that, Robert Kennedy said this, "Killing one man is murder; killing millions is a statistic"(James 0). Many think that no matter what killing, even during war is morally wrong. John Cannon, the creator of the web page "Another Perspective", talks about the teachings of Jesus and expresses his animosity towards war. His was a message of love and caring and one that demanded that we cease killing and hurting one another an to begin to treating one another as the children of God which He taught that we are" (Cannon 1). He explains that we should be peaceful and stop all fighting that is going on around the world. He goes on to explain how we try to justify our actions by saying we're defending our country. " We claim that we are doing all of this as a humanitarian gesture. How can we proclaim ourselves the saviors of some people when we kill so many others? How is our killing of a high moral calling that the killing by those we so abhor?"(Cannon ). All of his points are understandable, but the fact that there is no scripture that say's that war is a sin against God makes them negligible . War is always the last resort to a bad situation, and even though it's horrible and so many people die it is necessary for change to happen. Without war the American people would have all the freedom we have. With the help of God in war the United States has been able to accomplish many things for the people.

In years to come religion will still be around and will affect war situations. Many say that religion should stay out and that it has no use in politics in war, but it has though been the cause for actions in war. Religion is and is what soldiers can find peace in, and

religion was how leaders found guidance and counsel in.

Works Cited

Books

Chambers II, John Whiteclay. American Military History. New York Oxford University Press, 1600-60.

James, Allen. Stop the War. New York Random House, Inc., 1701-40.

The New International Version Bible. Kenneth Barker, I Samuel. Michigan Zondervan

Publishing House,157-.

Internet

Cannon, John. "More thoughts on War, Religion and Corporate America.",

1 April 1 http// www.anotherperspective.org/advoc64.html

Caudill, Mark. "War, religion are compatible Retired Army General Christian speaks at church. April 00

http//www.mansfieldnewsjournal.com/news/stories/000407/topstories/74816. html.

Williams, A.D. "September 11 News",

September 11, 001 http//www.september11news.com/presidentbush.html

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Master harold and the boys

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Azra Samardzic

Eng 10

Mr.Scholz

Love, war and surviving

Not all people react in the same way when they are hurt either physically or emotionally. Some break down easily, finding no reason to live or to be happy. Some are stronger then others and will take what ever happened to them as a part of their life. The three stories from Tim O'Brien's book "Sweethearts of the Song Tra Bong","Stockings" and "The Things They Carried" give us an imaginary situation of three men in the war being in love and dumped by their girlfriends at the same time whereas one of them is finding it very hard and painful.

Henry Dobbins in "Stocking" is described as a big and peaceful soldier who was showing his love towards his girl by wearing her stockings around his neck. He is fighting far away from home, thinking of somebody who he loves, believing that his girlfriends stocking around his neck will bring him luck "The pantyhose, he said, had the properties of a good-luck charm." (O'Brien 117). The stockings for him maybe were not bringing any luck maybe it was just a pure love towards his girlfriend and her smell that he was just simply too embarrassed to say it to other guys. The soldiers were making jokes about it anyway "There were some jokes, of course, but we came to appreciate the mystery of it all." (O'Brien 118). When Henry had to live through a very bad day a day when his girlfriend had dumped him he wasn't angry or crying, he just said "No sweat, "he said, "The magic doesn't go away." (O'Brien 118). He peacefully kept on with his life. But he kept the stockings around his neck anyway just for luck.

For Mark Fossie in "Sweethearts of the Song Tra Bong" thing did not go smoothly not even for his love life. Some people, when they move to a different country, they become a subject of change under some influences and they may not even realize it. If we take Mark's girlfriend, for example "She was seventeen years old, fresh out of Cleveland Heights Senior High" (O'Brien ). No one would ever think that such a girl, full of love for Mark Fossie would turn into an evil herself. But Mark Fossie new he was losing the love of his life but he couldn't just say "No Sweat" and keep on going just like Henry Dobbins did. When Mark Fossie thought by bringing her to Vietnam will bring some brightness and happiness into his partially ruined life. Instead, it became a nightmare, and he couldn't get away from it "Fossie hesitated. "But I can't… If she is there, I mean, if she's with somebody-""Oh, Christ." (O'Brien 100).Mark couldn't let it go. Love made him crazy, exposing him to the danger. It made him crazy enough to enter the Greenies compound searching for his girl. Maybe he should have sent back home a way earlier and to pray to god he stays alive so he can go back to his Marry Ann.

Please note that this sample paper on master harold and the boys is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on master harold and the boys, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on master harold and the boys will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Recalled to Life

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"Recalled to Life"

The story A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, shows how many of the characters' lives at first are completely hopeless, but then are given another chance by their lives being resurrected. Charles Dickens expresses resurrection as a major theme in this story. He gives several examples of how different characters in the story helped others when their lives were virtually at an end.

Dickens uses several characters in this story that help save the lives of the other characters. The first character whose life is resurrected is Dr. Alexandre Manette. His life is brought back to life after being in a prison for eighteen years with the help from his daughter, Lucie Manette. The next character is Charles Darnay. He was saved from his death from one of his true friends. The last character is Sydney Carton. His life was seemed to be wasting away every moment, until someone showed him who he could be. Charles Dickens shows in this story how anyone can save someone's life by simply helping them and believing in them.

The first resurrection that took place was that of Dr. Alexandre Manette. Dr. Manette is the first person to experience resurrection in this story. He was taken away from his wife who was pregnant and put into the Bastille for eighteen years. As he is in the prison, he starts to become more and more insane. He Order custom research paper on Recalled to Life

forgets his real name and cobbles shoes to pass time. Instead of really knowing who his is, his only identity is his prison cell number "One Hundred and Five, North Tower". Once he is released from the Bastille, he meets his daughter, Lucie. Since her father had never seen her in eighteen years, he was in awe; "Her father rose with her, and kept her hand drawn through his arm" (Dickens 78). Since Lucie loved him so much, she was the only one who could help his gain back his sanity. This entire process goes on throughout the book, and near the end of the book he is nearly back to his normal self. The book explains his process as being "recalled to life" (Dickens 4). Because of Lucie's love for her father and devotion to her father, she nursed him back into his normal self.

The second resurrection is that of Charles Darnay. Charles Darnay is described in the book to be a wealthy aristocrat. He falls in love and marries Lucie Manette. He is offered the inheritance of Marquis St. Evremonde, his wicked uncle, but he refuses to accept it in order to live a happy life with his family. At the beginning of the book, Darnay was put on trial. Because of his similar looks to that of Sydney Carton, the clerk for Darnay's attorney, he was excused. Later in the story, Darnay was put into prison by Madame Defarge, an enemy to the family, for neglecting the people in France. On the following day Darnay is tried, convicted, and sentenced to death. On the day that Darnay is to be executed, Carton drugs him and trades places with him. Darnay flees from the prison to finds his wife and family, while Carton is left to be executed. Previously, while Carton confesses his love for Lucie, he tells her that his feels his whole life

is meaningless. He tells her one promise "If my career were of that better kind that there was any opportunity or capacity of sacrifice in it, I would embrace any

sacrifice for you and for those dear to you" (Dickens 156). Sydney Carton is the one person who saved Charles Darnay. He gave Darnay all that he had to give, his life, and because of that, Darnay was given a second chance.

The last person that is resurrected is Sydney Carton. He is the character that is most involved with the theme of resurrection in this story. He is a drunken man with low self-esteem. He feels that his entire life was wasted away and that his life was meaningless. There was only one inspiration in his life and only one thing that gave him a purpose in his life, which was Lucie Manette. While Carton was professing his love for Lucie, he opens up to her. He tells her things about himself and his deepest thoughts. After hearing that, Lucie tells him; "I entreated you to believe again and again, most fervently, with all my hear, was capable of better things, Mr. Carton!" (Dickens 155). Because she believed in him, he realized that there was a purpose in his life. He made a vow to Lucie saying that he will do anything for her or anyone that she loved, which in the end, he died staying true to his promise. Because Lucie believed in him, Carton filled his life with meaning and a purpose.

Every character in this story has a specific role to help restore each other's lives that were lost. Lucie used her love and devotion to help Dr. Manette and Sydney Carton back to health, and Carton gave his life to give Charles

Darnay a second chance. A Tale of Two Cities Shows how many of the characters' lives at first are completely hopeless, but then are given another chance by their lives being resurrected. This story shows how having a little love, courage, and devotion can change a person's life and give them a second chance.

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