Mobile communications

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Being the leader is honorable... but is also a burden

Azercell Telecom JV, the leader in mobile communication in Azerbaijan, entered 00 with confidence, decisiveness, new plans and progressive ideas.

In six years of activity in Azerbaijan Azercell has proved itself to be a reliable partner and highly professional.

According to research conducted by the World Bank Azerbaijan holds first place among the CIS states for subscribers per head of population. This is a clear result of Azercell's activity in Azerbaijan.

Cheap Custom Essays on Mobile communications

Today Azercell covers 67,8 % of the whole area of Azerbaijan and 4,4 % of the population.

Azercell has representative offices in Nakchivan, Ganja, Quba, Sheki, Masalli, as well as other towns of Azerbaijan. Besides, all the stations of the Baku Metro are within the coverage area of Azercell.

Taking into account the importance of the BTC (Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan) pipeline to Azerbaijan Azercell built two new stations in the Sangachal settlement lying along the BTC route and Muganli village of Hajigabul region.

Azercell remains the only mobile operator in Nakchivan.

Azercell is constantly increasing the number of its subscribers by bringing new regions into its coverage area. Today the number of Azercell subscribers is over 70 000. Azercell has subscribers even in remote regions of Azerbaijan.

The highest penetration rate of cellular phone subscribers including the indicators of all the mobile operators in CIS states is 14,6 %. The penetration rate of Azercell Telecom JV is approximately %.

Azercell services are being used almost everywhere in Azerbaijan except the occupied territories.

Taking into account constantly changing market conditions, Azercell continues to offer new services to the poorer members of the population thus broadening the types of services.

Azercell provides its subscribers with high quality services by utilizing new technologies. With the advantages of the GSM standard Azercell offers more than 40 different services both for Post-Paid (Standard/Econom/Business) and Pre-Paid (Sim-Sim) subscribers.

To make the payment process easy for subscribers Azercell offers more than 76 payment points.

Azercell enabled subscribers to make advance payments via cash dispensers for the first time in Azerbaijan.

Azercell Telecom JV is the only mobile operator in Azerbaijan to enable people to call anywhere in the world from any part of Azerbaijan and via Internet.

Today Azercell's subscibers can use mobile services in Europe, Asia, America and Africa according to the tariffs of Azercell. Azercell has roaming agreements with 150 operators in 7 countries.

Azercell Telecom JV,which tries to meet the needs of its subscribers instantly and conscienciously, to be committed to its subscribers and take an active part in the social life of the country, pays a special attention to the relations with the society and this is of course one of the strategic directions of Azercell. This is reflected by Azercell taking an active part in the social and cultural life of Azerbaijan acting as patron to orphaned and neglected children. Azercell provides financial support to refugees and the disabled as well as sponsoring Azerbaijani musicians, opera singers and dancers. Azercell also takes part in developing the mass media.

Today Azercell is a large and friendly family of 50 professionals. It's a great honor to be a member of such a united family. And the most important thing is the warm and friendly atmosphere directed at realizing global projects and brave new ideas at the company.

Azercell takes excellent care of each employee.

In January 001 Azercell was awarded ISO 001- The International Quality Certificate which so many world mobile operators failed to achieve once again confirming the professionalism of Azercell.

Azercell employees strive to preserve the good image of the company.

Azercell currently retains an 85% share of the communication market in Azerbaijan. This once again shows that Azercell Telecom JV is the indisputable leader of the communication market of Azerbaijan.

To be a leader is hard, but it's twice as hard as to be a leader in holding such a share.

But Azercell isn't going to stop here.

The main aim of Azercell is to provide every Azeri citizen with its services. And keeping this as the main principle Azercell plans to offer new services to the wider population which would mean covering 5 % of people and increasing the number of subscribers to 1 000 000.

Within 6 years of activity in Azerbaijan Azercell BM invested nearly 155 mln dollars.

In 00 Azercell Telecom BM will invest mln dollars in all the branches of telecommunications with Internet at the top. Increasing the number of services offered day by day Azercell covers not only the services practiced in the world communications but also actively introduces in Azerbaijan the latest achiements in this sphere.

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Job Descriptions

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1. Forester

A foresters main concern is the care for the land and sustains the long-term health of forests. The career of the forester often conjures images of rugged individualists clad in khaki uniforms enjoying life in the great outdoors unfettered by the traffic and hassles of urban life.

For many foresters, it is a job that keeps them in touch with the outdoors as they work in the field in a variety of specialties, from hydrology to wildlife management, to ensure the future of public forests. Once heavily focused on timber management, the role of the forester is shifting to ecosystem management as the logging industry continues to scale down. Working with others in the fields of recreation, wildlife, fish and game and watershed management, they incorporate their input and feedback into environmental analysis for proposed timber sale projects. The job gives them a chance to work with the public and numerous other public agencies as she coordinates timber projects and completes the paperwork to conform national environmental regulations. Order Custom Job Descriptions paper

. Forest Resource Manager

Forest resource managers' main duties are to do variety of administrative and technical activities. Some of the work performed in the forest is to manage the resources and to include scheduling and conducting harvests to meet research, demonstration and fiscal requirements. In addition to those tasks, one must be willing to schedule and conduct silvicultural improvements; and maintaining roads and fire trails. Also provide detailed information about the particular forest through presentations and lectures. In some areas, giving public demonstrations to enhance the publics knowledge. Determine economic requirements for Forest operations. Calculate project revenue from Forest activities such as timber sales; prepare budgetary recommendations; monitor, verify and reconcile expenditure of budgeted funds. Prepare operational reports and analyses setting forth progress, determine trends and then make recommendations or conclusions. You may be asked to perform personal functions such as hiring and performance reviews. In addition to the jobs above, you may be asked to do a number of odd balled jobs that must be completed in order for everything to run smoothly.

. Fishery Biologist

Fisheries research biologists study the biology of fish habitat requirements, population, life histories, diseases, and forage base. Fisheries managers may work with fish hatcheries, study the effects of pollutants on fish, and cooperate with others to improve fish habitat. Some may work as aqua-culturists and study the best ways of raising fish nutrition requirements, genetic of fish stocks, and prevention of fish disease. Many fisheries biologists work for state or federal agencies like the U.S Fish & Wildlife Service or State Departments of Conservation or Natural Resources. Some are researchers at universities or work as consultants or staff with major corporations. Power companies have fishery biologists on staff. Companies engaged in aquaculture also hire fishery biologists.

Please note that this sample paper on Job Descriptions is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Job Descriptions, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Job Descriptions will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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ARTISTS INTERPRETATIONS OF THE WORLD SHAPED BY THEIR BELIEFS

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Spirituality and art are part of the human need to express emotion and to communicate this to other human beings. Yet often our understanding of an artwork might only be possible or of more value if we know the context, the emotional or the spiritual environment surrounding the artist. Religion results from faith it involves a community of shared beliefs, ritual and introspection. Faith is a personal perspective on life. So too is art. The artist's interpretations of the world are therefore shaped by their beliefs; this can be seen through Michelangelo Buonarroti figurative Last Judgment 154-1541, Mark Rothko's non-representational Light Red over Black 157, Rover Thomas's contemporary Aboriginal work Burradoo (Meeting Area) 14 and Annette Messeger's Post- modern Le Croix 14.

When Christianity was illegal in Rome the painting in the Catacombs had to use symbols to convey messages to the audience. After Christianity was legalised in 1 A.D. symbols were not needed, however the idea of depicting a narrative to audiences was carried on. So when Michelangelo was commissioned to paint the ceiling and alter wall of the Sistine Chapel, it isn't surprising that the images depicted were reminiscent of the bible stories. However when Michelangelo was asked or rather told to paint the altar wall, he was 'enduring the tribulations of age and the long frustrations of art, his soul was further oppressed by the events that had been erupting around him from the time he fled Florence as a young man…Michelangelo felt himself an exile' he had 'turned from his Humanist beginnings to a deep religious preoccupation with the fate of man and of his own soul. His sense that the world had gone mad and that man forsaking God was doomed, must have been sharpened by his still vivid memory of Savonarola's foreboding summons of sinners to repent and by his very close reading of Dante.' Michelangelo did not want to paint the fresco but was made to. His personal and national context did not help the situation, and is most likely the explanation for the incredibly graphic depiction of the last Judgment, in which sinners and repenters are separated and delegated to the appropriate area. When the work was revealed it was highly 'criticized for the nudity of many of its figures and for its supposed inaccuracies' . These supposed inaccuracies however were Michelangelo's deeply spiritual beliefs of how he thought the last judgment would look. The only reason he was criticised was because the previous depictions of the last judgment were very different. His beliefs therefore shaped his interpretation of the last judgment, in the Last Judgment 154-1541.

Mark Rothko's art came directly from his experiences. His parents moved from his birthplace in Russia when he was ten and he grew up in Oregon with vast expanses of open space around him; seemingly endless space, which put his own existence into the perspective of being almost meaningless. He employed rectangular blocks of colour to convey the space evoking effects of colour.

"Like the paintings of many Jewish artists, Rothko's may well contain a covert image of the invisible God of whom the religion forbade images to be made" . Help with essay on ARTISTS INTERPRETATIONS OF THE WORLD SHAPED BY THEIR BELIEFS

The painting Light Red over Black 157 shows how Rothko used powerful colour and simple forms to emphasise the overwhelming quality of the artwork for the viewer. The large dimensions of his work were explained by Rothko "I want to be very intimate and human. To paint a small picture is to place yourself outside your experience…However you paint the larger picture, you are in it."

During the 140's Rothko's images became more and more symbolic. He found the use of figures in his work less satisfying reflecting the tragedy of the human condition around him in the aftermath of world war two.

The US government encouraged the American Abstract Expressionism movement of which Rothko was a part as it was seen to be a reflection of a new era American cultural freedom as opposed to the old order of Europe particularly the state oppressed artworks of Soviet Russia. These circumstances allowed artists like Rothko to flourish. So although his own Spiritualism was moving him towards his large emotive artworks The political and social environment was also ready for his art. The spiritual was a source of inspiration for Rothko. 'I'm interested only in expressing basic human emotions tragedy, ecstasy, doom and so on the people who weep before my pictures are having the same religious experience I had when I painted them". Rothko abandoned images entirely in the late 140's and until his death in 170 continued to produce non-representational paintings using paint, colour, shape and size to communicate emotion and mood.

Rover Thomas is a highly regarded contemporary Aboriginal artist. He captures the spirit of the East Kimberley region with noticeable 'simplicity', in a topographical and spiritual sense. Whilst referring to local land sites he also incorporates heavy spiritual values common with most Aboriginal artworks. He paints areas of the landscape that have deeply spiritual and mythological significance to the land stories. His life has been spent moving and settling around the Kimberley region, the landscape and stories all having tremendous impact on his artmaking. 'Thomas is primarily concerned with the inherent spirituality of the landscape. To this extent his paintings are both literal and metaphysical the compositions depicting specific physical locations while also being vitally concerned with the essentially spiritual associations that provide these locations with their most profound significance. As once commentator has observed, for Thomas the landscape is embued with mythological power and painting is an act or homage to this power'

Burradoo (Meeting Area) 14 depicts a large ochre painting of a place on Lissadell Station that Thomas remembers from his younger years. 'Rover Thomas's paintings flow instinctually from the earth and evoke a universal resonance they are works which usually have their origin in specific sites and regions but which invariably transcend their boundaries, communicating with the viewer in ways that are profound and intangible.'

Rover Thomas communicates his interpretation of the world around him through his beliefs of the land and his experiences through that land.

Annette Messeger, like Rover Thomas uses memories of childhood, feminine stereotypes and traditional religious images in her artmaking. Her distinctive style is often 'unsettling' to the viewer and has a surreal quality. In Le Croix 14 Messenger brings her own thoughts and background to the work 'My work is the work of a French Catholic woman' In Le Croix 14 a number of felt body organs are hung from a simple wooden cross. A large heart, a spine and other unrecognisable shapes make up this colourful group of shapes. They look a little naïve but they are also a bit ghoulish.

Messeger often used craft skills in making her art works as a way of connecting with stereotypical feminine pursuits. 'Annette Messeger fragments representations of the female body in an effort to show the impossibility of presenting a universalised feminine experience.'

The body of Christ in this work has neither male nor female form in this way Messeger has used her work to address an issue that is very close to her. That is the question that Are we capable of a spiritual life beyond our bodies or are we just 'a carcass that can be dissected and hung like meat?'

Annette Messeger uses her strong feminist beliefs to shape the way she interprets our world. By combining this with her deeply religious background, her works explore very spiritual themes.

All of these artworks are examples of how artists combine their individual life influences and their beliefs into their artmaking. Through this they are able to interpret and represent the world.

Arnason, H.H; Prather, Marla F A History of Modern Art 186

Thames and Hudson, London

De la Croix, Tansey, Kirkpatrick Art Though the Ages 11

Harcourt Brace and Company, New York

Hughes, Robert American Visions 17

Harrill, London

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Apple Commuters Finance Assignment

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c o n t e n t s

v Group ProfileCheap University Papers on Apple Commuters Finance Assignment

v Goals and Objectives

v Group Locations 4

v Group Structure 5

v Company History 6

v Chairman's Statement 8

v Corporate Governance 10

v Auditor's Report 15

v Annual Financial Statements 16

v Operating Costs 4

v Financial Highlights 5

v Ratio Analysis 6

v Efficiency 7

v Risk Analysis 8

OBJECTIVES

Our medium term business objectives are to secure as much of the Taxi market from which we can expand the South African operation into other related segments.

GOALS

Apple commuters will aspire to achieve the following key targets over the next three years

· Increase our installed base and secure our market position

· Improve our service offering and implement systems and controls to measure our performance

· Improve on our profitability

· Implement a Key Account Management structure

· Improve staff training on all levels in line with BEE and labour law requirements.

GROUP LOCATIONS

Below is a map of the areas represented by Apple commuters. The red indicates currently supported areas whereas the black indicates potential expansion points.

Head offices

u Regional offices

u Potential expansion areas

COMPANY HISTORY

Executive Chairwoman of Apple Commuters Kathy A always dreamed of working on computers. In the early 170's she enrolled for a computer course at LamDin in Johannesburg with a view to making that dream a reality. Kathy then lived in the sprawling township of Alexandra and transportation to and from Johannesburg CBD was having an adverse impact on her studies. Little did she realise that this frustration would change her career path and her life forever. "I was shocked at the quality of public transportation in Johannesburg. I spent four hours a day commuting to and from the city. It was ridiculous something had to be done about it!"

From humble beginnings Apple Commuters has evolved into one of South Africa's most well known and well-respected group of transport companies. It boasts the largest taxi fleets in the country with branches in all major centers.

The company was started about 7 years ago with a vision of meeting the needs of commuters expediently. "Safety, reliability and punctuality were our main focus", says Kathy as she reminisces about those simple days. "We've come a long way from our first vehicle a Chevrolet 800 that was bought for cash"

Alex B had been making similar inroads into the field of transportation around the same time. He had worked his way up to head the Northern Suburbs Taxi Association a key position with good insight into the industry.

By 176 the newly formed partnership were already operating with two taxis doing about 5 trips a day combined.

December 178

The company doubles its fleet to 4 vehicles whilst streamlining operating costs.

March 180

The company follows closely with the rapid expansion of the greater Johannesburg and covers new routes in the North East region.

COMPANY HISTORY (continued…)

February 181

Apple Commuters acquires a small operation in Durban headed by Avi E. A further 1 taxis are added to the already expanding fleet. Routes between Durban and Johannesburg are explored a first for light commercial vehicles.

September 185

Branches in Port Elizabeth and Bloemfontein were launched and the fleet was now in excess of 50 vehicles. Simon D and Craig F owners of a successful auto repairs business decided to tap into the transport industry and bought into Apple Commuters.

August 10

Establishment of National Taxi Repair Centres (Apple Eishh Fix-It Services) with a view to driving down operating costs and maximising on profits.

May 1

New Head Office and Truck Centre built in Ormonde.

November 15

Apple Commuters is the largest privately owned taxi company in South Africa.

March 18

For R15m Apple Commuters purchases FBI Transport and acquires the skills of Paul C.

January 000

Apple Commuters receives gold-partner status with major manufacturers Toyota, Nissan and Ford securing a combined fleet of 51 taxis.

CHAIRMAN'S REPORT

"We continue to transform Apple Commuters into a broad-based transport business, offering the widest range of service and coverage with the best skills level in transportation."

Message to our shareholders

Apple Commuters proven strategy of focusing on the commuting of passengers continues to strengthen the company's already significant standing as a transport leader, and it is pleasing to report that for the rd consecutive year, an excellent set of results notwithstanding tough local market conditions has been achieved.

It is our view that great companies distinguish themselves over long periods.

Apple Commuters operating income increased by . % to 66,500.00 (64,450.00).

Trading Environment

The trading environment remained difficult as the economy did not perform to expected GDP results.

The unexpected and severe currency crises during the course of last year played havoc with rising fuel costs and the importation of spares. A change in supply chain partnerships was inevitable in maintaining margins.

A new strategy in outsourcing repairs has lowered expenses considerably. However, the three increases in prime interest rates up to 17 percent (prime) has over-shadowed many of these cost-cutting efforts.

Acquisition

During the financial year under review, considerable work was carried out on acquisition search and investigation, particularly in Namibia and Botswana. Certain prospects reached an advanced stage of negotiation but were ultimately turned down due to lack of interest and commitment from the other party.

CHAIRMAN'S REPORT (continued…)

Management and Employees

The quality of our management teams and employees has contributed to the success of the group and continues to differentiate us from our competitors. We have a strong, dynamic and entrepreneurial management team with a proven track record.

Outlook

The past year has seen Apple Commuters make further progress in strengthening the company. Looking forward, Apple Commuters increasing focus on international market will remain our core strategy to ensure the maintenance of long-term growth and increased shareholder value.

Appreciation

Apple Commuters ongoing success would not have been possible without a dedicated team of employees who thrill at pushing the limits and who have the courage to dare to imagine what the next opportunities might be. Our people are our business and we extend to our team the gratitude of our shareholders and the Board of Directors for their tremendous commitment and plain hard work throughout the year.

Finally, we extend our appreciation to our loyal customers. Thank you for your confidence in Apple Commuters services. It's our aim to provide you with even greater satisfaction and value in the year to come.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (continued…)

Corporate Governance

For the year ended 1 March 00

The directors of Apple Commuters recognize the need to conduct the business of the enterprise with integrity and in accordance with generally accepted corporate practices. Accordingly, they endorse and have complied broadly with the principles contained in the King Report on Corporate Governance (14) during the period under review. Maintaining compliance at Apple Commuters within the code of corporate practice forms part of the mandate of the company's audit committee.

Directorate

Apple Commuters has a unitary board structure comprising mainly non-executive directors. The board meets regularly and monitors executive management. The position of the chairperson is a non-executive appointment and is separate from that of the managing director. The chairperson and chief executive provide leadership and guidance. The directors bring together a wealth of experience from their own fields of business and ensure that debate on matters of strategy, policy progress and performance is robust, informed and constructive. The directors have access to the advice and services of the company secretary, who is responsible to the board for ensuring that board procedures are followed. All directors are entitled to seek independent professional advice about the affairs of the company at the company's expense.

Determination of executive remuneration

The remuneration committee comprises tow non-executive directors. The committee determines the chief executive's salary and bonus and establishes guidelines relating to cash compensation and benefit arrangements for all employees.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (continued…)

Audit Committee

The audit committee comprises to non-executive directors and the chief executive. The chief financial officer and internal and external auditors have unrestricted access to the audit committee and attend the meetings. Meetings are planned to be held three times per year. The audit committee is charged with the responsibility of monitoring the company's financial controls, accounting policies and financial reporting. It provides a forum through which the independent external and internal auditors report to the board of directors.

Risk assessment

The risks facing Apple Commuters are closely monitored annually. This involves a risk assessment exercise conducted with the assistance of the internal auditors. The risks are assessed at every business level and controls mitigating these risks are identified. This exercise also assists the internal auditors in ensuring that major risks are correctly and appropriately addressed.

Internal Control

The company maintains systems of internal control over financial reporting and safeguarding of assets against unauthorized use, acquisition and disposal.

The systems of internal control incorporate suitable segregation of conflicting duties wherever possible, and the delegation of authority to suitably appointed and trained personnel. The internal audit function has been co-sourced to a specialist internal audit division of Hoffman Fisher PFK Inc.

There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any internal control systems, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention of overriding of controls. Accordingly, even an effective internal control system can provide only a limited amount of assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and the safeguarding of assets. Furthermore, the effectiveness of an internal control system can change with circumstances. Corrective action is taken as and when control deficiencies or opportunities for improvement in the systems are identified. Nothing has come to the attention of the board (through the audit committee) to indicate that any material breach of those controls has occurred during the year under review.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (continued…)

Staff participation and development

The company subscribes to the principle of equality. As Apple Commuters (Pty) Limited has only 1 permanent employees, a formal employee forum has not been formed. However, weekly meetings are held and all employees participate.

An Employment Equity programme forms part of the group's training and business programme.

Code of Ethics

The Code of Ethics commits the company to the highest standards of integrity, behaviour and ethics dealing with all its stakeholders, including its directors, managers, employees, customers, suppliers, competitors, investors and society at large. Directors and staff are expected to observe their ethical obligations in such a way as to carry on business only through fair commercial competitive practices.

Environment, health and safety

Apple Commuters values the occupational health and safety of its employees. We take every reasonable precaution to ensure a safe working environment for all its employees. Apple Commuters conducts its business with due consideration for environment issues and has appointed a committee to address the environmental impact of its business activities, as well as all health and safety aspects of the business.

The King Report on Corporate Governance for South Africa 00

The board is reviewing this report and the requisite improvements to the company's corporate governance procedures and policies will be implemented in the next financial year.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (continued…)

Statement of Responsibility by the Board of Directors

The directors are responsible for the preparation, integrity and fair presentation of the financial statement and other financial information included in this report.

The financial statements, presented on pages 16 to have been prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Practice, and included amounts based on judgments and estimates made by management.

The going-concern basis has been adopted in preparing the financial statement. The directors have no reason to believe that the Company will not be going concerns in the foreseeable future based on forecasts and available cash resources. The financial statements support the viability of the Company.

The financial statements have been audited by the independent accounting firm, Hoffman Fisher PFK (JHB) INC, which was given unrestricted access to all financial records and related data, including minutes of all meetings of shareholders, the Board of Directors and committees of the Board. The directors believe that all representations made to the independent auditors during the audit were valid and appropriate.

The financial statements, which appear on pages 16 to were approved by the Board of Directors on 17 July 00 and signed on its behalf

Chairman Managing Director

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (continued…)

Statement of Company Secretary

I, Patrick Sibanda, being the Company Secretary of Apple Commuters (Pty) Limited, certify that all returns required of a public company, have in respect of the year under review been lodged with the Registrar of Companies and that all such returns are true, correct and up to date.

P Sibanda

Company Secretary

AUDITORS' REPORT

Report of the Independent Auditors

To the members of Apple Commuters (Pty) Limited

We have audited the annual financial statements of Apple Commuters (Pty) Limited as set out on pages x to xx for the year ended 1 March 00. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's directors. Our responsibility is to report on these financial statements based on our audit.

Scope

We conducted our audit in accordance with statements of South African Auditing Standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes

· Examine, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements;

· Assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management; and

· Evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.

We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Audit Opinion

In our opinion, the financial statements fairly present, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company and the Group at 1 March 00, and the results of their operations and cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice and in the manner required by the Companies Act.

Hoffmann Fisher PFK (JHB) INC

Chartered Accountants (SA)

Registration number 14/0066/1

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Annual Financial Statements

For the year ended 8 February 00

Ø Income Statement

Ø Balance Sheet

Ø Cash Flow Statement

Ø Ratios

Ø Notes to the Financial Statements

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Income Statement of Apple Commuters (Pty) Ltd for year ended 8 February 00.

R 000 R 000 R 000

000 001 00

Turnover 6,.0 64,450.0 66,500.0

Trading Income ,8.0 ,88.0 4,07.0

Interest Received 61.0 6.0 66.0

Interest Paid -1,48.0 -1,511.0 -1,640.0

Income Before Tax 1,545.0 ,45.0 ,.0

Tax -,46.5 -,70.5 -,.

Outside Shareholders interest - - -

Earnings After Tax ,081.5 ,704.5 ,.1

Extraordinary Item - - -

Distributable Income ,081.5 ,704.5 ,.1

Dividends -5,000.0 -5,000.0 -5,000.0

Retained Income 17,081.5 17,704.5 18,.1

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Balance Sheet of Apple Commuters (Pty) Ltd as at 8 February 00.

R 000 R 000 R 000

Assets 000 001 00

Fixed Assets 6,86.0 5,5.5 ,55.6

Property & Equipment ,567.5 ,567.5 ,10.6

Transport Fleet 4,4.5 ,55.0 1,450.0

Investments & Loans 1,650.0 1,650.0 1,650.0

Current Assets 5,858. 7,40.1 8,181.5

Debtors 5,60.7 5,81.8 6,557.

Bank 168. 1,58. 1,64.

Total Assets 4,70. 4,574.6 ,84.1

Liabilities

Capital and Reserves

Share capital ,500.0 ,500.0 ,500.0

Retained Income 17,081.5 17,704.5 18,.1

Shareholders interest 0,581.5 1,04.5 1,8.1

Outside Shareholders interest 0.7 0.8 1.0

Non Current Liabilities

Loan 1,5.6 11,57.0 10,00.0

Current Liabilities 1,56.1 1,41. 1,50.0

Creditors 1,56.1 1,41. 1,50.0

Total Liabilities 4,70. 4,574.6 ,84.1

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Cash Flow Statement

Notes

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

Cash generated by/(utilised from) operations 1 14 64

Cash (utilised)/generated by an (increase)/decrease in working capital (14)

Cash generated by/(utilised from) operating activities 14 81

Taxation paid (10 000)

Dividends Paid (5 000)

Net cash generated from/(utilised in) operating activities (17)

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES

Purchase of tangible fixed assets 0

Proceeds on disposal of tangible fixed assets 4 44

Interest received 66

Net cash (utilised)/generated from investing activities 4 40

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES

Interest paid (1 640)

(Decrease)/increase in Loan (1 7)

Net cash from/(utilised in) financing activities ( 567)

Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 744

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 5 81

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year 6 557

check 0

F FINANCIAL STATEMENTSNOTES

1. Cash generated/(utilised) from operating activities

Profit/(Loss) before taxation

Adjusted for

Depreciation 1 4

Finance costs 1 574

Loss/(profit) on disposal of assets (1 867)

14 64

1. Cash (utilised)/generated by an (increase)/decrease in working capital

(Increase)/decrease in inventory 0

(Increase)/decrease in Accounts receivable (5)

Increase/(decrease) in Accounts payable (108)

(14)

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Ratios

Ratio Analysis

Liquidity

Current Ratio 4.7 5. 5.4

Profitability

% net profit 5.4% 5.% 5.0%

% Return on Net Assets 66.68% 68.46% 7.%

% Return on Total Assets 64.4% 65.67% 6.8%

% Return on Equity 107.8% 107.07% 106.87%

% Return on Capital Employed 66.68% 68.46% 7.%

Leverage

% debt ratio 40.1% 8.67% 4.60%

% debt to equity 66.% 6.05% 5.0%

Efficiency

Assume COS 50% of sales 1164.50 5.00 50.00

debtors days 6

creditors days 15 16 17

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Notes to the financial statements

Revenue 00 001

Rand (000s) Rand (000s)

Cash Fares 1,451 4,11

Pre-Paid Fares ,184 18,87

Service & Repairs 1,865 11,458

66,500 64,450

Operating Expenditure 00 001

Rand (000s) Rand (000s)

Payroll 5,01 5,81

Fuels & Oils 1,01 18,057

Administration 1,11 1,100

Depreciation 775 85

Operating lease charges 4,0 ,4

Other expenses 750 75

1,5 0,617

Net Financing Costs 00 001

Rand (000s) Rand (000s)

Long Term Borrowings 1,505 1,4

Bank and Short Term Borrowing 105 74

Capitalised finance lease 7 7

Interest Received -66 -

1,640 1,511

Taxation 00 001

Rand (000s) Rand (000s)

RSA Normal Taxation - Current Year 8,61 8,744

RSA Normal Taxation - Prior Year 1,0 87

Deferred Taxation - Current Year - -

Deferred Taxation - Prior Year - -

10,000 ,71

Property & Equipment 00 001

Rand (000s) Rand (000s)

Freehold Land & Buildings 1,78 1,58

Plant, Machinery and other 75 86

,10 ,568

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Notes to the financial statements

Transport Fleet 00 001

Rand (000s) Rand (000s)

Net Book Value a beginning of year 1,450 0,07

Additions ,74 ,800

(Disposals) -46 -58

Depreciation -775 -85

,55 1,450

Retained Income 00 001

Rand (000s) Rand (000s)

Balance at beginning of year 75,8 58,00

Net profit for this year , ,08

Dividends Paid -5,000 -5,000

4,15 75,8

Share Capital 00 001

Rand (000s) Rand (000s)

Opening Balance ,500 ,500

Issue of new shares - -

repurchase of shares - -

,500 ,500

Long Term Borrowings 00 001

Rand (000s) Rand (000s)

Bond - Repayment Due 00 ,48 ,8

Bond - Repayment Due 004 ,8 ,4

Bond - Repayment Due 005 ,4 5,45

10,00 11,57

Off Balance Sheet Financing 00 001

Rand (000s) Rand (000s)

Value of leased fleet 40,57 40,0

4,0 ,4

OPERATING COSTS

SUMMARY OF

OPERATING EXPENSES FOR PERIOD 00

FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

RECORDED GROWTH OVER THE LAST

THREE FINANCIAL YEARS.

RATIO ANALYSIS

Ratio Analysis

Profitability

Ratio 000 001 00

Net Profit Percentage 5.4% 5.% 5.1%

Gross Profit Percentage _ _ _

Mark Up Percentage _ _ _

Ratio 000 001 00

Return on Total Assets 64.% 65.7% 6.%

Return on Net Assets 5.4% 5.% 5.1%

Return on Capital Employed 107.% 107.1% 106.%

Return on Equity 66.7% 68.5% 7.%

Liquidity

Ratio 000 001 00

Current Ratio 4.7 5. 5.4

Acid Test 4.7 5. 5.4

Leverage

Ratio 000 001 00

Debt Ratio 40.1% 8.7% 4.6%

Debt to equity 66.% 6.1% 5.%

Interest .0 .4 1.

EFFICIENCY

Efficiency

Ratio 000 001 00

Asset Turnover 1.8 1.7 .0

Creditor Days 15 16 17

Debtor Days 6

RISK ANALYSIS

.8 Risk analysis

Using the Ernst and Young risk model as a basis we have compiled a risk profile of the South African organisation as well as comments. The profile is graded as Green = low risk, Yellow = medium risk, Red = high risk.

Area ITEM COMMENT

People & culture Human resource Low staff turnover over the last two years

Legal Liability Liability in accident situation

Contracts All contracts reviewed by lawyers

Legislative Need to review our legislative requirements

Market Interest rate Unstable in South Africa.

Liquidity & credit Collectibility Low bad debts historically, cash business

Cash management Cash business

Reporting Tax Reviewed with auditors

Accounting Reviewed with auditors

Capital structure Debt Good debt history

Stakeholders Supplier Cash purchases

Customer Wide customer base

Government Reviewed with auditors

Governance Reputation Good overall reputation

Strategic planning In the process of reviewing this

Ethics Sound ethics

Corporate monitoring Needs to be reviewed since group changes

Market structure Economics Fair economic practice within the country

Market dynamics Market restricted in project size

Competitor Stable company in an unstable competitor market

Systems Hardware Requirements met

Software Need to review licensing

Information management Operations Need to implement procedures

Planning & develop Need to implement procedures

Process Marketing & selling Need to review documentation

Products and delivery Need to review documentation

Support processes Need to implement procedures

Physical assets Asset base All assets covered by sufficient insurance

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The Women

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Last week, I saw the play ?The Women?, by Clare Boothe Luce, at Curry theatre. I had a wonderful time viewing a beautiful performance displayed by the actresses on stage. It was interesting to see an all female cast, there performed brilliantly. Another distinctive feature of this play was the stage setting; the use of glass screens to create certain environments was a experience for me. The lighting was did not seem different, during serious scenes the lights were brighter compared to a dimmer feel in times of less seriousness.

?The Women? was a play about a group of women who had a friendship and how different events tested the bound they shared. It starts off in Mary Haines living room where the ladies are discussing several things mainly how Sylvia thinks Mrs. Stephen?s Haines? husband might be cheating on her with a hairdresser. The topic of cheating tends to dominate the play; it is the main course of conflict most of the characters have to face. Mary later finds out her husband is having an affair with Crystal Allen, who later confront each other at a shop. Mary tries to tell Crystal to keep her away from her children but Crystal keeps angering Mary. Later Mary gets a divorce from her husband and moves away to try and get peace. Little Mary is not happy about the divorce but cannot do anything about it. Later in the play she becomes the catalyst to the final conflict by telling her mom Crystal was sweet talking a guy named bob, Countess de Lage?s new lover. Mary decides to go to the party at the powder room where she reveals that Crystal was having an affair with Countess de Lage?s new lover. Mr. Haines hearing this news calls for his wife, Mary Haines. Sylvia is also upset her husband is having an affair.

Vanessa Davis, who plays Mary, was the most outstanding character in the play. She shoed poise in times of turmoil, she was tough when put against the wall and she always came out on top. For example, when she first learned of her husband?s affair, though she was unhappy she stayed strong acted wisely about the info her daughter gave her and got her family back together. Another character that stood out was little Mary, with a very soft and loveable voice I was able to feel the strain the divorce put on her. She like her mom was strong, smart and achieved what she wanted, her family back together.

The costumes were very professionally, sharp dressed ladies. The seemed to elude a 50s style with the long cigarettes in the pipes, tea during the day, the wealth they had. I could not identify with the old fashioned clothing?s but I understood the perspective the Clare Boothe wanted to audience to have. The lighting was great at all times it was not too bright or too dark. It was dark at less serious times and much brighter at serious times. Although the play had a serious feel thought, at time sit was very comedic. Write my Essay on The Women for me

Overall, I think Clare Boothe put together a nice play that shows and exposes the problems a group of ladies faced and how the handled their situation. I will tell my friends to watch this play and even a mix of comedy and seriousness. I learned people react differently to conflict.

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Moralities of the Present Day

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Moralities of the Present Day

Morality plays were a step in the center of the transition from holy to worldly drama, and combine things of each sort. They were performed by semi professional groups of actors who relied on the public to support them. Although the plays were usually short, their serious points were mixed with types of nonsense for a humorous message. In the present day movie Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, many examples of Moralities occur. For example, after winning a chance to go into the Tower of Chocolate a poor boy called Charlie and his Grandfather Peter, are both tempted to eat the chocolate around them, having been told earlier strictly not to even touch the tasty treats. This leads to predictable and humorous consequences.

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a perfect example of a modern morality play with a strong message repeating itself throughout the film. This moral is clearly to do what you are told without question or else there will be harsh consequences. This message is very similar to what is said in the bible regarding Ruth, following her husband and others with out question. As the story of the film goes on Charlie and Peter are both on the tour of the Chocolate Tower with several others who are similar to themselves. When Charlie and Peter are left alone with the tour strolling ahead they decide to take some of the chocolate without the worry of being caught. Soon afterward, Charlie and Peter eventually catch up with group feeling delighted with what they had achieved to do.

After a time they both begin to feel the guilt rising as they walked deeper and deeper into the tower. The film then shows other people on the tour repeating the wrongdoing, as Charlie and his Grandfather had done, which then causes the whole group to have tremendous guilt between them and the leader. After the tour had finished the group goes home, still with the guilt on their minds, although Charlie and Peter stay behind. They both confess to the leader about tasting the chocolate and the leader then punishes them by taking away their promised life time supply of Chocolate. However, confessing to the leader puts himself in a difficult position. He feels guilty for punishing them both, for that reason he decides to give the entire factory to Charlie and Peter along with their family.

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This Film has specific qualities of a Morality play, and having searched for more films I would personally say that every film is obviously based on a simple moral. This moral has been used in many other films for example Bring It On or Bridgett Jones's Diary. I think that morality plays are a much better way of spreading morals amongst all ages because this way they are enjoyable, as well as educational. Being Very popular in Europe around the 15th and 16th centuries, this might have caused religion at this time to cool down briefly because of the humor that was brought into the messages which would in reality be going against some of the ideas of God.

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Socialwork

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It is a great pleasure for me to be invited to speak with you on important issues in our part of the world and specifically on the development and possibilities of social work. I see a key and active role of Australian Social Workers in not only social work in the Asia Pacific but also in the world. I want to congratulate Australia for having Imelda Dodds as President of IFSW. Jim Ife as Secretary of the Human Rights Commission and others as providing key leadership in Asia as well as international social work.

I see great potentials for Social Work in the Asia Pacific region. I also see the need for new social work strategies, including social development and social justice approaches, collaborative and peacemaking strategies in dealing with the social economic, political and social realities of the time.

The impact of regionalisation and the changing context for social work practice needs to be addressed. We need to move beyond traditional social work boundaries to a broader developmental context in Asian Pacific countries. We need new links and visions for the challenges in the new millennium.

Social work in Asia Pacific is like curries with different blendings. The curry has become a international dish, a specialty of the various ethnic cuisines. Essentially of Indian origin, this dish is a part of all ethnic cooking. The Chinese have theirs as a sweeter, greasier and more liquid version, the Malays have a redder and more piquant assam pedas and the original Indian curries are often fiery and pungent of spices and herbs.

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The Westerners have generally adapted this into a blander sweeter form found in American recipes or a stiffer firmer one in Continental cookbooks. Whatever its form, all of us love a good curry. Even those who fear the fieriness of chilli cannot resist the redolence of spices mixed into a fabulous stew that complement the tenderness of slowly simmered meats.

Apart from chillies, a curry is not quite its fantastic self without the right combination of ground and fresh spices up to 0 types and in various ratio of quantity. The curry paste is the basic mix comprising fresh and dried spices combined with minced shallots, ginger, garlic and turmeric mashed together with ground coriander seeds, cumin, cardamom, chilli and cooked with herbs like basil and lemon grass. It is the pungent smells of roots, seeds, barks and blended into a delectable aroma that lend the curry its unique and unforgettable character. The art in curries is in the blending the spices, mixing subtle flavours with stronger ones to get the right and unique taste for each occasion.

I like the fresh curry because of its sting or as some say "kick". Curry matures with age, keep it for a couple of days, in the right temperature of course, it does not turn bad or irrelevant. However, as noted, curry is rather sensitive to temperature changes. Though flavoured to local taste, social work, like curry, holds underlying ingredients and principles. Nevertheless, fresh and new blends are discovered in everyday experimentations.

Social Work - the Asian Pacific Context

Social work practice today faces dilemmas of choosing from extremes ideologies. Social work practice exists in constant tension between focusing on individuals and society, process and content, short-term and long-term and specialists and generalist practice. The challenge is also in reconciling the constant struggle of theory versus practice and knowledge versus skills of social work practice. Indeed it is in the integration of the extremes that balance for social work practice say in Singapore or anywhere in Asia Pacific context. The emphasis should be on holism in practice.

Asian and Pacific societies, the context of our practice, are in constant tensions between the need for rapid economic development and the need to engender a satisfactory state of social well-being. In many ASIAN countries, for example, the rate of growth and development, economic, social-political, though affected by the economic downturn, had been rather rapid in the past decades.

On the other hand, Asian societies had concentrated largely on developing macro social service provisions such as health, education, housing and community development. Effective social service delivery system is a priority of developing countries often having to deal with massive population, reliable communication and transport infrastructure, literacy and other pressing but related issues.

There is the tension between self-help and welfare. Asian societies tend to shun away from the 'welfare' mentality. 'Welfare' is viewed in our socio-political context as a dependence on state provisions. The tendency is to look towards informal support system to deal with their situations rather than the government to provide for personal needs and services.

For many parts of Asia and Pacific Social Work has their root with British and American colonization. Different welfare system exists in our part of the world in forms which are largely communal or tribal in context. Asia and Pacific region is quickly developing the field of social work. However, the pace of development is greatly varied with a number of countries still in its infant development with regard to the profession of social work. Nevertheless social work as a profession will grow in many countries in this region and increasingly Asia Pacific will make key contribution to international social work.

We are in Asia and the Pacific, not North America or Europe. The economic, political and social realities are vastly different. Its cultures and philosophies are as rich and varied. The Asia Pacific is a vast region with a wide span of land and sea masses covering the Middle East to the Pacific. It has many potentials and challenges.

Migration is part and parcel of our common history and the story continues to this day. Asia and Pacific becoming diverse not in different parts but within different countries.

Flavours and mix changes with different cultures and national origins interacting in very dynamic ways. Australia is one country in transition with pluralism taking more and more prominence. Australia's social work is more than half a century old and the curry here should get better with time.

I have great respect for social workers from Australia. I see Australia as a leader in developing social work in the Asia Pacific region. Share your basic recipe and allow experimentation and adaptation to new creative social work innovations for different social political and economic realities.

In the past years we see can see clearly how closely linked the economies are. In fact the susceptibility to regional and international fluctuations and turbulence are really felt especially in the past weeks. Seeing how intertwined our lives and societies are Australia's and indeed social works role is to be part of the action, which shapes our societies and the human community beyond one's borders.

VALUES AND PRINCIPLES FOR PRACTICE

To guide social work practice in Asia and the Pacific we need to look into the basic ingredients as well as the specific blends in terms of social work mission, values and principles.

Basic Ingredients The primary mission of social work is to promote the well being of people and the betterment of society. Social workers empower people for social change such that the circumstances and conditions of living enhance the livelihood of the citizens. Social work thus enables all people to develop their potentialities, prevent dysfunction and enrich their lives. The mission of social work to enhance social well being is accomplished through purposeful intervention or planned social change. The International Federation of Social Workers, acknowledging the dynamic nature of social work has attempted to define it as

"The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work."

From this definition we see social work as consisting of a set of knowledge and skills (Bartlett, 161) as well as values and ethics to guide professional practice towards social change.

Social Work Values. Social work practice is based on values and guided by professional code of ethics. Social work values are human ideals that of justice and human dignity and worth of the person regardless of gender, age or ethnicity, cultural background, physical ability or sexual orientation (Tan & Envall, 000). With these comes the desire for social justice and equality and social development for a better life. A violation of human life is a violation to the human race. It is suggested that the gap between values and reality is bridged by social work practice through the elimination of discrimination, injustice and oppression (Tan & Sridharan, 000). It is vital to develop a sense of human community. Social workers promote empowerment and social inclusion through active participation and practices within a code of ethics (IFSW14) subscribed by social work associations around the world. Social workers advocate for peace and non-violence as development and work towards the equality of opportunities for all people.

The values dominant in Asia and the Pacific includes the emphasis placed on the family, tribe or community. In living together the key is to attain harmony resolve conflicts through active consensus building. There is an overarching emphasis on development and tremendous respect for different people.

Asia Pacific is also a region known for its history of self help where the community naturally respond to individual and family needs. The real social network comprises of neighbours, kins and folks. In terms of values there is mix of tolerance and purpose, patience and longsuffering

Ethics The code of ethics governs social work practice in different countries. Ethics is vital and safeguard both clients and workers interest and provide guidelines for professional practice. In the recent Asia Pacific Social Work Conference the Ethics Interest Group met and had a good discussion. Issues associated with 'E Practice' are under consideration. Particular reference to the implications for ethical practice with indigenous persons, migrants and refugees. There is a concern that the emphasis of social work practice is on 'remedial practice'. The need for support for social workers who are, in their practice over social justice issues, at odds with the establishment or institutions, is recognized. Other issues in ethical practice included quality assurance, client protection, and the question of a need for 'regulation' in e-counselling, internet sexual trafficking, pornography, child sexual exploitation, and the matters of 'certification' processes and channels for grievance and complaints were also raised.

Principles of Social Work

Five principles and values for social work practice are extracted from social work practice in this region. They are development, prevention, integration, reconciliation and optimism. These values are particularly vital for Asian societies.

Development

The development of client system and the environmental supports is a key principle in social work practice. Development of people, groups, communities and societies. Skills development such as enhancing their positive coping in the relationship between parents and children is one example. Strong emphasis on developing client potentials and in restoring proper functioning of client system. Autonomy together with personal and system growth is also emphasised.

Prevention

Prevention deals with underlying issues presented by the clients and enhancing their skills and abilities. Examples of prevention include the development of coping capacities and the engagement of clients in constructive activities. Training in social skills is vital for prevention. Another principle in practice is to avoid stigmatising clients thus preventing any negative effects of contracting social services.

Prevention deals with underlying issues of the causes of problems. It is in moving from superficial symptomatic treatment in addressing underlying issues that we can effectively prevent future problems from rising.

Integration

Integration of various methods of social work to provide a more comprehensive intervention is observed as a regular feature of practice in many of the models of social work practices in our region.

This includes the integration to society and the normalizing the marginalised, poor and those with special needs into mainstream society.

Integration of methods

Individual counselling, groupwork, family intervention, community resource mobilisation are some of the methods and social work intervention. The integration of culturally appropriate methods is also a growing concern amongst social work practitioners. It is important not to segmentise social work methods but to use appropriate methods in view of clients needs.

Integration of services means connective services, both within and outside the agency. The units of attention for the social worker include both the individuals and their families. Family involvement is often required in the social work process. This is contrasted with the individualistic approach of other social work models. On a broader scale intervention also considers what is good for community and society at large. Social work needs to move towards holistic integrated service delivery.

Reconciliation

Social workers mediate various conflicting needs and demands of the client and social systems. Mediation in relationship is a key approach to resolving conflicts. The interaction bet people and other people and the social systems is a specialty of social work.

Social workers attempt at reconciliation of clients and agency and society. In dealing with change social workers look at alternatives to conflict such as consensus building as possible strategies.

Optimism

Optimism provides the energy for social work practice. There is a strong believe in the ability to change in positive directions. For example, social workers emphasised the ability of clients to improve and enhance their improve social functioning with family's and communitys support.

Other values include human dignity, personal and community responsibility, self-determination and social justice. Since these are values commonly discussed in social work literature they will not be elaborated in this paper.

Trends and Issues in Social Work

Asia Pacific exists within global contexts, as with lessons from the recent incident in New York and Washington. The events in different countries influence all of us. Some of the issues affecting Asian Pacific social work raised at the recent regional meeting in Singapore included new paradigms and social cultural transformation, economic and political collaborations, and social work and peace.

Social-cultural transformation Modernization, the flow of information technology and increasing urbanization of rural communities has brought many cultures into contact with each other. New ways of thinking has impact on all areas of life. Social work needs to position itself in this stream of change will decide its future relevance and opportunity for service.

Societal change has been brought about by developments in informational technology. There is a need to improve on its scope, effectiveness and efficiency of work through the appropriate use of technology.

Economic and political collaborations Social work needs to take a renewed look at the interface between developing and developed economies, politics, governance, international relations and legal regimes to discover important implications for social work training, practice and advocacy.

New partnerships, new paradigms. Social work needs to forge more effective partnerships with civic society, self-help and other grassroots movement, business, multinationals and the government for resource mobilization and for a more effective, penetrating, collaborative, multi-pronged and energetic response to social problems and community concerns.

Social work and peace. Social work can contribute towards fostering understanding, tolerance, mutual appreciation and peaceable living among peoples of the world. Contributions to peace by social work as a world profession is founded goodwill even in these days of discord.

Social work across borders addresses such issues as collaborative advocacy and direct practice across borders to attend to transnational issues such as environmental concerns, Aids epidemic, sex trade, conjoint needs of migrant workers in host countries and their families back home are some of the issues social workers address.

SOCIAL WORK STRATEGIES

Relevance of social work in midst of change. The issues of poverty, housing, health and education are key in social development. Inequities between rich and poor are especially heightened with the Knowledge Based Economy. Those with resources advance at greater pace. Can Asia Pacific countries leapfrog to new era of civilisation. With certain political stability, economic growth and social development has hope.

There is an urgent need for renewed social work strategies, including social development and reconstruction, collaborations, peacemaking, to deal with economic, political and social realities.

Social Work and Social Development

Social work's contribution towards social reconstruction and development primarily is in the area of values and methodology. Social works community organising and community development strategies are particularly useful. Social reconstruction whether it is in East Timor or Kuwait or Asia and the Pacific, involves enhanced societal well being.

Social work input in enhancing community participation and development is another vital practice focus. In social reconstruction, modern housing estates have replaced slums and squatter settlements. Community organizers have assisted in the development of resident organizations and the renewal process for indigenous grassroots leadership (Vasoo, 14). Social and community bonding and self-help strategies are vital for enhancing societal well-being.

Clinical social work is important and will always be here to stay but we must move beyond casework to be part of broader social action, Social workers come in all shapes and sizes and the enormousity of problems in this region are war, ethnic conflicts and tensions, poverty and social dislocations, movement of people, economic and political disenfrenchisement requires strategic approaches.

At the practice level emphasis and allocation of resources for macro level practice is vital. We must encourage our colleagues in these countries to be involved in political offices as well as in planning and policy making.

There are 17 member countries in this region Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand including several provisional members Kryrgst Republic, Lebanon, Mongolia.

One of the keys to developing social work is the development of potential professional associations. Potential members are Bangladesh, Pakistan, Fiji, Indonesia, Laos and Vietnam. We are actively communicating with Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia and hope to have these national associations of social work join the IFSW family soon.

Focus on social work and the development of national association of social workers which include the coordination, organization, mission, leadership and management of professional association and discussions on professional standards and training, certification/licensing of social workers.

In conjunction with the recent Asia Pacific Conference, workshops on "Social Work Leadership and Development", were organized by IFSW (Asia Pacific). This is a strategy for membership development for IFSW. The workshops are part of the Asia Pacific development plans which include

Increased efforts to engage social workers in the Asia & Pacific region where there is not yet a national social work association.

Increased support for member nations still in the early stages of organisational establishment and development. A number of member countries may need direct support as well as organisational development and training.

Regional development as requiring more than just the engagement of social workers in the newly emerging nations. Long established member nations are encouraged to seek out new creative partnerships and collaborative activities to further consolidate the extensive regional opportunities for development.

The focus of development is in on engaging family-centred and community based social services and the development of family and social policy and programmes.

Collaborations.

Social reconstruction in conflicted areas East Timor, Laos and different regions in Asia and the Pacific. Many of the families have been observers or victims of violence themselves. Reconstruction involves healing, practical aids to families, stabilizing community disruptions and rebuilding local leadership. Many players share in work of community rebuilding international bodies, both government as well as local and international NGOs, private agencies and citizen groups.

Both government and NGOs are necessary for social development and social reconstruction. Many helping hands, of politicians, economists to social planners and social workers are needed for planned social change. The partnership of professional organizations is also a key factor in social development. Professionals offer expertise needed in social development. Different professional working together provide valuable resources for professional networking and societal contribution.

This is the day and age where we hear of many mergers and acquisitions. Of course we are weary of hostile take-overs but we should be increasingly open to collaborative social work enterprises. It makes sense to pool resources of social work agencies and local enterprises for regional and national development. IFSW (AP) and APASWE are working on joint projects eg. social reconstruction of East Timor. This is envisaged as part of a multi disciplinary team.

At the international arena IFSW and IASSW have agreed to work together on human rights issues. IFSW is able to act as collective force to represent any social worker who may be subjected to human rights abuses. The Standards Committee, a joint IASSW and IFSW initiative, have identified a host of issues under consideration include minimum standards for social work education/training, standards for distance education programmes, student enrollments concerns and emphasis by training institutions to obtain numbers of students.

The Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work, a collaborative project with APASWE and NUS is in its 11th year of publication. Practitioners and teachers should collaborate in joint research and publications. The documentation of indigenous social work practice will heighten awareness of local approaches and sharpen professional practice.

There is a need for establishing practical linkages between welfare economics and welfare politics. The links must start at the university and professional training. We must move from a parochial vision towards broad interdisciplinary training. Link with economics, political and legal departments through continuing education and the development in political and legal structures for change is necessary.

Networking of professionals from different sectors, regions and countries as well as national, regional and international levels provide the links with expertise for social change. Network of different organisations and resources, especially religious, community and clan groups, are especially essential for effective support.

Models of social work intervention in the development of social well-being as a collaborative task of government, public and private enterprise. Corporate, community as well as individual responsibility are emphasised. It makes sense to pool resources of social work agencies and local enterprises for regional and national development. Development of government corporate private partnerships in building social well being. New social contract for a cohesive and integrated society where cultural strengths are emphasised and interact for common good of all.

Development of social work education and professional training and development of social work students and graduates is vital. It is also to discuss common issues and responses to meet the challenges of the new millennium. Overall the program aims at development of leadership in social work and the building a strong professional organisation within the countries represented. Specific skills and expertise in the planning of intervention with families will be given.

Through social development and resource exchange there is the potential to develop a distinctive and innovative social work skills and knowledge bank in this region. There are possibilities for these developments to lead to substantial resource exchanges between nations. Such development could create an environment in which social workers could contribute more frequently alongside colleagues from various fields to social development work and community capacity building.

With the emergence of new forms of electronic communication and the broader prospects for skill exchanges and sharing, regionally based social workers now have the chance to make significant contributions not only to social development in their own nations but also to development in other member nations within this vast IFSW region.

Peacemaking

The coexistence and enrichment of different cultural, historical, political and social systems within which social workers in this region contend with clearly demonstrated by the enormous geographic spread of the nations and cultures within the IFSW Asia & Pacific the region.

Migration and impact of movement of people. The economic, political motivation behind migration is the search for better livelihood. New highways of human contact still need the personal touch of human and community relationship.

Public response to large-scale disaster taps not only a vein of civic consciousness, but also the need to develop participation of citizens in community concerns. The harnessing of community resources to augment professional helping is vital in large-scale social disruptions, whether by earthquake, air crash or war.

Social Workers as advocates of social justice for the minority groups. Specifically, social work advocates for policies, which are likely to promote sustained economic along with social development to enhance economic well-being and social security of the different groups. Social policy, which integrates economic and social spheres, is preferred.

In considering the models of ethnic relation social workers promotes social integration and self-determination rather than segregation. The principle utilized in social work are that of solidarity and empowerment amongst the different ethnic groups, especially the disenfranchised minorities. Social workers encourage the disadvantages group to actively participate in social economic and political life of the community.

In sustaining change efforts social workers seek to develop indigenous ethnic and societal structures which guarantee a place for minority ethnic groups. In the long run, prevention strategies such as encouraging education and promoting understanding and tolerance in multicultural societies are vital.

Legal provisions to safeguard fundamental human rights and an independent judiciary are essential in mitigating minorities fears against discrimination. Specific law and actions directed against those who stir up ethnic hatred and commit acts of ethnic harassment and violence.

In terms of community building, there is a need to create a sense of national identity and unity among their diverse ethnic groups so as to maintain peace and economic development. In making peace and avoiding conflict and violence, the well being of all people are safeguarded.

While assimilation has deleterious effects on the minority population, segregation brings about fear and distrust. Tolerance is essential but it is a passive stance which needs a more active and integrative resolution. In the long run, multiculturalism tends to enhance the strengths and identity of the various groups. The models of ethnic relation adopted must fit the society and context.

Potentials in Asia Pacific Social Work

It can be argued for instance, that there is a growing potential for Asia and Pacific regional social work representatives to contribute significantly to the drafting of international social policy statements. These are increasingly contributing to international peak body policy decision-making in areas of social development.

However, timely and culturally-appropriate participation does not only depend on the willing and skilful participation of social workers from individual nations. It also depends on the existence and quality of acceptable regional decision-making structures. IFSW is working on a model to strengthen regional social work initiatives. With such models in place, social workers are then able to address the many social development issues now reaching beyond individual national borders and which concern everyone.

At the national, regional and global levels social work must deal with macro economic policies for example, the structure of poverty such as the production of essential goods and services and the distribution of wealth within and between countries. Midgley (15) in advocating the social development approach provides a new rationale for helping the poor that relies on the notion of social investments and demands a clear economic return for government programs. He discusses an integrated model for economic development, which combines social policies so that welfare programs will not rely on cash benefits but on investments, which encourages independence and meet social needs.

As provided in the commentary of IFSW's definition of social work, the focus of the social work will "vary from country to country and from time to time depending on the primary needs of the people served". This not only provides for versatility and adaptability of the social work profession but also the relevance to different countries according to the context of practice.

Asian and Pacific social work orientation is more community focused, especially social work in rural settings. Prevention and developmental strategies need to be systematically incorporated in social work intervention. For example intervention approaches involving 'gotong royong' or community self-help, mediation of conflicts using indigenous leaders, 'kong-si' or mutual aid associations amongst clan or ethnic groups, would more effectively take into account cultural differences in intervention and be more acceptable.

A pragmatic orientation in social intervention which emphasises the need to strengthen families and communities and help them adapt and cope in the rapidly changing social system is advocated. For example, a preventive approach to dealing with family life, keeping father's involved in families, getting neighbours and relatives to help out are closer to our cultural values. Programmes which develop families and community would see greater social work participation.

Broader social work intervention including administration, policy and programmes and institutional approaches to social security, housing and health care need to be included in models of social work practice.

Conclusions

Social work provides concepts and methods as well as values and principles for practical intervention at the various levels. The ability to rally various sectors of the community including government and non government organizations in furthering social economic well being of the citizens is a real contribution of social work amongst the helping professions. Professional organizations are vital in providing the support in terms of the knowledge and approaches towards social development.

Good models of social work practice should be objective, usable, adequate and ethical (Thomas, 18). The models had been developed from the ground but there inevitably remains remnants of adaptation of western social work practice and literature. The principles and technologies developed still need to be empirically tested and further refined. Social work development in Asia and the Pacific, I believe, is taking off and redefining itself in the midst of change.

Since 'welfare' appears to be an unacceptable term in a number of Asian and Pacific countries, the concept of total economic and social well-being should remain the task of social workers in this region. As is the nature of Asian and Pacific countries to include kinship networks in helping joining the private sectors, communities and families, the concept of many helping hands, as an approach to dealing with social issues and problems, would be akin to our way of life. In view of the broad scope of social work intervention and the issues confronting our diverse societies, the future role of social workers in Asia and Pacific would indeed have to be very versatile and challenging.

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