Determining if a Substance is a Sugar, a Starch, a Protein, or a Lipid

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We were given four unknown substances (A, B, C and D), and we had to figure out which one was a sugar, a starch, a protein, or a lipid. What did we do? We performed four simple tests that, for the most part, with a color change told us the results. We did them one at a time so we could eliminate a substance per test. The first test we did was the Biuret test in which we found that none of the substances were proteins, and; therefore we could not eliminate any of the substances. Second, we did the Benedict's test in which we only saw a change in substance A, which lead us to believe that substance A was a sugar. After eliminating substance A, we did the brown paper test that does not have a color change for a result but lives an oil spot which is simple to identify. The presence of an oil spot on the brown paper told us that substance C was a lipid. Finally, we preformed the iodine test on the last two substances, which showed us that substance B was starch because it reacted and changed color from yellow to black.

Introduction

Three types of organic polymers are proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. These polymers are composed of monomers. The monomers of proteins are amino acids; the monomers of carbohydrates are sugars; and the monomers of lipids are fatty acids. In this experiment, we will be studying the chemical composition of carbohydrates (sugar and starches), proteins and lipids.

Scientists have different tests or experiments the can be preformed in substances to figure out the substances' chemical composition. We will be using four types of tests to identify the chemical composition of four unknown substances. We are especially interested in finding out which substance is a sugar, a starch, a protein, or a lipid. The four tests that will be used are the Benedict's, iodine, Biuret, and brown paper tests. First, the Benedict's test is used to determine if a substance contains a sugar. Second, the iodine test helps us figure out if a substance contains a starch. Third, the Biuret test identifies proteins in substances. Finally, the brown paper test helps to recognize if a substance is a lipid. In the first three tests a color change will let us know which substance is what. In the Benedict's test, the substance that turns from blue to brown or green will be a sugar. For the iodine test the substance that is a starch will turn black when iodine is added. Similarly, in the Biuret test the substance that turns purple will be a protein. However, in the brown paper test we are not looking for a color change but since "fats do not evaporate from brown paper; instead they leave an oily spot," we are looking for an oily spot (Mader 00). Cheap College Papers on Determining if a Substance is a Sugar, a Starch, a Protein, or a Lipid

The four unknown substances are labeled A, B, C, and D. Substance A and D are clear colored liquids and we suspect that one of these substances is our control, in other words water and that the other is a protein or a sugar. Substance B appears to be dried potato flakes; therefore, we suspect that this will test positive to starch in the iodine test. Lastly, we suspect, because substance D looks oily like lard or cream, that D is a lipid and will test positive in the brown paper test.

Materials and Method

One of the experience's purposes was to reveal which substance A, B, C or D was a protein. The test preformed was the Biuret test, which tests substances for protein. The first thing we did was gather all our materials. The materials used were substance A, B, C, and D, four test tubes, a test tube stand, a wax pencil, a millimeter ruler, biuret reagent, and a dropper. Second, we marked the test tubes by using the wax pencil and ruler at the two, and four-centimeter levels and marked each with a letter of a corresponding substance. Third, we filled test tube A with substance A up to the first mark on the tube. Then, we did same thing with the rest the substances. Fourth, we filled the test tubes with Biuret reagent up to the second mark. At this point, we could see if a change in color had taken place. We recorded our finding using a table, which stated which substance tested positive or negative in the Biuret test.

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Is T.s Eliot's poetry appreciated in modern society?

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"Of withered leaves about your feet…You dozed, and watched the night revealing, the thousand sordid images …Of which your soul was constituted…The notion of some infinitely gentle, infinitely suffering thing."(Preludes) These are one of the many demoralizing lines found in Eliot's poetry.

T.S. Eliot is considered to be one of the most prominent poets and playwrights of his time and his works are said to have promoted to "reshape modern literature" (Britannica). He was born in 1888 in St. Louis, Missouri and studied at Harvard and Oxford. It was at Harvard where he met his guide and mentor Ezra Pound, a well-known modernist poet. Pound encouraged Eliot to expand his writing abilities and publish his work. His published work was alarming and little to find enjoying. He gained the ability to write poetry filled with wisdom while adding his own passionate language. Eliot received the Nobel Peace Prize for literature in 148. His poetic nature changed as he matured and the issues that associated society. Irrespective of the subject Eliot's themes were cynical and pessimistic that emphasized society's role. As a whole, the works of T.S. Eliot an influential pessimist depicted the public's position as a moving culture faced with conflict.

As a radical innovator whose poetry represented the harsh realities of England in the 10s, T. S Eliot magnified England's society through a fine tooth comb. Incidentally England was then an expanding industrialized empire and did little to mollify the working class, whose political discontent was no doubt aggravated by the social upheaval, brought about by the Industrial Revolution.

The 114-18 war marked the end of the Victorian-Edwardian age, it was described as an age of social, political, economical reformation in society, where one sought to erase the old order and replace it with a completely new set of values. But Eliot was never interested though contented to examine the habits of the old order and contrast them with the new hopes and fears without offering solution. Such an example is 'Ash Wednesday'.

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Mainly in free verse his careful choice of descriptive words is the main reason why his poems are constantly discussed. Eliot's poems one might say are nauseating because of the strong courage he exerts to emphasize his perception. Society in 10s neither expected, nor was ready for Eliot's view of the world. They were disgusted and appalled by Eliot's poetry soon to realize it was their lives he was articulating.

An example of one of his poetry is the 'Morning at Window', where strong effective words are used such as "rattling", "sprouting despondently", "trampled "aimless" all conjuring a bleak mundane atmosphere. In this poem Eliot slightly advocates to the lower class. He repeats similar words throughout his poems, words he really likes and adds the undercurrent of irony. An example is "twisted" where he uses "Twisted faces" in 'Morning at the Window', "Twists like a crooked pin" and in the same poem "last twist of the knife" (Rhapsody of a Windy Night). Readers realize he is not merely poetic out of anger but finds joy out of creating cynical expressions and gasp at his menacing character.

He's indeed articulate to an extent that even his poetic structure relates to the theme. For example there isn't any punctuation in 'Morning at Window" till the end of each stanza. The continuity of long sentences suggests the long monotonous life of the servants who are metaphorically revealed in the poem.

A similarity that occurs in all his poems is the first stanza where he sets the scenes, which are mainly murky and dark. All seem to have a penetrating aura of magic "lunar incantations" (Rhapsody of a Windy Night) but are distort and destroyed by the realities of the actual town and its events. In 'Rhapsody of a Windy Night' a misanthropic poem, is Eliot's description of a working nightmare. Lines like "Dissolve the floors of memory", "Madman shakes a dead geranium" all evoke a sense of violence and aggression. From the beginning Eliot's epigraphs and opening lines alarms the readers whether to continue reading or not.

Even phonetics played a big part in his poems, with certain letters deliberately repeated to emphasize and establishing the tone and point of the poem. Certain strong s-sounds "scuttling across the silent seas" (The Love Song by J.Alfred Prufrock) emphasizes lack of purpose. Certain "t" sounds are also used commonly in most of his poems - "And now a gusty shower wraps" (Preludes), "The street-lamp sputtered, the street lamp muttered" again to emphasize his point.

Eliot's awareness and knowledge of different languages are clarified through his extensive use of other languages especially French supposedly the "language of love."

He uses it to express his point clearly and sometimes in languages words may have a deeper meaning to get the gist of an emotion. Such examples are "cauchemar" (Portrait of a Lady) and "La lune ne garde aucune rancune" (Rhapsody of a Windy Night) even in French he malignly describes society.

Generally the personas in his poems are on a journey, which lasts throughout the poem and appears to have no fixed destination. Only in the physical sense do they seem to be going nowhere and this is due to the fact that in both an emotional and intellectual perception each persona reaches some kind of awareness. (E.g. The loved song by J. Alfred Prufrock) All of the themes in his poems can be briefly summarized as issues relating to social classes and their mistreatment, fulfilled longing desires, loneliness, relationship misfortunes, anti-Semitic, antifeminist etc. His poems are journeys that penetrate deep inside his subject and theme which are all pessimistic.

He entertains and keeps the excitement and tone upbeat by repeating phrases to form a sort of chorus to a song. We tend to sing to the chorus of a song first then learn the whole song; similarly here his main theme is illustrated in the repetitive phrases. Especially his long poems where he establishes the scene in his first two stanzas, describes subject in the rest but the second last stanzas usually express an insight to a fantasy, a positive image, a hope in life then he naughtily drowns and dissolves such thoughts with sordid paradox images in the remaining last lines. "Till humans voices wake us, and we drown." (The loved song by J. Alfred Prufrock)

The modern reader may find T.S Eliot's poems distasteful and hostile due to the cynical perspective he portrays in his poetry. He informs the reader of certain human circumstances whether they are resplendent or disturbing. Many of his poems are associated with death and dreadful elements. Although one might occasionally, want a reality check a subtle approach would be appreciated but Eliot's emphasizes and reiterates the sufferings of life. Death, loss, failure, misfortunes that all relate to today's society in nature. Modern readers would find little to enjoy because the elements criticised are still issues discussed today.

Sexual discourse, relationship misfortunes, suppressed emotions etc, are all current issues of society. Being anti-feminist (lines 16-0 Rhapsody of a Windy Night) in today's society isn't popular because of the large amount of opinionative women, his poetries would be left isolated.

Personally I enjoy T.S Eliot's poetry solely because of his sceptical view and his articulate phrases that conjure forceful images, emphasizing the ironic truth. Eliot in his time was an individual who passionately connected to society by providing a window into individual thoughts, while everyone was too ignorant and afraid to allow themselves to question. He expressed the hurtful truth. For someone engrossed to produce vivid pessimistic imagery, I do believe he had experience his themes expressed in his poetry, during his life.

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Organisational Culture

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The organization I work for is Soft Craft Systems, an Information Technology (IT) company based in Tokai, Cape Town. The company promotes a family like culture and has grown out of this. In the seven years Soft Craft has been in existence, the company has grown from two to the current twenty employees. There is some gender bias in that, of Soft Craft's twenty employees, only two are females. The directors have been looking at ways of addressing this imbalance, yet females in the IT sector seem to be higher sought after, so they have not found it easy to begin building a more balanced workforce.

I have been with Soft Craft for three and a half years so have been part of some interesting developmental phases within the company as we seek to move forward in the business world. Management encourages the entrepreneurial spirit within the employees and is very supportive of any initiative shown on the part of the employees. As a result, employees are given some amount of freedom in that they are able to explore various ideas with the backing of the company. This has been borne out of a desire to expand the company into a successful business enterprise. Creativity and innovation are thus encouraged within the employees.

Organizational culture can be defined as a cognitive framework consisting of attitudes, values, behavioural norms, and expectations shared by the organizational members (Shein in Baron & Greenberg, 1). At the root of any organizational culture is a set of core characteristics that are collectively valued by the members. Characteristics that are considered to be particularly important are sensitivity to the needs of customers and employees, freedom to initiate new ideas, willingness to tolerate taking risks and openness to communication options (Martin in Baron & Greenberg, 1). After doing an employee survey was conducted among the employees last year, Soft Craft has been addressing all the above-mentioned areas in developing a culture that best represents everyone that is part of the organization.

While most organisations typically have a dominant culture, this culture is normally made up of a number of subcultures, depending on the size of the organization. A dominant culture reflects the organisation's core values and the dominant perceptions that are generally shared throughout the organisation. An organisation's culture provides a sense of identity for the members and the more clearly an organisation's shared perceptions and values are defined, the more strongly people can associate themselves with the organisation's mission and can feel that they are a vital part of it. A second important function of culture is generating commitment to the organisation's mission. When there is a strong, overarching culture, people feel they are part of a larger, well-defined whole and are involved in the entire organisation's work. Bigger than any one individual's interests, culture reminds people what their organisation is all about.

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A third important function of culture is to clarify and to reinforce standards of behaviour, which is essential for newcomers, but is also beneficial for seasoned veterans. In essence, culture guides the employees' words and deeds, thus making it clear what they might do or say in any given situation. In this sense, it provides stability to behaviour, both what an individual might do at different times and what different individuals might do at the same time.

One system for categorizing varieties of organizational culture is known as the double S cube, which characterizes culture along two independent dimensions, both of which begin with the letter "S", sociability and solidarity. The sociability dimension is a measure of the friendliness of an organisation's members. Among the first things a new employee notices about a company is its degree of sociability. Some companies are very friendly and have people who always socialize and go out together (i.e. high sociability). Others are composed of people who largely refrain from socializing and who stick to themselves (i.e. low sociability). Sociability has both a positive side and a negative side. On the positive side, sociability helps to promote creativity, because it encourages people to work together in teams and to share information, there by making them open to new ideas (Amabile in Baron & Greenberg, 1). On the other side, sociability may cause workers to form informal cliques that can become so influential they actually subvert the decision-making process. In keeping with this idea, members of highly sociable groups may be reluctant to disagree or to criticize each other, thus possibly leading to groupthink.

Solidarity focuses on the extent to which people share a common understanding of the organisation's tasks and goals. In organisations with a high degree of solidarity, employees tend to stick together in a highly focused way to accomplish an agreed-on goal. By combining high and low levels of both sociability and solidarity, four basic types of organizational culture can be identified.

Networked cultures are characterized by high sociability and low solidarity. They are extremely friendly and light-hearted in style. People tend to keep their doors open and they tend to talk about business in a casual, informal manner. They tend to socialize regularly and get to know each other quickly, feeling part of the group. The mercenary culture is characterized by low sociability and high solidarity. People are highly focused on pulling together to get the job done. Communication tends to be swift, direct and handled in a no-nonsense way. A business-like manner predominates and chatting is not encouraged, because it is considered to be a waste of time. Winning is considered everything and people are considered to put in whatever time is necessary to make that happen.

The fragmented culture is characterized by low sociability and low solidarity. People are likely to have little contact with their associates and only talk to each other when it is necessary, but generally leave each other alone. Members of a fragmented culture do not identify with the organisation in which they work, but rather identify with their profession. The communal culture is characterized by high sociability and high solidarity. People are very friendly and get along both personally and professionally. Communal cultures wisely exist among many computer-related companies. Since individuals in such organisations tend to share so many things, communication flows easily across people at all levels of the organisation and in all formats. Employees strongly identify with communal organisations and wear the company logo and support the organisation when talking with outsiders.

In terms of this model, I would classify Soft Craft's culture as communal, having progressed through both a mercenary culture and a networked culture. When I first joined Soft Craft, the attitudes and views of the founders predominated in Soft Craft and the culture tended towards the mercenary. The focus was very much on getting the job done and the atmosphere was a lot more formal. Employees would be encouraged to "put in the hours" and this was seen as being a sign of commitment to the company. Since then the management team has undertaken to listen to the needs of the employees and as a result a more communal culture has emerged. This transformation of culture was initiated by a company survey done by the employees to determine their perceptions, values and opinions. As a direct result of this, and through the intervention of a human resources specialist, communication was opened up between employees and management such that the culture has shifted toward a communal one.

Another key event in the shift toward a communal culture was a strategic planning workshop where, guided by the same HR specialist, the employees together with management created the company's mission and vision. Each person was given a chance to give their input on various matters and employees felt valued and appreciated. Nowadays, employees are given the freedom to express any concerns or issues they may have at bi-monthly staff meetings or access to the services of an HR consultant should they wish to discuss any company or personal problems. These issues are then discussed openly and honestly with management and the relevant employees.

Employees have also been encouraged to bring in new business through an incentive scheme whereby they receive a commission. New ideas are encouraged and employees are given the chance to try out these ideas in the market if they are considered promising business propositions. This gives the employees greater freedom to explore their creativity and to express who they are through their work.

The company encourages creativity and innovation. Creativity in individuals and teams involves three skills, domain-relevant skills, creativity-relevant skills, and intrinsic task motivation. Domain-relevant skills refer to those skills and abilities an employee already have. There must be the capacity to perform a certain task at even a basic level for creativity to be present. Creativity also involves special abilities that help people approach what they do in novel ways. Creativity is enhanced when people do not limit themselves to the old way of doing things they think outside the box, break mental sets and take new perspectives. Considering complex ways in which ideas interrelate and understanding these relationships also leads to creativity. Creative people consider all options and avoid premature judgments. Productive forgetting, which is the ability to abandon unproductive ideas and set aside stubborn problems, is also a skill which leads to creativity. People also sometimes follow certain strategies known as creativity heuristics to help them come up with new and creative ideas. These are rules people follow to help them approach tasks in novel ways.

For creativity to be present, people must not only have the creative skills, but must also be willing to perform the task in question, which is referred to as intrinsic task motivation. When a person has a personal interest in the task, intrinsic motivation is said to be high as the person will be motivated to perform the task and do it creatively. Task motivation is also high when the person perceives that he or she ahs internal reasons to perform the task. People who come to believe they are performing a task for some external reason, such as high pay or pressure from a boss, are unlikely to find the work inherently interesting and are unlikely to show creativity when performing it.

Innovation may be defined as the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organisation. Organizational innovation requires that organizations have the kind of cultures that encourage innovation and this normally starts with management. Innovation also requires that an organisation has the resources to be innovative. Unless an organisation has the necessary skilled people and finances available with which to innovate, stagnation is likely to result. An organisation must also have the skills in innovation management, most importantly, balance. Specifically, managers promote innovation when they show balance with respect to three key matters goals, reward systems and time pressure. Goals should be linked to the company mission but not too specific and reward systems should generously and fairly recognize one's contributions, but should not be so specific that they connect every move to a bonus or monetary reward. Innovation also requires carefully balancing the time pressures under which employees are placed. If such pressures are too great, people maybe unimaginative and offer routine solutions and if they are too weak, employees may have no sense of urgency or believe that the project is not important enough to warrant any creative attention on their part.

The management Soft Craft has taken on seeking the balance in innovation management. They seek to encourage creativity and strive for Soft Craft to be an innovative organisation. They have made a concerted effort to understand the factors that contribute to creativity and innovation and actively encourage these qualities within the employees of the organisation.

New employees are made to feel welcome in Soft Craft and encouraged to express their unique skills and character within the organization. As expected, Soft Craft is generally very specific with regards the employees it employs and they are generally handpicked for a special quality they can bring to the organisation. Management employs people that are considered creative and innovative and who will bring a unique quality to the organisation. Employees are made to feel valued and appreciated.

Soft Craft has a process that is followed when new employees join the organisation. Employees are initially welcomed by the management team and are then guided through an orientation and induction process. He or she is introduced to each employee and is also formally welcomed at the next staff meeting. Once the employee has completed a form to capture all his or her important personal details and to set up their email and logon accounts, they are given policies and procedures document to read through. This document contains information about the processes that are followed within the organisation with regards to email policies, telephone answering, office security procedures, salary and bonus expectations, the performance appraisal process, the annual leave policy, time-keeping requirements, client expectations and technical procedures. After reading through this document, the employee has a good idea of what is expected of them in terms of what to do and what not to do. He or she should also get a sense of the culture of the organisation.

The management of Soft Craft is continually looking at ways of improving the culture of the organisation. They have taken on understanding the people dynamics of the organisation as well as the role that they play in leading and shaping the culture of the organisation. An employee satisfaction survey that was run within the organisation last year highlighted the perceptions and concerns of the employees and management has undertaken to address these concerns to create a successful environment in which creativity and innovation are encouraged. This process has lead to employee empowerment, as employees are encouraged to take on more responsibility for creating the company that they want. I have been involved in this organizational change process and will continue to suggest ways to improve the organisation.

Soft Craft has undergone the unfreezing process described by theorists. Unfreezing refers to the process of recognizing that the current state of affairs as undesirable. This has resulted in changes in organizational structure as the balance of power has shifted from management to employees. Management still have the final say on matters and guide the employees in maintaining set standards, but employees have been given the freedom to take on more responsibility and have a say in the decision making process. More recent changes have been brought about due to the realization that the company needs to generate more income through new business and this has encouraged the entrepreneurial spirit within the organisation, as well as having the effect that each employee realizes that their contribution to the bottom line is important. This has stimulated a sense of urgency within the organisation.

The majority of the employees seem to welcome the change, while some find it unsettling, as they have been comfortable with the way things have been up until recently. These employee's concerns have been addressed and they have been encouraged to embrace the organizational change and contribute to the organisation to ensure its success. Overcoming the resistance to change within the mindsets of management as well as employees is perhaps one of the challenges that Soft Craft faces. There are various ways that resistance to organizational change may be overcome.

For change to be accepted it is important to win the support of the most powerful and influential individuals in the company. This has been the case with Soft Craft as management has been the driving force behind the transformation process. Sometimes people are reluctant to change because they fear what the future has in store, especially around economic security. As part of educating employees about what organsational change may mean for them, top management must show considerable emotional sensitivity. This has improved tremendously in Soft Craft and employees are beginning to realize that management considers the best interests of everyone before making decisions.

People who participate in making a decision tend to be more committed to the outcome than those who are not involved. The management of Soft Craft have recognized this and have involved employees in the decision making process with regards company strategy and the development of the mission and vision of the company. Another successful way to facilitate organizational change is rewarding people for behaving in the desired fashion. Feedback on the progress of employees in this regard is important.

Organizations that have developed the capacity to adapt and to change continuously are known as learning organizations. In these organizations, people set aside their old ways of thinking, freely share ideas with others, form a vision for the organisation, and work together on a plan for achieving that vision. To become a continual learner, management must establish a commitment to change, adopt an informal organizational structure and develop an open organizational culture. In these terms, Soft Craft is a continual learning organisation.

We have also been on a number of team building exercises, which have been successful in terms of encouraging employees to get to know one another in an informal environment away from the office. Further team building exercises are being planned and are becoming a regular activity within the organisation. Another process that was implemented to encourage commitment and engender a sense of fun into the organisation was the initiation of a team competition. The employees have been divided into three teams and accumulate points each month based on hours worked, time keeping, and generating new business. There is a monthly prize for the team with the most points as well as a grand prize at the end of the year. This concept has worked well and has created a sense of friendly competition, teamwork and creativity.

It seems that the transformation the organisation is undergoing is related to the growth and willingness to listen that management have undertaken. This has been filtering down to the employees and has created a learning atmosphere within the organisation. People have learnt to accept the views of others and there has been increased tolerance for individual differences. This has been encouraged through open discussions, which have become part of the culture of Soft Craft.

Further improvement in the culture of Soft Craft is being sought by both management and the employees and with the guidance of an HR consultant, from whom I am learning a great deal, a continual process of growth has been created within the organisation, both from an individual perspective and an organisational perspective. It is interesting and exciting to be involved in this process and to be consulted on various issues where I am given the freedom to express my thoughts and contribute to the growth and success of the company. Cox, T. (11). The multicultural organisation. Academy of Management Executive, 5(), 4-47.

Greenberg, J. & Baron, R.A. (000). Behaviour in organizations (7th ed.) New Jersey, Prentice Hall.

Ivancevich, J.M. & Matteson, M.T. (16). Organizational behaviour and management (4th ed.) United States, Irwin.

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Reflective Essay : coping with bereavment

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Reflective Essay Coping With Bereavement

Death. It was never really an issue that I had to face in my family until recently. Okay, well apart from a few beloved childhood pets but it's not the same. I still have both sets of grandparents and many great aunts and uncles. I'm even blessed still to have my great granny whose fighting fit and approaching her ninety- sixth birthday next month. Death. It's such a horrible part of life, don't you think? It's what took Sam away from us. A dad of two, only in his mid forties, still in the prime of his life. He was forty-five when he "passed on". Forty-five. That's not old. It wouldn't have been so hard to face if it was some "poor wrinkly old buddy," lying bed ridden for years upon end. But it wasn't, it was our Sam. Sam my dad's best friend and also my best friend's dad. I realise that everyone must die some day and nobody can live forever but it wasn't his turn. Not yet.

It was that dreaded "mass murderer" who killed him. The killer who claims millions of lives per year. You may have heard of him he goes by the name of … Cancer. It started off as what was believed to be a bug but progressed and evolved into that treacherous disease that took his life.

Isn't it sad how some people could foolishly choose to abuse their bodies, inflicting disease on themselves with alcohol, cigarettes and drugs when others have no choice at all. This was the case with Sam. He was an enthusiastic footballer and keen golfer who didn't smoke or drink alcohol and yet, fate's path led him down that ever-fearful road the road of no return. This has changed my perception of justice in the world. Before, I thought that if someone took care of themselves by eating healthy and taking exercise they would naturally live longer. Now, however, I have realised that it doesn't make a difference.Buy cheap Reflective Essay : coping with bereavment term paper

I'll never forget my dad's phone call telling me that Sam had been diagnosed with cancer and that he only had a few more months left to live. I tried to hold back the tears, but failed. There are no words to describe how I felt. I couldn't accept what he was telling me. I kept saying to myself that it wasn't true and that he'd get better. He couldn't die. He's far too young. He's the same age as my dad. I went straight to my bed but couldn't sleep. The word "CANCER" kept swirling round and around inside my head like water in a bath just before it's about to go down the plughole.

My heart went out to Lisa. It still does every day. The agony that she must have been facing when she found out seems unbearable. She had to watch her dad being sick all the time and see him slipping further and further away before her very eyes. Even if Sam wanted to spend a day with his children there had to be someone there to help with simple everyday tasks such as cooking because he was unable.

He received chemotherapy and would take any drug or antidote the doctors suggested in the hope that it might cure him. Unfortunately, months went by and he continued to look grey and drawn. He completely lost his appetite and this resulted in him growing frightfully thin. Whenever I saw a charity box for cancer research I always made a point of giving any spare change. I wanted to help in any way I could. Good health must be one of the very few things in life that money just can't buy. I'm sure that he'd have traded a million lottery jackpot wins for him to recover. We all felt so useless. All we could do was wait.

What was happening to Sam pulled me closer to my own dad and made me appreciate him more than ever before. I made an effort to see him every weekend instead of what used to be once a fortnight. Whenever I was going away I always made sure that I said goodbye to him. You must always say goodbye, "just in case." I couldn't help thinking what if it was my dad in Sam's shoes? It could just as well have been. They are both of similar age, both have two children aged fifteen and thirteen at the time, separated from their wives and living alone, they share the same hobbies… The list is endless. Sam did nothing bad to deserve it.

As December was drawing near the glimmer of hope that I held deep down inside my heart that he'd get better began to fade. The morning of the 6th 00 was the day he died. My dad's bleary eyed, puffy face greeted me home from school that day. I knew immediately by his expression that Sam had gone. I needed to sit down, as my legs were no longer able to support my weight. I felt physically sick. It was as if someone had kicked me in the stomach and taken the wind out of my sails. My heart ached. It ached mostly for Lisa, but also for my dad. I can't imagine how Lisa felt. I thought I was as worked up as anyone could ever be but she must have been a million times worse. I phoned Lisa but I was unable to talk. I had no words. Nothing could describe how I felt for her. The words "I'm sorry" managed to escape my tightly closed lips. I heard her burst into tears before she hung up the phone. It was maybe too soon for her to talk. I realise this now. I just wanted her to know I was there for her and she could pick up the phone and speak to me at any time. Sometimes it's nice to talk to someone outside your own family. It lets you escape from it all for a while. This whole experience has taught me that I must choose my words carefully and be more tactful when speaking to a bereaved family. I must also be prepared to listen a lot more because I have learned they like to reminisce about times they shared in the past, good times and bad.

The funeral was by far the worst bit for me. I'd never been to one before. I hate them. It's not until you see the coffin that it actually dawns on you that he's not coming back. It was awful. I don't think I even said goodbye to him the last time I saw him. Normally I love singing hymns at weddings and christenings but I couldn't do it. I looked over towards Lisa and she caught my eye. My throat seized up again. I could hardly see the words in the book through my tears never mind force a sound out. As I looked around, I saw everyone who meant something to Sam. All there to pay their respect. It was so sad. Far too sad in fact.

I couldn't get out fast enough. I caught a glimpse of Lisa in the back of her auntie's car, tears streaming down her cheeks. I fought back my tears to give her a little wave. I wanted to run up and give her a big hug and tell her "everything will get better" but on that day, it seemed a silly thing to say. Going to the cemetery would have been too upsetting for me so I went straight home.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary the verb to die means "to stop living". If this is the case then I believe that Sam is not really "dead". Yes, of course his body is no longer here but his spirit definitely still is. Personally, I think that when you pass over your spirit remains and watches over the loved ones you have left behind. Writing this made me realise how much I missed his smile and the cheeky little wink as he walked by. He really was a great man. Always so full of life. Even in his last weeks his distinctive passion for life and optimism didn't differ. I must admit, I have never actually been to visit his grave and I am very ashamed of that. I owe it to him to do so but I've just been too frightened. I think it is important to visit the grave as a mark of respect and remembrance. It shows that even though he died, I haven't forgotten about him. It probably would clarify to me that I would never see him again and that his body is actually buried underneath the grave stone.

Losing someone special made me realise that I should really appreciate my family and friends and that I should regularly tell them how much they mean to me. People don't realise just how lucky they are to wake up in the morning with no aches and pains. Life really is so short and you should never take it for granted. You never know what's just around the corner…

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The Lake

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The Lake

By BJ Pollard

The cool winter's wind chilled the back of my neck as I walked down the long and narrow straight of the road. It was one of those days with blue sky and the sun shining however the chill of the wind made for an unbearable draught. I was on my way seeking a lake in which I had been told was beautiful beyond all measures. According to my map I should've be nearing the final corner at which I should finally see what I had walked 15 kilometres for, the lake.

As I came closer I managed to try and sneak a peek of the lake through the mangle of bush and gum trees either side of me down the rocky gravel road. My legs were at the point of feeling jelly inside like someone had sucked the blood out of them and they were just walking on instinct. I finally got to the corner, this was it. As soon as I turned this corner I would see the lake. I stoped for a moment to imagine what it would look like, I have no imagination so it was almost impossible for me to pretend what it was like. I took the steps that got me around the corner. Then suddenly I was hit by it. It was like a whole new world opened up for me, the most beautiful thing I had ever seen in my life. The shrubs and gums either side of disappeared and moved into an opening of the most beautiful grass imaginable with only a few of the most delicate trees around. I walked in further to where the lake was. As I did I was reminded at how cold it still was so I zipped my leather jacket up all the way to the top and folded my collar over my neck.

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I looked at the surface of the lake, the wind was whipping lightly over it causing the lake to have ripples. Its colour was deep tropical blue, the kind of ocean blue you see in brochures of Hawaii. Its colour went from the edges all the way to the centre of the lake. I decided to sit down on the decadent grass for a while to admire the view. I noticed that there where fragile looking trees around the edges of the lake, everything looked all too sacred. As time went by I realised one peculiar thing. This lake and its surroundings had no wildlife. I hadn't heard a bird at all, it was strange but none the less it made the surroundings very quite. It was as if the lake had its own personality. It was a person in its self, full of many different levels. You could sit and look all day at it.

I decided it was time to enter the lake, take the plunge and go for a swim. It was cold and I was having second thoughts but I would regret it later if I didn't at least step into the lake. So I took most of my clothes of ready to enter the lake, I could feel the blistering cold wind against my chest it was unbearably cold. I quickly rushed into the lake, first with my feet to test the water. I realise how warm and pleasurable it was compared to the outside. I decided to move further into the lake to shelter myself from the cold, eventually my whole body was submerged in water. I could feel its relatively warm wetness press against the pores of my skin. It was amazing, it was true that this lake was the best thing I had ever experienced. I wanted to stay with it forever.

The wind started to pick up, the whipping ripples of the lake turned into waves, there was an eerie feeling about what was happening. Suddenly out of nowhere clouds mustered about in the blue sky. Dark grey clouds that looked like it was becoming night. Then came the clapping thunder, torrential rain and the spectacular lightning all at once. It came down so heavy I couldn't see anything. All of the beauty was been destroyed. I looked down to see the lake becoming all brown and murky. It was unbelievable. I was rushing to get out of the lake, my arms moving frantically. The weather turned nastier and the wind started howling like a wolf. I was beyond scared now. I was trying to leave, get out of the lake, go home. But something was pulling me back, something large green and slimy. It was huge, not of human form but it was alive. It was like vicious seaweed pulling me away. The sound of my scream echoed loudly over the countryside but there wasn't a person in sight to help. I was getting pulled further and further down until I couldn't breathe. I was drowning in this beautiful lake. I took my final gasp for air as I was pulled into the lake. Choking in the water I finally ran out of breath, I was going to die. Before my eyes closed forever I took one final look down into the bottom on the lake. I saw things so gross and unnatural, evil things that people could only dream of. I was taken away by this monster, drowning in the lake that at first looked like a diamond but what now looked like mud.

" Don't judge a book by its cover" is a great rule to follow. This story was dedicated to a girl who taught me this lesson.

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Arena By William R. Forstchen Essay

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Arena is set in medieval times and tells the story of Garth, a young fighter who competes in the great festival's tournament. The Arena is where the fighting takes place.

It was time for the festival where all of the magic users showed their strength and power in the tournament arena. This tournament was very important because it offered a great reward. The festival took place in the same city every year and all the fights were held in the Arena, which was also a place of entertainment in the medieval times. They had primitive weapons like spears, clubs, bows, and daggers in addition to their majic. If the book had been set in the future, the weapons would probably be high-tech guns, which would make magic and hand-to-hand-combat pointless and strategy combined with tactics more important. So yes, there would be a change in the plot if the settings were different.

The festival brought many foreigners and the streets were crowded with barrels of wine, bundles of silk, and any other merchandise that might be of worth. So in that perspective, the festival was a great importance to most people because they planned for it and would trade goods. The third day of the festival (which happens to be the last day) was the most important because the Walker would come. The Walker was a powerful demigod who could go into different realms and defeat foes that might oppose him. He could destroy all of mankind with ease, so they gathered an enormity of mana (magic) and offered that to him so then he becomes stronger than before.

The reward of the tournament was to be the Walker's servant. The Walker would show the servant his infinite power. Eventually the Walker would kill the servant and take all his power. Garth, the main character, competes in the tournament and wins. If I were Garth, I would have never competed in the first place. And if I had won, I would have fled because when you become the Walker's servant, he kills you and takes all your mana. Weird huh? Why would anyone want to compete in the first place?

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This book is great. It has a lot of great words and description to make you feel like you are really there. Also the author displays pure genius. He made a weak character come out of nowhere and win a worldwide tournament. In addition to that, Garth killed the Walker and became a demigod himself. He was a nobody and became a god. That was brilliant, so I am very fond of this book and I think it is great for is imaginations like mine. Go out and find this book, I give it a five-star rating. This book has a wide variety of vocabulary and has a unique writing style so have your dictionary ready because I know I did.

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Female genital mutilation

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The sex-related article that I chose to write about deals with the topic of female genital mutilation, something we have discussed extensively in our Bio 41 class. The article begins with a little vignette of an old woman examining seven tiny knivesknives that are used for female circumcision, a ritual that was performed on her several years before and continues to be performed to this day. The article goes on to explain what female circumcision exactly is (the cutting out of part or all of the clitoris, vulva and labia) and indicates how widespread and common a practice it is, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and the Islamic population of the continent's west. However, attitudes about this practice are beginning to change, as the dangers associated with it are beginning to be conveyed through popular media, which in turn is slowing the custom. However, this quiet revolution is not getting rid of the coming-of-age rite altogether. Instead, older women who used to perform the circumcisions on adolescent girls are now becoming role models for them, acting as counselors and teaching the girls a variety of health issues during a period of seclusion. This alternative rite of passage is becoming more widespread, as last year more than 100 former circumcisers agreed to put down their knives and participate in this safer practice. African government is also changing its attitudes towards female circumcision, as at least eight sub-Saharan countries have passed legislation banning such a ritual. In fact, a historic court ruling even prevented a Kenyan father from forcing his daughter to undergo female circumcision. However, prosecutions still are rare, with such punishments forcing the practice to move underground. Despite the changing times, female circumcision is still performed, maintaining its important social and economic role. Regardless, the times are beginning to change as the fight to abolish this practice are going strong and making progress.

I think that this was an excellent article that is accurate, relevant and important. I obtained the article from a reputable source (Time Magazine), and therefore the information contained in it can be trusted. Additionally, a lot of the information presented about female genital mutilation coincided with the information that we learned in class, therefore reinforcing my belief in the accuracy of the article. I also feel that this is an extremely relevant and important issue to society, because, as the article stated, this is such a widespread practice, with up to 8% of girls in sub-Saharan Africa being subjected to such a horrible ritual. As fellow human beings, we cannot simply sit by and let this practice occur without being concerned. Just because it does not occur in our country (for girls, anyway) does not mean that we shouldn't care about this topic. This inhumane and barbaric practice needs to be stopped and the more education we have about it, the more we will be able to help put an end to it.

However, I would need to know more than what this article provides in order to become more educated and explore this topic further. For example, I would like to know more statistics regarding the dangers and negative consequences of female circumcision. I would also like to learn more specifics about the cultural importance of this ritual, so I could have a better understanding as to why some societies think that female circumcision is a necessary and appropriate rite of passage. Additionally, I would like to learn more about other measures, (besides the one mentioned in my article) that countries are taking to eliminate this practice. It would be helpful to find out what legislation is currently in the works for outlawing or putting limits on this practice in various countries as well as what other alternatives exist as a substitute for female circumcision. To find any of this information, I would probably go to current health magazines or journals for the latest developments on this important topic.

Overall, I learned a lot from this article. Although we had learned about female circumcision in class, I was not aware that any alternatives to this practice currently existed. I thought it was very interesting that the cultures who perform this ritual are starting to revolutionize and create other rites of passage for adolescent girls. I think the idea of having women role models teach girls about sex and other health issues is a great step to eliminating the dangerous and unnecessary practice of female circumcision and hopefully this alternative is just one of many more to come.

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Please note that this sample paper on Female genital mutilation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Female genital mutilation, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Female genital mutilation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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