Violence and Media

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A study conducted by The American Psychological Association has indicated that an average American child will witness over 00,000 acts of violence on television including 16,000 murders before age 18. Living in a society where we are bombarded with violence by the media, it's an underestimation to say that overemphasized violence has no effect on us. In fact, such glorification of violence is destructive to our society. Hundreds of studies have shown a strong correlation between television violence and increased development of aggression in adolescents. It is during the adolescent period when young people develop their sense of morality to distinguish right from wrong. Unfortunately, such exaggeration and glamorization of violence by the media distorts young children's understanding by sending them a message that violence is normal. In addition, it enhances the acceptance of using violence as a solution to problems.

The film, Natural Born Killers, presents an extremely violent and chaotic sequence of images which questions the public's acceptance of violence in the media. The film attempts to make the viewer more sensitive to the violence in our every day life. Most importantly, the film, tries to make us question the validity of violence presented by the media. The film gives us an inside look, as to how media can affect public's understanding and acceptance of violence.

The film follows the story of a young psychotic couple, Mickey and Mallory Knox, who go on a killing spree across America killing 5 people at random. Instead of showing the real pain and suffering of the friends and families of the victims, Media portrays Mickey and Mallory's crimes as exiting and thrilling. As a result, across the globe, Mickey and Mallory become pop icons for the young generation. Rather than feeling despicable about the crimes committed by Mickey and Mallory, these teenagers become fascinated by them. These teenagers idolize Mickey and Mallory in such ways, that they want to act like them. As shocking as it might sound, some of these fans even fantasize about being killed by Mickey and Mallory.

The film also illustrates the effects of media through another angle; it shows us Mickey and Mallory's reaction to the media coverage. The film shows, that Mickey and Mallory are well aware of the media coverage and they are using this exposure to their best advantage. Such positive reaction from the public makes Mickey and Mallory's actions justified. Rather than feeling guilty, Mickey and Mallory feel superior and proud of their actions. The film also shows us how the media feeds off of such horrific events. Every time a news program airs, we note the gleam in the eyes of the anchor reporting. Custom Essays on Violence and Media

Everyday violence is growing more and more. We often ask ourselves that who is responsible for this? I believe that it is the media who's responsible for rapidly growing violence in today's society. Children spend more time learning about life through media than in any other manner. As a result, young children are more influenced by the media. Today's media needs to take responsibility of what's shown to the young generation. Media need to show both sides of the coin; they need take their coverage a step further and show the consequences of crimes rather than the thrills felt by the criminals. More and more people are becoming more aware of the problem that we face from the media. President Bill Clinton addressed the issue of violence and the media in one of his speeches as well. He said,

To the media and the entertainment industries, I also say, we need your wholehearted participation in this cause. We cannot pretend that there is no impact on our culture and our children that is adverse if there is too much violence coming out of what they see and experience. And so, we have to ask people who produce things to consider the consequences of them, whether its a violent movie, a CD, a video game. If they are made, they at least should not be marketed to children.

I believe that there should be stricter laws so that media could be held responsible for its actions. Unfortunately, we know that in reality, just like everything else, media is controlled by the people in power. We, the public, need to take this matter in our own hands, and stop paying attention to the media that harvests violence. As a result, ultimately, the media will be forced to change what it is presenting and will actually try to find something else that the public is interested in.

Please note that this sample paper on Violence and Media is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Violence and Media, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Violence and Media will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The regrets of washington

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washintong dissgreded with all of the folloing in this lifetime he felt, that if a boy had a tree mother than he wouldnt of shoped downthe cherry tree. he thought that if he did it it would not be lie. so her told george senior that he did not chop down the cherry tree and there fore he used it as a part of his politicl campagin in which it was a thought that he was such a honest person that he would not ell a lie. this got the public to becuase that he would not tell them a lie. this was a mjor part in the winning in the 178 election . an he became the first president in the united states and one of the best in american history. also the seond predient of the united states of america was andrew jackson he thought it was nessacry to forclose the bank of the united staes becuase he was condsdered the common man. this was partial true becuase he was the first person to be a president that was not born into wealth he was born a orphan to his mother who died from illenss. he thoguht that he could move the indians out of florida in to orgon after the war of 181. this was sonn called the trail of tear. he was dramitcally ciritized for these actions with his ooponets party the whigs. they called his king andrew becuase of his lack of respect to the contitiution.washintong dissgreded with all of the folloing in this lifetime he felt, that if a boy had a tree mother than he wouldnt of shoped downthe cherry tree. he thought that if he did it it would not be lie. so her told george senior that he did not chop down the cherry tree and there fore he used it as a part of his politicl campagin in which it was a thought that he was such a honest person that he would not ell a lie. this got the public to becuase that he would not tell them a lie. this was a mjor part in the winning in the 178 election . an he became the first president in the united states and one of the best in american history. also the seond predient of the united states of america was andrew jackson he thought it was nessacry to forclose the bank of the united staes becuase he was condsdered the common man. this was partial true becuase he was the first person to be a president that was not born into wealth he was born a orphan to his mother who died from illenss. he thoguht that he could move the indians out of florida in to orgon after the war of 181. this was sonn called the trail of tear. he was dramitcally ciritized for these actions with his ooponets party the whigs. they called his king andrew becuase of his lack of respect to the contitiution. i think that this is sufficent information to make a sata based rosultionon the emphises that andews jacion and washington were made to be presidents

Please note that this sample paper on the regrets of washington is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on the regrets of washington, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on the regrets of washington will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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DEFLECTION OF CANTILEVER BEAMS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION Help with essay on DEFLECTION OF CANTILEVER BEAMS

. OBJECTIVES

. THEORY

.1 Torsion of Circular Elastic Bars

. Bending of Circular Elastic Bars

. Combined Bending and Torsion of Circular Elastic Bars 4

4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 5

4.1 Apparatus and Equipment 5

4. Procedure 6

4..1 Variation of Torques Versus Torsional Strain

4.. Variation of Bending Moment Versus Bending Strain

5.. DISCUSSIONS 1 7

6. EXPERIMENTAL / THEORETICAL RESULTS 1

7. DISCUSSIONS 1

8. CONCLUSION 14

. REFERENCE 14

10. APPENDIX / LOG SHEETS

1. Introduction

The circular shaft is one of the most common mechanical engineering components. It is mainly used to transmit torque in rotary machines. Sometimes the same shaft is also subjected to bending due to loading transverse to the shaft, in which case the shaft acts as a beam in the bending theory.

The torsion theory is accurate when stresses remain elastic and the solution provided (the well-known torsion formula) is known to be 'exact'. The bending of the shaft as beam is governed by the bending theory, which also requires the materials of the shaft to be loaded within the elastic range and the deflection be small. When both torsion and bending are applied to the shaft, the total stresses in the shaft can be decomposed into two parts, one is produced by bending, and the other produced by torsion. The total stress obeys the Principle of Superposition for elastic problem.

. Objectives

.1 To review and verify the torsion theory with its limitation.

. To review and verify the bending theory with its limitation.

. To understand Mohr's Circle and stress transformation.

. Theory

.1 Torsion of Circular Elastic Bars

To establish a relation between the internal torque and the stress it sets up in members with circular solid cross sections, it is necessary to make two assumptions. These, in addition to the homogeneity of the material, are as follows

1) A plane section of material perpendicular to the axis of a circular member remains plane after the torques are applied, i.e. no warpage or distortion of parallel planes are normal to the axis of a member takes place.

For small deformations it is assumed that parallel planes perpendicular to the axis remain a constant distant apart. This is not true if deformations are large. However, since the usual deformations are very small, stresses not considered here are negligible.

) In a circular member subjected to torque, shear strains ᠊ vary linearly from the central axis reaching maximum at the periphery (the outside surface).

) If attention is confined to the linearly elastic material, Hook's law applies, and follows that shear stress  is proportional to shear strain ᠊.

In the elastic case, on the basis of the previous assumptions, and at any give section a relationship can be written as follows,

(max/c)᠘A dA = T, where max and c are constants. (1)

However, ᠘A dA, the polar moment of inertia of a cross-sectional area, is also a constant for a particular cross-sectional area.

It will be designated by J in this case.

By using the symbol J for the polar moment of inertia of a circular area;

Equation 1 can written more compactly as,

max = Tc/J, ()

the above is the well-known torsion formula for circular shafts that expresses maximum shear stress in terms of resisting torque and the dimensions of a member. And otherwise it is express as follows,

᠊max = max/G = Tc/(JG), ()

where T is the applied torque, c is the radius of the circular shaft, J = ᠋d4/,

d is the diameter of the circular shaft, G = 75 GPa is the shear modulus of the steel shaft used in the present experiment.

. Bending of Circular Elastic Bars

The deformation of member caused by the bending moment M is measured by the curvature of the neutral surface. The curvature in the elastic range can thus be derived as

6 = M / (EI) (4)

In the case of pure bending, as long as the stresses remain in the elastic range, the neutral axis passes through the centroid of the cross section. It is being noted that I is the moment of inertia of the cross section with respect to the centroidal axis, which is perpendicular to the plane of the couple M.

Hence, maximum bending stress can be expressed as

max = Mc / I (5)

Since, in the elastic range, the normal stresses remain below the yield strength in the shaft, there will be permanent deformation, and Hook's law for uni-axial stress applies.

max = Emax (6)

Substitute (5) into (6), the maximum bending strain can be derived as

max = Mc / ( EI ) (7)

M = applied bending moment

E = Young's modulus of the shaft material used in the present experiment (00GPa)

I = Moment of inertia (Appendix)

c = Distance between the outer most surface and the neutral axis

. Combined Bending and Torsion of Circular Elastic Bars

The normal stress and shear stress at the top or bottom point of the shaft are calculated from the Equations () and (5). The normal strain and the shear strain at the top or the bottom point of the shaft are calculated from the Equations () and (7). As the directions of stresses and strains due to torsion and bending are different, the combined stress and strain will have to be calculated through the stress and strain transformation. The Mohr's circle for stresses and strain can be conveniently constructed to perform such calculation.

4. Experimental Procedures

4.1 Apparatus and Equipments

Figure 1 Schematic set-up of the experiment.

A solid circular shaft is clamped at one end (A), and subjected to two dead weights W1 and W at the other end (B) --- Figure 1. The two dead weights are hung on a loading frame that is welded to the end of the shaft. A series of notches on the loading frame allow for variation of the arm of moment created by each dead weight about the longitudinal axis of the shaft.

The magnitude of the torque and the bending moment created by the two dead weights are

T = W1a1 Wa (counter clockwise = +ve), (6)

M = (W1 + W) L, (7)

where, L is the distance between point C and the loading point B. The bending moment is for a point C on the shaft.

The applied torque is zero when W1a1 = Wa.

The strains at the top surface of the shaft are measured by a rectangular strain rosette, with measurements of 0, +45 and -45. The strain measurement 0 directly measures the bending strain and the strain measurements +45 and -45 together can be used to measure the torsion shear strain with the use of Mohr's circle. The torsion strain can be obtained as,

᠊ = +45 - -45 (8)

4. Procedures

There are altogether three readings of strains, two weights, and two distances to be recorded at each load step.

The experiments are divided into two parts.

4..1 Variation of torsion strain versus the torque

Fixed weight W1 at a certain weight (W1 = 0kg) and position, use a certain W (.1kg) and shift the hanging position of W from one end of the bar to the other end. At each successive position of W, record the position of W, a, and the strains 0, +45, and -45.

Neither W1 nor W should exceed 5kg.

Once you have reached the end, reverse the direction of shift W where, the weights are kept the same, back from the above end to the original end. At each successive position record the unloading path.

4.. Variation of bending moment versus the bending strain

Fix the magnitudes and position of both weights such that W1 = W and a1 = a. This arrangement leads to no torque produced on the shaft. Record the strains readings and a1 = a. Apply successive weights in increment of 1kg to both weights, such that no torque is caused by the simultaneous increment of the weight. At each step, record the position and the strains in 0, +45, and -45 in the table provided. The total weight of W1 + W should not exceed 16 kg, in order not to damage the specimen.

5. Discussions 1

5.1 What are the likely experimental errors during the experiment?

Experimental errors are likely to be caused by

1. Inaccurate weights. An examination of the weights showed that some of the weights were chipped. This would affect the bending moment and thus the experiment.

Weights should be well-maintained and given to students.

. The shaft was assumed to be perfectly elastic, but this may not be true because former students may have exceeded the 5kg limit previously.

A new shaft should have been used.

. The weights were loaded in such a way that the centers of gravity were not in lines with those of the loading frames.

Instructions should have been passed down to inform students to take note of the proper loading procedure.

4. The bolt that tightened the shaft to the fixed end might have loosened during loading.

The bolt should have been tightened before the experiment. A clamp could have used to hold the bolt in place.

5. The shaft was assumed to be level with the ground, but there was no equipment to check this.

Provide a device (spirit leveler) to check for this point.

6. Parallax error may have occurred during measurements of lengths and placing of the strain gauge parallel to the shaft axis.

Measurements have to be taken a few times to ensure accuracy.

7. The strain rosette was noticed to have non-zero readings after the weights were unloaded. This may be due to residual stresses in the shaft.

Time should have been given for the shaft to return to its original state before taking the next reading.

5. Prove equation (8) by formulae, as well as Mohr's circle.

Theory

Below are the general expressions for normal stress and shear stress, respectively on any plane located by the angle ᠋ and caused by a known system of stresses, in order to establish the Mohr's circle.

Using a basic trigonometric relation (cos + sin = 1) to combine the two above equations we have,

This is the equation of a circle, plotted on a graph where the abscissa is the normal stress and the ordinate is the shear stress. This is easier to see if we interpret x and y as being the two principle stresses, and @xy as being the maximum shear stress. Then we can define the average stress, avg, and a radius R (which is just equal to the maximum shear stress),

The circle equation above now takes on a more familiar form,

The circle is centered at the average stress value, and has a radius R equal to the maximum shear stress as shown in the figure below,

The expressions for shear and normal strain to establish the Mohr's circle are shown as

Using a basic trigonometric relation (cos + sin = 1) to combine the above two formulas we have,

This equation is an equation for a circle. To make this more apparent, we can rewrite it as,

where,

The circle is centered at the average strain value Avg, and has a radius R equal to the maximum shear strain, as shown in the figure below,

Note

Corresponding variable in the transformation equation for the plane stress and plane strain

By formulae

Since the strain rosette is mounted on the surface of the shaft, where the shaft is in plane strain, we can use the transformation equation for plane strain to calculate the strains in various directions.

 = (x + y ) / + [(x y) cos] / + [(/xy) sin] /

At  = +450

45 = (x + y ) / + /xy / (1)

At  = -450

-45 = (x + y ) / - /xy / ()

(1) ()

/xy = 45 - -45 (proven)

By Mohr's circle

/ /

Y(y, + / /)



x(y, - / / )

min

ava

max

Note

ava = (x + y ) /

R = ͦ{[(x + y ) / ] + (/ / )}

From diagram

min = -45

max = 45

Therefore,

ava = (45 - -45) /

(45 - -45) / = / / (proven)

6. Experimental and Theoretical Results

Table 6.1 Variation of torsion strain versus the torque

W1 = 0, W = (+0.1)x .8N,

Radius of shaft c = 0.008m, L = 80mm (measured)

Bending Moment M = (W1+W) L,

Torque T = W1a1 Wa,

E = 00 GPa I = 1/64᠋r4 = .17x10-

G = 75 GPa J = 1/᠋r4 = 6.44x10-

Distance a increases (W = kg x .8 m/s )

Experimental Theory

a/m 0 +45 -45 ᠊ = +45--45 M 0 = Mc/EI T ᠊ = Tc/GJ

0.040 67 16 17 5.488 68.5 0.784 1.00

0.060 67 5 14 1 5.488 68.5 1.176 1.0

0.080 67 8 11 7 5.488 68.5 1.568 6.00

0.100 67 41 8 5.488 68.5 1.60 .50

0.10 67 45 5 40 5.488 68.5 .6 .00

0.140 67 48 1 47 5.488 68.5 .744 45.50

Table 6. Variation of bending moment versus bending strain

W1 = W increases, a1 = a = outmost position

From measurement, radius of shaft c = 8mm, L = 80mm

Bending Moment M = (W1 + W)L,

Torque T = 0

E = 00 GPa, I = 1/64᠋r4 = .17x10-

G = 75 Gpa J = 1/᠋r4 = 6.44x10-

a1 = a = 100mm

Experimental Theory

W1=W 0 +45 -45 ᠊ = +45--45 0 = Mc/EI ᠊ = Tc/GJ

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 66 5 0 68.1 0

1 4 4 7 16.47 0

18 75 65 10 04.71 0

4 6 86 7 7.5 0

5 0 1 110 1 41.1 0

7. Discussions

7.1 What if the strain gage is not perfectly aligned with the axis of the shaft (See figure below)? Calculate the effect on the strain reading if the deviation is degrees. Compute your data with the theory. What angle, if not degrees, will account for the discrepancy?

7. What if the strain gauge is not perfectly on the top or the bottom of the shaft? (See figure below) What is the effect of a degrees off-centeredness? If your data does not correlate with the theory well, what angle of off-centeredness can account for this discrepancy?

7. Inspect and measure the actual strain gauge bonding and the respective deviation as discussed in (6.1) and (6.).

7.4 What other factors you can think of that has influenced your results. Investigate your hypothesis.

No sensor is perfect. Therefore, we can analyze a measurement system in terms of desired, interfering and modifying inputs. Here we do the same for the specific case of the strain gauge.

1. Desired input Strain

. Interfering input Change of resistance through-

• Vibrations

• Differential thermal expansion

• Electromagnetic interference (EMI), creep, etc.

. Modifying input Changes in gauge factor through-

• Temperature

• Misalignment between gauge and strain. (measurement system rather than gauge error)

• Ageing, corrosion, brittle, bond deterioration, etc.

Experimental errors are likely to be caused by

- Theoretically, the strain gauge should be perfectly on top of the shaft. It should be parallel to the shaft axis. When working on the experiment, to place the strain gauge parallel to the shaft axis is difficult therefore a slight tilt or displacement will result in the experimental error causing inaccurate results obtained.

- Vibration caused by surroundings and humans at the workplace as well as vibration from placing the weight may also caused inaccurate readings.

- Errors in data logger.

Ways to improve in the errors

- Ensure that the data logger to be calibrated before used to minimize errors.

- Readings should be taken only when the weights are in equilibrium condition or stable condition.

8. Conclusion

Both the torsion and bending theories were verified in this experiment.

However, there were some deviations from the theoretical results due to experimental errors especially this point - the strain rosette was noticed to have non-zero readings after the weights were unloaded. This may be due to residual stresses in the shaft, or the wrong choice of measuring equipment was chosen. Time should have been given for the shaft to return to its original state before taking the next reading, or more accurate and stable equipment should have been used.

Also, the choice of plotting the experimental results of t against the theoretical results did not show the deviation of the experimental results. A better method would have been to plot both the theoretical and experimental results of t against a.

The concept of torsion and bending stress was also better understood using this experiment.

. References

.1. Engineering Mechanics of Solids. Egor P. Popov. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.

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"More than anything else, Moll Flanders is an indictment of the social and moral values of her age." Do you agree?

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The novel Moll Flanders, written by Daniel Defoe and published in 17, was one of the earliest English Novels. Like many other early English novels, Moll Flanders, is told in the first person as a narrative, and is presented as a truthful account, since at that time (the eighteenth century), the idea of a long, realistic work of fiction was still new. Moll Flanders is an extremely entertaining and action-packed story, but also gives a valuable and lively picture of the Eighteenth Century society. Although Moll is an exceptional character because of her ingenuity and extraordinary life, the problems she faces are firmly rooted in her society. Moll Flanders is indeed and indictment of the social and moral values of her age.

Moll's life begins at a great disadvantage because she is the daughter of a transported convict. She lacks the support system of family and friends, that is quintessential in the successful upbringing of a child, both mentally and psychologically, and which was particularly necessary for women since their access to employment was limited. Without any system to protect them, the children of convicts are thrust out into an unforgiving and often times cruel world with no training in any trade and no prospects other than starvation or the same life of crime that was the cause of their current situation. Moll herself was very lucky to be taken in. "I was not a parish charge upon this or that part of the town by law." The parish was under no obligation to take care of poor children who were not born there, or had no other particular claim to charity.

In the eighteenth century, prostitution was widespread in London. This was probably the result of a social system in which poor women could hardly make an honest living, and completely lost their reputations if they were seduced, thus making it almost possible to get an honest job. When Moll learns that her husbands die very quickly, but give her money for having sex with them, she turns to a life of prostitution. This choice however was only made because of her instinct to survive. In the 1800's, the legal system was not in favourable towards the "fairer sex". Women would not inherit anything when their husbands died, and Moll had to resort to a life of crime after she no longer looked good enough to make a living as a whore. Moll turned to a life of crime at the age of forty-eight. In the eighteenth century, anyone living a life of crime prospered, because labour was very cheap and things were very expensive. Theft and prostitution were not without their risks; a thief could be transported or hung for stealing a watch or a length of cloth.

Defoe asserts that in the eighteenth century, there was a major obsession with fashion as fashion was often seen as a representation of social standings. Moll's desire for social advancement was a major factor, if not the primary one, for her to follow a life a crime. Moll Flanders steals primarily cloth. This type of crime was a major social problem in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century. Moll obtains money for the cloth and buys exceedingly expensive clothes to imitate a higher social rank. English society was highly stratified. M. Dorothy George writes, "It was an age of minute social distinctions, lines were drawn between the artisan and the labourer, the master and journeyman ...often with distinctive dress." Moll realizes the importance of dressing the part of a lady, having "clothes to set me off.... They entertained me ...but like they thought I had been, namely a widow of great fortune." The hierarchy extended into all aspects of life. "Society" consisted primarily of the gentry while lower levels merely existed. The highest ranks of society dictated ways of life to the lower ranks. A persons social status required identification by their clothing. Moll dresses genteelly and desires being mistaken for a gentlewoman. Such deceit directs Molls entire life. Moll purposely misleads gentlemen on at least four occasions, and each time she marries well, and higher than her own station. Each gentleman speculates Moll possesses a fortune based upon her dress.Order Custom Essay on "More than anything else, Moll Flanders is an indictment of the social and moral values of her age." Do you agree?

The episodes of Moll Flanders are carefully, even rigidly, organized to illustrate the loosening of Moll's moral inhibitions and social ties. Moll retains a crude sense of the natural throughout her career she avoids incest, and prefers not to wear men's clothes. However, she loses the moral inhibitions that would raise her above mere nature, and eventually she is not moved by the simple social societies that one would expect of "Savages." She does at first have a limited sense of what is right, although she is not motivated by religion. She has no "great Scruple of Conscience," but she "could not think of being whore to one Brother, and a Wife to the other." She sacrifices this instinctive sense of rightness to expedience, and afterward increasingly suppresses her natural responses. Moll feels that sex for pleasure is more shameful than sex for money, but Defoe's structure modifies her evaluation. Her still having "inclination" reveals that she has not yet suppressed every instinct of nature. The ironies of Moll's decline suggest a set of values by which to judge her love, community, even respectability. However, Moll loses her moral bearings because of the social standing which she hoped to attain and continually maintain. This socially standing had several characteristics, some of which were, not going into service, socializing, owning fine cloths and jewelry, and having a respectable husband. This was the typical lifestyle that women of that era yearned for. Moll, at first sight may appear to be different from all other women in that era, however in reality, she is no different as she aspires for the same things that the upper-class women feel that they are entitled to. She is bound by the same social restriction as everyone else.

It was these social restrictions that played a fundamental role in the forming of eighteenth century society. By being influenced by these social standards, Moll can then be deemed a member of this said society. Since childhood, Moll always looked towards her external world to provide a structure for her life. Throughout Moll's trials and tribulations, she makes the best of the difficult world. As Moll can be considered a part of this society, even though she broke some of the unwritten laws, she can be considered an indictment of the social and moral values of her age.

Moll Flanders contains many references to the education that Daniel Defoe receives outside of learning institutions. He, like Moll was also considered a social deviant. Instead of making Moll the sole repository of the wisdom of the book, Defoe allows us to escape her point of view even as she tells the story. The experiences of Daniel Defoe are portrayed in this novel. His unique style of pouring himself into his creations is one of the main reasons Daniel Defoe is considered "The Father of the English Novel."

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The psychoanalytic model of abnormality

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Discuss the Psychoanalytic Model of Abnormality.

All theories of human behaviour that claim to be psychoanalytic in nature adhere to a number of basic claims put forward by Sigmund Freud earlier last century. In its simplest form Psychoanalysis suggests that the conscious behaviour of any individual is in essence determined not by their conscious decisions and intentions but instead by motives and processes that operate below the level of conscious awareness. Essentially then this means that an individual does not always know why they behave the way that they do since being unconscious, their motives are inaccessible to them. In attempting to comprehend behaviour psychoanalytic theory encourages us to consider the view that our conscious actions are merely symbolic representations of our unconscious motives and processes. Therefore in order to comprehend behaviour it is necessary to establish what that behaviour might be symbolizing for a person at a deeper sub-conscious level...this is essentially the basis of Psychotherapy...the treatment for abnormality according to this model.

By considering the symbolic content of his patient's behaviour and recollections Freud claims to have identified a recurring theme of either trauma or abuse occuring in early childhood. Since his patients had no concious recollection of these experiences Freud suggested that they had become locked away in the sub-conscious and made unavailable for conscious experience. According to Freud early experience of trauma had undergone repression but were finding symbolic expression as neurotic behaiour. As a solution the model assumes that a person must gain insight into their repressed trauma. When the person becomes consciously aware of their own repressed conflicts they are, as a adult, in a much better position to come to deal wit it in a more rational way.

As a model of abnormality, psychoanalysis relies heavily on the assumption that repression does indeed exist as a process. Levinger and Clarke showed how recall for threatening words (at least in the short term) was significantly less than for neutral words. This has sometimes been regarded as evidence for a repression like process taking place. However we must consider the fact that over a much longer time period, Eysenk discovered the opposite effect i.e. that threatening words had the better recall. It is also doubtful whether we can make comparisons between threatening words and real experiences such as abuse.Order College Papers on The psychoanalytic model of abnormality

Perhaps the most serious issue with this model is the reliance it places upon subjective interpretations. In their analysis, the psychotherapist can not be certain that the patients accounts are valid nor can anyone be sure that their interpretation will be meaningful. Some professionals have suggested that psychotherapy may come with its own expectations and that whatever trauma/experience is pieced together is essentially a false memory that becomes conesually validated.

As a course of therapy, psychotherapy is neither quick nor inexpensive. Both the time and the financial commitment must surely play a role in the acceptance of a therapists interpretation and play a role in what have become known as "iatragenic" illnesses, i.e. illnesses or conditions that are essentially the a product of the therapy itself. It also highlights another issue with the model. Rather than nurturing an attitude of self-reliance and autonomy, psychotherapy tends to encourage dependency and reliance on the therapist as a source of answers and insight. Finally we must consider the fact that the central aim of psychotherapy i.e. to allow repressed traumas to once again become conscious, may not be a healthy experience in itself indeed it may cause considerable anxiety for the patient. One tends to assume that the therapist is in a position to sensibly weigh this risk up against the value of "insight". However this is not guaranteed to be the case despite a professional code of conduct.

In summary then, the psychoanalytic model assumes that current abnormality is caused by the repression of sub-conscious needs and anxieties. Psychotherapy aims to make these conflicts once again conscious i.e. to gain "insight". The main limitation of this approach is it's reliance upon a therapist's subjective interpretations and the potential for creating iatragenic illnesses as patients come to rely so heavily on the therapist.

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George Seldes and Censorship of the Press

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Censorship in the media of the United States can hide the complete truth from its people in order to benefit the leaders and cooperate companies, despite what negative effects it may have on the public. The antifascist, foreign correspondent George Seldes spoke out against censors in his works, among them, You Cant Print That!. He tried to explain to the public how advertisements and the government limit what they can know for their own benefit.

Censorship of the press hides the whole truth from readers. It only reveals what the censors want the citizens to see. The government hides truths from the public because these truths might make the people question their support for their country, or worse, their support at election time. Government officials are afraid to let the public see mistakes their country makes and forms their own decisions and vote accordingly. The leaders would much rather show the people only what the country does right, and have an ignorant, yet whole-hearted opinion from society.

George Seldes was against censorship, but according to him, most of the censors came from advertising and not only the government. He believed that the advertisements control what goes in and out of the newspaper and other media because of the media's dependence on their financial support. The advertisers pressure the press to change reports and stories according to what the advertisers want to sell.

Advertisers want the public to buy their product, so they will constantly show only people ecstatic with their product. They also will not use any means of showing America their goods that mentions something against them, so the media cannot let the public know if the product might be questionable. An example of this is when tobacco ads were out in newspapers. The companies would not put ads in papers advised readers against smoking, so the papers who needed the money for the advertisements needed to appear to condone smoking, despite the known health risks. They could not make the risks known to the public for fear they would lose their funding. Help with essay on George Seldes and Censorship of the Press The public deserves to know everything that is going on with their country, but the censors will not permit that if it might affect the citizens' support. Perhaps censorship is not all bad, but as Seldes said in Lords of the Press, "A people that wants to be free must arm itself with a free press" and there can be no such thing until censors allow the public to know whole truths.

Please note that this sample paper on George Seldes and Censorship of the Press is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on George Seldes and Censorship of the Press, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on George Seldes and Censorship of the Press will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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My Pappa's Waltz

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Chris Watkins

March 5, 00

English 10

Tuesday/Thursday 0a.m.

Custom Essays on My Pappa's Waltz

Father

Theodore Roethke in "My Papa's Waltz," is discussing spending time with his father. "My Papa's Waltz" brings questions of physical and mental abuse in regard to Roethke as a child. "The whiskey on your breath could make a small boy dizzy", is an indication of a disaster waiting to happen. Most individuals cannot operate properly under the influence of a large consumption of alcohol. Roethke's father being drunk, romping around, and striking Roethke might indicate that child abuse is taking place.

The physical danger in the type of waltzing they are doing is indicated when Roethke states, "At every step you missed, my right ear scraped a buckle" (4). Roethke received scrapes on his ear due to his father being to rough with him. This type of dangerous activity is uncalled for and nothing was being done to stop it as indicated when Roethke states, "My mother's countenance, could not unfrown itself" (4). Long-term emotional danger could occur due to his mother standing by quietly as he was beaten. Roethke may not have a great deal of respect or trust for women due to her silence. He may also unconsciously feel this type of behavior is suitable for his children, and so the cycle would continue on.

The following statement might suggest child abuse. "You beat time on my head, with a palm caked hard by dirt" (4). This phrase from the poem also tells a story of a hard working father who has not even been home to clean up after work. Roekthe's father probably went to the bars after work before coming home and then let out his frustrations on his family. "We romped until the pans slid from the kitchen shelf" (4), indicates that his father is loud and clumsy when drunk. Roethke's father increases his chance of hurting someone while being clumsy and drunk.

Roethke is feeling fear while his father performs his "waltz". "But I hung on like death" (4), is a strong sign of fear running through Roekthe. The word "death" in this sentence draws a great deal of attention. "Death" is a strong word. The word has different meanings in which it can be used in a sentence. Roethke is using the word "death" to describe his "waltz" with his father. Picture a frightened young boy clinging to his father as he is "waltzing" around the house, but then again "Such waltzing was not easy" (4). This type of fear can deeply affect the way a child perceives his father. A child should feel safe and secure by his father. A child should feel comfortable with the presence of his father. In this situation Roethke does feel neither safe nor comfortable with the presence of his father.

Roethke's "waltz" is very similar to a terrible storm with loud thunder and electrifying lightning. "Then waltzed me off to bed, still clinging to your shirt" (4), creates a vision of a thunderstorm. Fear and excitement run through the spine while being caught at the mercy of a dangerous storm. Similar to the fear that Roethke possibly felt with his physical father. The only thing left after a bad storm is a terrible mess and memories. The memories that Roethke has of his father do not seem to be pleasant ones. The damage has been done. He still thinks about the times he would "waltz" with his drunken father. Roethke still pictures his mother's face, as she would stand by in silence through out his "waltz".

Child abuse is a serious crime and can be fatal. A child could break a bone or receive a fatal blow to the head. An individual under the influence of alcohol may not realize the amount of strength he or she is using on another human being. The emotional damage would probably be the most dangerous for Roethke. He may feel as if he needs to display high physical aggression toward other men due to the roughness of his father. He may also feel the need to display the same amount of aggression toward women in a manner to display his power.

I have not had experiences to the extent of Roethke. I am an only child and was raised by only my mother. Similar to Roethke's father she would go out drinking after work. She would come home buzzed, but not drunk. Her behavior toward me was one of care and concern. We would talk about my day at school, and she would tell me about her friends. There was never an abusive type of situation like Roethke encountered with his father. Occasionally we would rough house, but no one ever got hurt and it was all in fun. I cannot relate to Roethke in the sense of abuse, but I can imagine that it must have been very difficult for him to interact with his father.

Please note that this sample paper on My Pappa's Waltz is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on My Pappa's Waltz, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on My Pappa's Waltz will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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