The Paintings that Made Caravaggio

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The Paintings that Made Caravaggio

Caravaggio was born Michelangelo Merisi in 1571 in Lombardy most likely in Caravaggio. When he was thirteen Caravaggio was apprenticed in Milan to a painter named Simone Peterzano who was a pupil of Titian. Titian, who famous works are displayed at Capodimonte. During this time Caravaggio was able to develop his version of mannerism. In 150 he went to Rome ready to use his practices and skills. At this time the prevailing artistic style in Italy was mannerism which refers to most sixteenth-century art.

Mannerism is recognized for its concern with developing and varying styles of Raphael, Michelangelo and other masters of the 1500's into a style that shows everyday events as spectacular and important. An example is the Accademia of the Carracci which helped to strengthen the connection with Raphael in order to continue to reinforce a classical style that would adapt to the taste of the wealthy or those with lofty tastes. The artists that followed these ideas were called Emilian and included Domenichino, Giocanni Lanfranco, Guercino, Guido Reni, and of course Annibale Carracci. This style was widely accepted and desired in Rome.

Caravaggio's painting style also arose as a reaction to mannerism. It was very contradictory to the mannerism as Caravaggio went in the direction of naturalism. Caravaggio was able to create a new path for other artists. It is important to note however that the influence of Raphael and Michelangelo are very visible in Caravaggio's work and that he did not disdain or criticize the current style. Other influence on Caravaggio's style was his training in Lombardy where he had as a model Lombard art along with late gothic art which is distinguished by a particular attention to nature. In terms of traditional techniques Caravaggio used the relation between objects and natural and artificial light and the ability of color to construct and define. The genius in his work I believe rests in his ability to master the effect of light so well that the objects in his painting appear lifelike.

Caravaggio's works are commonly separated into four periods. The Milanese period which reflects the training of Peterzano and the influence of Savoldo, Moretto and Lotto. Next comes the first Roman years consisting of his works completed from 15 to 15. During this time he generally painted small pictures until he caught the attention of Francesco del Monte who bought some of his paintings and later in 15 gave Caravaggio his first commission. This was the paintings in the Contarelli Chapel of Saint Luigi de' Francesi. These include the Calling of Saint Matthew (which is one of my favorites), the Martyrdom of Saint Matthew, and Saint Matthew and the Angel. His third period is noted for the extravagant commissions he received from the Roman churches. This period ended abruptly due to his flight from Rome in 1606. Afterwards the last 4 years of his life were very hectic while he moved from place to place. He painted mostly for churches before dying in 1610 of malaria on his way back to Rome.

When he was just over twenty he went to Rome where he worked for Cavalier d'Arpino. There he painted primarily still life of flower and fruit. His first famous independent works are done before 155 which include the Sick Bacchus and the Still-Life with Flowers and Fruit both of which are now at the Borghese Gallery. The Sick Bacchus is portrait he painted of himself. The first aspect that is apparent of the painting is the unmodified and objectively painted boy. His characteristics are in no way improved or altered by Caravaggio. Secondly, the fruits and leaves on the window ledge and in the boys hand show incredible realism in their surface texture. Similarly in his Youth with Flower Basket the same technique to portray texture can be seen. What I believe makes this painting even more amazing is his ability to accurately portray the gaze of the young boy. Similarly in Youth Bitten by a green Lizard, in the Longhi Collection in Florence, we see the vivid reaction of the boy. What is most interesting and beautiful about this work is the glass vase in front of the boy. The light inside the vase looks like an actually photograph accompanied by the reflection of the window inside the vase.

With these paintings Caravaggio was able to create his reputation and attract the attention of Cardinal Francesco Maria Del Monte. Del Monte had eight paintings of Caravaggio, of which five are dated from his second period which shows that he was revered at an early age by famous collectors. His Basket of Fruit which is in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana in Milan displays his ability to paint the different textures of fresh and old fruit. Similarly in the same painting he contrasts green and browning leaves. The interpretation that I take from this painting is that life is cyclical and that nature is at different stages of life. Some of the fruit are ripe while others are only a few days away, versus those that are past their prime. Another wonderful display of texture can be seen in the Bacchus. The way the wine glass is painted with the ripples towards the sides allows me to think that the boy might have indulged a bit too much of wine that he cannot keep a steady hand.

Aside from this style of painting, in 155 Caravaggio for the first time took on religious subjects which were most popular at the time and genre scenes which he would help popularize. Saint Francis in Ecstasy which is located in Wadsworth Atheneum is a very religious painting which shows traces of Peterzano's influence and that of Lombard. In addition some of his brushstrokes visible in this painting were learned by studying Venetian paintings. What Caravaggio focused a great deal on is the conception of color as a structural element which goes back to texture and how he was able to portray it by changing the tint of the color.

Martha and Mary Magdalen where she is being scolded for her vanity shows Caravaggio's preference to illustrate a specific moment instead of event. The expressions of the two women are captured in an instance and does not appear as a long drawn out conversation.

Another characteristic of Caravaggio is to paint genre scenes. One of his favorites is that of cards, a subject that he is very familiar with, which can be seen in I Bari. The other theme shown in two similar paintings which were painted only a few years apart shows a Gypsy reading the palm of a youth while removing the ring from his finger. Both are called the Fortune Teller but one is found in the Louvre and the other in Musei Capitolini. What I think is noteworthy is the way Caravaggio painted the Gypsy's intent on her face. You can just barely make out the slight smirk that she is trying to hold inside from the young man. Caravaggio was also very reluctant to focus on subject matter of the past. He believed that the subject matter of painting should not be drawn from ancient or modern history. Furthermore it shouldn't be celebrative or commemorative. A painting shouldn't have moral lessons or set up an example. An artist should not study old masters in order copy a certain style. Caravaggio claimed that his lessons are not drawn from history but from his own life. According to his conception, the painter must be a careful observer of what exits around him and not a student of preexisting technical and cultural traditions. At first this approach was not accepted very well. However Caravaggio's outlook became increasingly overpowering and it eventually influenced every artistic trend in Europe. Bellori, a writer who was most critical of Caravaggio's writes "Merisi knew no master other than the model."

In the last years of the sixteenth century, Caravaggio was gradually gaining acceptance among a select audience which translated in the improvement of his social and economical position. During this time he made some of his most fascinating creations such as Mary Magdalen which is in the Galleria Doria Phamphili in Rome. Bellori says "he painted a girl on a chair with her hand in her lap, drying her hair; he painted her in an interior and by adding an ointment jar and jewelry he imagined her as Magdalen." What this quote reveals is that painting was not planned from the beginning as an exemplary description of Magdalen, but how the identification is almost made afterward at the moment when Caravaggio added the ointment jar and jewelry. The way that I interpret Caravaggio's intention in Mary Magdalen (taking in consideration the fact that he claimed to not paint history) is that his painting is not of Mary Magdalen. His painting is in fact of a women that would be recognized by the observer as Mary Magdalen.

Saint Catherine of Alexandria part of the Von Thyssen Collection is of a female figure just as in Mary Magdalena in an interior without any architectural illusions. The image appears as a blend of royalty and nobility (seen in the clothes) with the face of a common Roman woman. The detail of the cloth on the woman is part of the centerpiece of the painting. Many followers of Caravaggio have attempted to copy this style but had little success.

In the Rest During the Flight into Egypt in the Galeria Doria Pamphili in Rome the atmosphere that is seen is that of relaxation and gentleness. To this I like to credit the orangish tint that covers the whole painting. Added to this is the calm eye of the donkey, the patient expression on Joseph's face and the understanding concentration of the angel. All of this is done to help put the baby to sleep. In the background it can be seen the landscape that Caravaggio chose to include, again standing firm to his naturalism. What I also notice is the variation in the seasonality of the plants. Some leaves are already brown while others are still green. Again this shows his understanding of seasonality and time.

The exact opposite of feelings is created in Judith that is located in the Barberini Palace in Rome. Instead of relaxation I see tension and instead of serenity there is anger. The tension is visible on Magdalen as she musters all her energy to slice with her sword. Even more apparent is the release of tension vivid on the expression of Magdalen's husband. The malice and anger is seen on the old woman's evil stare of approval. The realness of the painting is best described by a passing English traveler. She says "This picture is too well done; it struck me directly, that it must have been taken from life. The idea threw me into a trembling, and made me very sick; producing the same effects on me, that perhaps I might have experienced from the presents of [a] real execution. This is Caravaggio's most brutal display of aggression. The key in achieving such a vivid display lies in the extremity of all aspects of the painting, the redness of the blood, the sharpness of the sword, the wide opening of the mouth, and the dark stair of the servant.

The Abraham and Isaac in the Uffizi which is dated around the close of the sixteenth century due to its similar style to that of The Rest During the Flight into Egypt. It has the similar yellowish tint along with the inclusion of a detailed landscape. This episode draws a parallel with the son of Abraham and the Son of God both who are innocent victims. Although this can be said what I noticed first is that the son of Abraham is struggling as opposed to Christ who did not. What is most important to note about this painting is the way the distant objects in the purposely-blurry landscape fade or melt into each other.

The reason I have mentioned The Abraham and Isaac and Mary Magdalen is to talk about the aesthetic of exclamation by which Caravaggio is able to create a violent atmosphere full of energy and tension. Another painting that uses the same approach is the famous Head of Medusa in the Uffizi gallery. The most amazing part of this painting is the representation of the hair as snakes. Additionally it should be noted the originality of the screaming head as it is stuck on an ancient shield.

The majority of Caravaggio's works include at most three figures with a background that seems to be of little interest to the figures that prominently stand out. In contrast the Calling of Saint Matthew has seven figures while the Martyrdom of Saint Matthew has thirteen. Despite there numbers the figures are considerable smaller in size allowing for the display of the background. Another novelty is that of echelons that have never been present in Caravaggio's works previously. The manner with which he achieves this is not through the architecture of the setting but from the arrangement of the figures. I find it very interesting to learn that Caravaggio was not set on the final version of the painting immediately as he begun it despite their appearance as if time was stopped. With the use of X-ray analysis it has been proven that Caravaggio among other artists sketched on their canvas a different idea. After changing their mind they simply painted over their original idea and created their current masterpieces. For example in the calling of Saint Matthew originally the figure of Christ stood alone and was not covered as is in the final version, by that of Saint Peter. The addition of Saint Peter served in showing that he is the mediator between God and man. As Christ is raising his hand so is Saint Peter but without the same power of command. This is also to remind that Saint Peter would be the first pope. What is different about this painting when compared to the Counter Reformation is that this important event is represented as an ordinary day event. It shows two people that have just come in and asked to speak to someone that is inside. Saint Matthew is simply pointing to himself asking, is it me you want to speak to.

In the Martyrdom of Saint Matthew we see the complexity that Caravaggio is capable of. This is one of the few times where the painting is extremely busy. With the help of X-ray analysis it is shown that originally there were only three figures in the entire painting compared to the current thirteen. The multitude of figures shows Raphael influence on Caravaggio. With the same technology it was discovered that Caravaggio changed his mind rather quickly of the fate of the painting and made changes directly on the canvas without redrawing his plans on paper. This painting is also known for its innovation and its numerous explicit and implicit symbols and meanings. Looking at the echelons we see the three partially nude figures in the foreground. There are six figures on the left in the background that show different state of minds and are also grouped in couples. Then there is the angel on top with the boy underneath him. Matthew is on the floor while the killer is on top.

The middle piece of the three Saint Matthew paintings is Saint Matthew and the Angel. The original was first rejected because it made Saint Matthew appear to be learning how to write. As a result Vincenzo Giustiniani offered to acquire it even thought it was later destroyed during the Second World War. The second version that Caravaggio completed featured the Angel hanging down from a cloud while counting on his fingers the arguments that he is telling Saint Matthew to write and develop.

After the competition of the three wall paintings for San Luigi dei Francesi Caravaggio was commissioned for two more paintings; the Crucifixion of Saint Peter and the Conversion of Saint Paul by Monsignor Tiberio Cerasi for their chapel in the Santa Maria del Popolo. In the Crucifixion of Saint Peter there are three men and Saint Peter but without a landscape. What I take from this is that Caravaggio does not want to give to much importance to the event as it is a sad one. Comparing this to Lady Magdalena, both are deaths but Saint Peter's is not taken to extremity. The colors of the painting are subdued, Peter's mouth is not wide open, the amount of blood is limited and the expressions of the men are hidden as to not glorify the moment and maybe to show that they are simply carrying out their duty.

One of my other favorite works is Conversion on the Way to Damascus which is also found in Santa Maria del Popolo. Here you can see the use of light as it is used to draw your attention to Saul. It is coming from the upper right corner where the rays are visible. The servant and the horse are more in the background. I understand this as his are reaching up towards God accepting His will. If it was not known otherwise it would be thought this is simply a man that fell of his horse while the servant is calming the horse down and taking it back to its stall. The use of hand gestures as is seen in the Conversion on the Way to Damascus is also present in Supper in Emmaus. Here is the moment of the disciple's recognition of Christ. Their hands are away from their body as if they were about to move.

As many of Caravaggio's works, Madonna dei Pellegrini in Sant'Agostino in Rome was criticized and taken down days after it was mounted. One of the "problems" of the painting was the pilgrims dirty feet. The size of the barely noticeable halos was also not approved along with the fact that the Child and the Madonna were looking down at the pilgrims. It is also enough to mention that the model for the Madonna was also a lover of Caravaggio's among others.

It is only best to end with the only mural painting by Caravaggio. This is the ceiling painted in oils for the alchemy room of Cardinal del Monte which we saw in the Villa Boncompagni Ludovisi. It was probably created between 157 and 1600. What is special about this fresco is that it is done in oil. Caravaggio probably did not like much to fresco because it took away from his ability to change what he had painted previously. With the use of oil however he was able to come to a compromise and create this masterpiece.

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Early Settlements in the New World

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Early settlements in the new world were not as easy or as profitable as people had first thought. After the discovery of the new world in 1607, many people in England thought that they would be able to make great wealth by moving to the new World. Settlers found that they were problems in both Virginia and in Masseusetts Bay. Both areas had many promising features and they both had many serious challenges.

In Virginia settlers found that the resources were great, "Planters in early seventeenth-century Virginia had bountiful amounts of land and a profitable crop in tobacco"(1). In addition to this wonderful opportunity they realized quickly that labor was needed to work this land. As slavery had not yet taken root, the English decided that the best route war to use the system of indentured servants. In addition to this the natives were not subdued to assist with this labor problem, "They faced resistance from the local Indian people and were unable to enslave People would sign a contract in return for their trip to Virginia. This would last from anywhere from 4 to 7 years. The end of this time they would be free to establish their own livelihood. However, indentured servants soon found that this was a hard life. There were many hardships during the voyage and upon their arrival, "Two thirds of his fellow shipmates had died since their arrival. Those without capital suffered particularly precarious situations with the lack of supplies and loss of leaders"(1).

One such account was by Richard Frethorne, "Frethorne pleaded with his parents to redeem (buy out) his indenture"(1). In his account Frethorne expresses his situation, "by reason of this country, [which is such that it caused much sickness, [such] as the scurvy and the bloody flux and diverse other diseases, which makes the body very poor and weak]"(1). He discovered early on that life was difficult beyond bearing. He implored his parents to help him. Frethorne under went much trial and had to adjust to his present situation. He was not allowed to hunt for food, "There is indeed some fowl, but we are not allowed to go and get it, but must work hared both early and late for a mess of water gruel and a mouthful of bread and beef. A mouthful of bread for a penny loaf mush serve for fow men which is most pitiful"(1,). He suffered great fear from the local natives, should an attack occur, "and yet we are but to fight against ,000 if they should come"(). He felt that there was no true kindness there. His health had greatly declined, "But I am not half [of] a quarter so strong as I was in England"(). He asked for assistance from his parents but above all else he asked them to relieve him of his indenture, "I will send it over and beg the profit to redeem me; and if I die before it come"().Cheap University Papers on Early Settlements in the New World

In comparison life in Masseusetts had its own unique problems even though there were many who migrated from England. They soon found that their dreams of easy farming were not as available as first thought. Once such account is from a farmer by the last name Pond, who corresponded with his father, William Pond, in England. Pond's regulation of the local natives is not flattering, "They are a crafty people and they will [cozen] and cheat, and they are a subtle people"(1). His discovery of the land and its ability to produce crops was better, "the country very rocky and hilly and some champion ground and the soil is very [fruitful] and here is some good ground and marsh ground"(). Pond also is forced to ask for assistance from his family due to the lack of ready supply's, "Therefore, loving father, I would entreat you would send me a firkin of butter and a hogshead of mal unground, for we drink nothing but water, and a coarse clothe of four pound price so it be thick"(). He states how they cannot survive without shipments from home, "So here we may live if we have supplies every year from old England, otherwise we can not subsist"().

It is evident from both accounts that life was greatly depended upon support from England. Virginia's system of indentured servants was a hard and brutal life for anyone. They lived substandard existences and could not even have enough time to hunt for food. Life in New England was equally hard, as they constantly needed supplies and live stock from England as well.

Please note that this sample paper on Early Settlements in the New World is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Early Settlements in the New World, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Early Settlements in the New World will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Thinking Geographically Equals a Successful Reality Show!

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Thinking Geographically Equals a Successful Reality Show

Imagine that you are chosen to live for thirty-nine days with sixteen strangers either on a remote island in the South Pacific, in the wilds of the Australian Outback, the hot dry plains in Africa, or even in the dangerous Amazon Rain Forest. Once placed at this location, you are expected to build a community, depending on only the natural resources of the land for food, water, shelter, and safety. Now add into the mix, television crews, a host for the reality show, and a goal of one million dollars for the one person, who can outwit, outplay, and outlast the other fifteen people to claim the title of sole survivor.

As more than twenty million Americans, tune into CBS every Thursday night for the latest episode of Survivor, theyre watching geography at its finest- human interaction with each other, the land, and the environment. In order to make this show successful and appealing to viewers, the producers used the five key issues of geography- space, place, region, scale, and connections.

When thinking about space, geographers observe regularities across the earth. The arrangement of a feature in space is its distribution and can be identified through the three properties of density, concentration, and pattern. The producers of Survivor used the property of arithmetic density, which is the total number of objects in an area most commonly used to compare the distribution of population in different countries, to find an area that was, for the most part, uninhabited by large populations of people. Once this area was found, the producers

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wanted to make sure that the two separate tribes of eights concentration, which is the extent of a features spread over space, were relatively far apart or dispersed on the area. This was done to ensure that neither tribe could interact with one another.

When thinking about place, geographers describe the unique location of everything on earth, identified through the place name, site, situation, and mathematical location. The producers of the hit reality show choose location names that are unknown to most people in the world, adding an exotic twist to perk the curiosity of viewers. The first season, producers chose a tiny island off the coast of Borneo, Pulau Tiga at 5degrees 44 North and 115 degrees East, which was essentially unknown to the world until it became the location of the first season of Survivor, making it now a household name in the United States. Important site characteristics, which are the physical characters of a place, such as climate, water sources, soil, and vegetation were also important to producers when choosing the location of the ecosystem. They wanted an ecosystem that had the characteristics of harsh climates and weather, ranging from hot and dry, to wet and cold, a total shock to the participants from where they came from, making survival in this site challenging from day to day. Different ecosystems have been chosen for each season to add to the fascination of viewers watching these different groups of castaways survive in different climates and weather.

When thinking about region, geographers identify areas of the world formed by distinctive combinations of features, such as cultural features including language and religion, economic features such as agriculture, and physical features such as climate and vegetation. Using the concept of culture, the producers of Survivor intrigue viewers to understand the uniqueness of the location chosen. During reward challenges, in which the castaways earn food

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and a luxury item to make their stay easier at the location, the show brings to light the first element of culture- what people care about. Most of the challenges use the customary beliefs, food, and language distinctive to the culture in that particular place. Eating insects, which is a delicacy in certain cultures and remembering stories passed through generations of that culture, is usually the norm for gaining the reward at the end of the challenge. The second element of cultural interest used in the show is the production of material wealth, such as food, clothing, and shelter that humans need in order to survive. Either the castaways need to find food by fishing, hunting, or gathering and build a shelter from the natural resources surrounding them, from trees or palm leaves. For example, during the third season taking place in Africa, the castaways not only needed to build shelter, but were also required to build a perimeter surrounding the shelter to keep them safe from the animals on the African plains. Most importantly, the show is a perfect example of possibilism, which states that the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment. These castaways use all of the resources available to them in their surroundings in order to keep themselves hydrated, nourished and protected from the harsh climate and weather.

When thinking about scale, geographers understand how each place is unique yet at the same time similar to other places. This is an increasingly important concept because of globalization, which is a force that involves that entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope. The television show Survivor has contributed to globalization in terms of tourism and knowledge of remote locations and unknown cultures. Due to the popularity of this show, American curiosity about the cultures of Pulau Tiga, Australia, Africa, Thailand, and South America has increased, as well as making these destinations, desirable vacation spots.

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When thinking about connections, geographers explain relationships among places and regions across space. Spatial interactions can take place through networks, such as CBS, which broadcasts Survivor, allowing chains of communication that connects places by simultaneously broadcasting the same program around the world. This allows the reality show to become a phenomenon in Fort Myers, Florida, as well as in Tokyo, Japan broadening the scope of different people that watch the show. Another way to look at the program Survivor, concerning connections, is through diffusion, which is the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time. The hit reality show is an example of stimulus diffusion, which is the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself fails to diffuse. Throughout the world, the concept of reality television is not a new idea; even the premise for the basis of Survivor began in England. The producers of the American version took the underlying principle of the show and added features like the exotic locations, the integrations of the culture of the region chosen, the scale at which the show was broadcasted, and even the reward of one million dollars to attract candidates participation in the show.

Reality television has become one of the most popular global level ideas, due in part to the American revision of Survivor. On a global level reality based television program is popping up all over with shows such as Big Brother, Fear Factor, and American Idol to mention a few. The success of Survivor relies on the fascination of viewers about the cultural geography of the world in terms of space, place, region, scale, and connections. Thinking geographically does equal a successful reality show!

Please note that this sample paper on Thinking Geographically Equals a Successful Reality Show! is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Thinking Geographically Equals a Successful Reality Show!, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Thinking Geographically Equals a Successful Reality Show! will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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WEWT

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Close your eyes

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the sweetest kiss Help with essay on WEWT Dont promise me a promise

until you can promise you wont break it

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i can always tell when you fake it

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stop causing this violation

Now always and forever

my heart will be with you

but its baracaded for protection

and it wont let you through

Deprivation of you

so close and i cant touch

i cant even hear your voice

God i hate this so much

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this cannot be ignored

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feel the need to hide

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Look into these lonely eyes,

And see your angel in discuise.

In this dream were trapped inside,

You cant run but you can hide.

I remember when you promised me

A safe place in your heart

But now this never ending heartache

is tearin me apart.

I know your love is somewhere,

I just have to look around,

Ill be here forever baby,

Just get my heart up off the ground.

I think about you all day long,

Wanting anything but to be alone,

While I listen to your favourite songs,

Wanting just to call you on the phone.

I would die to see you one last time,

To heal this little heart of mine,

To look into your loving eyes,

To erase all the pointless lies.

Forgive me

For the pain Ive caused,

Forgive me

For the love Ive lost.

Forgive me

For letting you walk away.

And please forgive me

For being afraid.

Ive given up on love,

Because loves given up on me,

Its done nothin but burn my dreams,

And its the extreme third degree.

Letting go of you

Is like letting go of life,

Giving into darkness,

And turning down the light.

As I watch your eyes

Look into mine,

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Lasting till the end of time.

For this love you have

Is so sublime,

That youd think that it

Should be mine.

But the love i see

Is not for me,

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I blink then grasp reality,

Lose the feeling of vitality,

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I wish that you would only stay.

And take care of your angel one more time,

Cause it is hard for me to say good bye

To the endless love I have for my

Beautiful angel in discuise.

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Violence and Media

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A study conducted by The American Psychological Association has indicated that an average American child will witness over 00,000 acts of violence on television including 16,000 murders before age 18. Living in a society where we are bombarded with violence by the media, it's an underestimation to say that overemphasized violence has no effect on us. In fact, such glorification of violence is destructive to our society. Hundreds of studies have shown a strong correlation between television violence and increased development of aggression in adolescents. It is during the adolescent period when young people develop their sense of morality to distinguish right from wrong. Unfortunately, such exaggeration and glamorization of violence by the media distorts young children's understanding by sending them a message that violence is normal. In addition, it enhances the acceptance of using violence as a solution to problems.

The film, Natural Born Killers, presents an extremely violent and chaotic sequence of images which questions the public's acceptance of violence in the media. The film attempts to make the viewer more sensitive to the violence in our every day life. Most importantly, the film, tries to make us question the validity of violence presented by the media. The film gives us an inside look, as to how media can affect public's understanding and acceptance of violence.

The film follows the story of a young psychotic couple, Mickey and Mallory Knox, who go on a killing spree across America killing 5 people at random. Instead of showing the real pain and suffering of the friends and families of the victims, Media portrays Mickey and Mallory's crimes as exiting and thrilling. As a result, across the globe, Mickey and Mallory become pop icons for the young generation. Rather than feeling despicable about the crimes committed by Mickey and Mallory, these teenagers become fascinated by them. These teenagers idolize Mickey and Mallory in such ways, that they want to act like them. As shocking as it might sound, some of these fans even fantasize about being killed by Mickey and Mallory.

The film also illustrates the effects of media through another angle; it shows us Mickey and Mallory's reaction to the media coverage. The film shows, that Mickey and Mallory are well aware of the media coverage and they are using this exposure to their best advantage. Such positive reaction from the public makes Mickey and Mallory's actions justified. Rather than feeling guilty, Mickey and Mallory feel superior and proud of their actions. The film also shows us how the media feeds off of such horrific events. Every time a news program airs, we note the gleam in the eyes of the anchor reporting. Custom Essays on Violence and Media

Everyday violence is growing more and more. We often ask ourselves that who is responsible for this? I believe that it is the media who's responsible for rapidly growing violence in today's society. Children spend more time learning about life through media than in any other manner. As a result, young children are more influenced by the media. Today's media needs to take responsibility of what's shown to the young generation. Media need to show both sides of the coin; they need take their coverage a step further and show the consequences of crimes rather than the thrills felt by the criminals. More and more people are becoming more aware of the problem that we face from the media. President Bill Clinton addressed the issue of violence and the media in one of his speeches as well. He said,

To the media and the entertainment industries, I also say, we need your wholehearted participation in this cause. We cannot pretend that there is no impact on our culture and our children that is adverse if there is too much violence coming out of what they see and experience. And so, we have to ask people who produce things to consider the consequences of them, whether its a violent movie, a CD, a video game. If they are made, they at least should not be marketed to children.

I believe that there should be stricter laws so that media could be held responsible for its actions. Unfortunately, we know that in reality, just like everything else, media is controlled by the people in power. We, the public, need to take this matter in our own hands, and stop paying attention to the media that harvests violence. As a result, ultimately, the media will be forced to change what it is presenting and will actually try to find something else that the public is interested in.

Please note that this sample paper on Violence and Media is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Violence and Media, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Violence and Media will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The regrets of washington

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washintong dissgreded with all of the folloing in this lifetime he felt, that if a boy had a tree mother than he wouldnt of shoped downthe cherry tree. he thought that if he did it it would not be lie. so her told george senior that he did not chop down the cherry tree and there fore he used it as a part of his politicl campagin in which it was a thought that he was such a honest person that he would not ell a lie. this got the public to becuase that he would not tell them a lie. this was a mjor part in the winning in the 178 election . an he became the first president in the united states and one of the best in american history. also the seond predient of the united states of america was andrew jackson he thought it was nessacry to forclose the bank of the united staes becuase he was condsdered the common man. this was partial true becuase he was the first person to be a president that was not born into wealth he was born a orphan to his mother who died from illenss. he thoguht that he could move the indians out of florida in to orgon after the war of 181. this was sonn called the trail of tear. he was dramitcally ciritized for these actions with his ooponets party the whigs. they called his king andrew becuase of his lack of respect to the contitiution.washintong dissgreded with all of the folloing in this lifetime he felt, that if a boy had a tree mother than he wouldnt of shoped downthe cherry tree. he thought that if he did it it would not be lie. so her told george senior that he did not chop down the cherry tree and there fore he used it as a part of his politicl campagin in which it was a thought that he was such a honest person that he would not ell a lie. this got the public to becuase that he would not tell them a lie. this was a mjor part in the winning in the 178 election . an he became the first president in the united states and one of the best in american history. also the seond predient of the united states of america was andrew jackson he thought it was nessacry to forclose the bank of the united staes becuase he was condsdered the common man. this was partial true becuase he was the first person to be a president that was not born into wealth he was born a orphan to his mother who died from illenss. he thoguht that he could move the indians out of florida in to orgon after the war of 181. this was sonn called the trail of tear. he was dramitcally ciritized for these actions with his ooponets party the whigs. they called his king andrew becuase of his lack of respect to the contitiution. i think that this is sufficent information to make a sata based rosultionon the emphises that andews jacion and washington were made to be presidents

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DEFLECTION OF CANTILEVER BEAMS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION Help with essay on DEFLECTION OF CANTILEVER BEAMS

. OBJECTIVES

. THEORY

.1 Torsion of Circular Elastic Bars

. Bending of Circular Elastic Bars

. Combined Bending and Torsion of Circular Elastic Bars 4

4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 5

4.1 Apparatus and Equipment 5

4. Procedure 6

4..1 Variation of Torques Versus Torsional Strain

4.. Variation of Bending Moment Versus Bending Strain

5.. DISCUSSIONS 1 7

6. EXPERIMENTAL / THEORETICAL RESULTS 1

7. DISCUSSIONS 1

8. CONCLUSION 14

. REFERENCE 14

10. APPENDIX / LOG SHEETS

1. Introduction

The circular shaft is one of the most common mechanical engineering components. It is mainly used to transmit torque in rotary machines. Sometimes the same shaft is also subjected to bending due to loading transverse to the shaft, in which case the shaft acts as a beam in the bending theory.

The torsion theory is accurate when stresses remain elastic and the solution provided (the well-known torsion formula) is known to be 'exact'. The bending of the shaft as beam is governed by the bending theory, which also requires the materials of the shaft to be loaded within the elastic range and the deflection be small. When both torsion and bending are applied to the shaft, the total stresses in the shaft can be decomposed into two parts, one is produced by bending, and the other produced by torsion. The total stress obeys the Principle of Superposition for elastic problem.

. Objectives

.1 To review and verify the torsion theory with its limitation.

. To review and verify the bending theory with its limitation.

. To understand Mohr's Circle and stress transformation.

. Theory

.1 Torsion of Circular Elastic Bars

To establish a relation between the internal torque and the stress it sets up in members with circular solid cross sections, it is necessary to make two assumptions. These, in addition to the homogeneity of the material, are as follows

1) A plane section of material perpendicular to the axis of a circular member remains plane after the torques are applied, i.e. no warpage or distortion of parallel planes are normal to the axis of a member takes place.

For small deformations it is assumed that parallel planes perpendicular to the axis remain a constant distant apart. This is not true if deformations are large. However, since the usual deformations are very small, stresses not considered here are negligible.

) In a circular member subjected to torque, shear strains ᠊ vary linearly from the central axis reaching maximum at the periphery (the outside surface).

) If attention is confined to the linearly elastic material, Hook's law applies, and follows that shear stress  is proportional to shear strain ᠊.

In the elastic case, on the basis of the previous assumptions, and at any give section a relationship can be written as follows,

(max/c)᠘A dA = T, where max and c are constants. (1)

However, ᠘A dA, the polar moment of inertia of a cross-sectional area, is also a constant for a particular cross-sectional area.

It will be designated by J in this case.

By using the symbol J for the polar moment of inertia of a circular area;

Equation 1 can written more compactly as,

max = Tc/J, ()

the above is the well-known torsion formula for circular shafts that expresses maximum shear stress in terms of resisting torque and the dimensions of a member. And otherwise it is express as follows,

᠊max = max/G = Tc/(JG), ()

where T is the applied torque, c is the radius of the circular shaft, J = ᠋d4/,

d is the diameter of the circular shaft, G = 75 GPa is the shear modulus of the steel shaft used in the present experiment.

. Bending of Circular Elastic Bars

The deformation of member caused by the bending moment M is measured by the curvature of the neutral surface. The curvature in the elastic range can thus be derived as

6 = M / (EI) (4)

In the case of pure bending, as long as the stresses remain in the elastic range, the neutral axis passes through the centroid of the cross section. It is being noted that I is the moment of inertia of the cross section with respect to the centroidal axis, which is perpendicular to the plane of the couple M.

Hence, maximum bending stress can be expressed as

max = Mc / I (5)

Since, in the elastic range, the normal stresses remain below the yield strength in the shaft, there will be permanent deformation, and Hook's law for uni-axial stress applies.

max = Emax (6)

Substitute (5) into (6), the maximum bending strain can be derived as

max = Mc / ( EI ) (7)

M = applied bending moment

E = Young's modulus of the shaft material used in the present experiment (00GPa)

I = Moment of inertia (Appendix)

c = Distance between the outer most surface and the neutral axis

. Combined Bending and Torsion of Circular Elastic Bars

The normal stress and shear stress at the top or bottom point of the shaft are calculated from the Equations () and (5). The normal strain and the shear strain at the top or the bottom point of the shaft are calculated from the Equations () and (7). As the directions of stresses and strains due to torsion and bending are different, the combined stress and strain will have to be calculated through the stress and strain transformation. The Mohr's circle for stresses and strain can be conveniently constructed to perform such calculation.

4. Experimental Procedures

4.1 Apparatus and Equipments

Figure 1 Schematic set-up of the experiment.

A solid circular shaft is clamped at one end (A), and subjected to two dead weights W1 and W at the other end (B) --- Figure 1. The two dead weights are hung on a loading frame that is welded to the end of the shaft. A series of notches on the loading frame allow for variation of the arm of moment created by each dead weight about the longitudinal axis of the shaft.

The magnitude of the torque and the bending moment created by the two dead weights are

T = W1a1 Wa (counter clockwise = +ve), (6)

M = (W1 + W) L, (7)

where, L is the distance between point C and the loading point B. The bending moment is for a point C on the shaft.

The applied torque is zero when W1a1 = Wa.

The strains at the top surface of the shaft are measured by a rectangular strain rosette, with measurements of 0, +45 and -45. The strain measurement 0 directly measures the bending strain and the strain measurements +45 and -45 together can be used to measure the torsion shear strain with the use of Mohr's circle. The torsion strain can be obtained as,

᠊ = +45 - -45 (8)

4. Procedures

There are altogether three readings of strains, two weights, and two distances to be recorded at each load step.

The experiments are divided into two parts.

4..1 Variation of torsion strain versus the torque

Fixed weight W1 at a certain weight (W1 = 0kg) and position, use a certain W (.1kg) and shift the hanging position of W from one end of the bar to the other end. At each successive position of W, record the position of W, a, and the strains 0, +45, and -45.

Neither W1 nor W should exceed 5kg.

Once you have reached the end, reverse the direction of shift W where, the weights are kept the same, back from the above end to the original end. At each successive position record the unloading path.

4.. Variation of bending moment versus the bending strain

Fix the magnitudes and position of both weights such that W1 = W and a1 = a. This arrangement leads to no torque produced on the shaft. Record the strains readings and a1 = a. Apply successive weights in increment of 1kg to both weights, such that no torque is caused by the simultaneous increment of the weight. At each step, record the position and the strains in 0, +45, and -45 in the table provided. The total weight of W1 + W should not exceed 16 kg, in order not to damage the specimen.

5. Discussions 1

5.1 What are the likely experimental errors during the experiment?

Experimental errors are likely to be caused by

1. Inaccurate weights. An examination of the weights showed that some of the weights were chipped. This would affect the bending moment and thus the experiment.

Weights should be well-maintained and given to students.

. The shaft was assumed to be perfectly elastic, but this may not be true because former students may have exceeded the 5kg limit previously.

A new shaft should have been used.

. The weights were loaded in such a way that the centers of gravity were not in lines with those of the loading frames.

Instructions should have been passed down to inform students to take note of the proper loading procedure.

4. The bolt that tightened the shaft to the fixed end might have loosened during loading.

The bolt should have been tightened before the experiment. A clamp could have used to hold the bolt in place.

5. The shaft was assumed to be level with the ground, but there was no equipment to check this.

Provide a device (spirit leveler) to check for this point.

6. Parallax error may have occurred during measurements of lengths and placing of the strain gauge parallel to the shaft axis.

Measurements have to be taken a few times to ensure accuracy.

7. The strain rosette was noticed to have non-zero readings after the weights were unloaded. This may be due to residual stresses in the shaft.

Time should have been given for the shaft to return to its original state before taking the next reading.

5. Prove equation (8) by formulae, as well as Mohr's circle.

Theory

Below are the general expressions for normal stress and shear stress, respectively on any plane located by the angle ᠋ and caused by a known system of stresses, in order to establish the Mohr's circle.

Using a basic trigonometric relation (cos + sin = 1) to combine the two above equations we have,

This is the equation of a circle, plotted on a graph where the abscissa is the normal stress and the ordinate is the shear stress. This is easier to see if we interpret x and y as being the two principle stresses, and @xy as being the maximum shear stress. Then we can define the average stress, avg, and a radius R (which is just equal to the maximum shear stress),

The circle equation above now takes on a more familiar form,

The circle is centered at the average stress value, and has a radius R equal to the maximum shear stress as shown in the figure below,

The expressions for shear and normal strain to establish the Mohr's circle are shown as

Using a basic trigonometric relation (cos + sin = 1) to combine the above two formulas we have,

This equation is an equation for a circle. To make this more apparent, we can rewrite it as,

where,

The circle is centered at the average strain value Avg, and has a radius R equal to the maximum shear strain, as shown in the figure below,

Note

Corresponding variable in the transformation equation for the plane stress and plane strain

By formulae

Since the strain rosette is mounted on the surface of the shaft, where the shaft is in plane strain, we can use the transformation equation for plane strain to calculate the strains in various directions.

 = (x + y ) / + [(x y) cos] / + [(/xy) sin] /

At  = +450

45 = (x + y ) / + /xy / (1)

At  = -450

-45 = (x + y ) / - /xy / ()

(1) ()

/xy = 45 - -45 (proven)

By Mohr's circle

/ /

Y(y, + / /)



x(y, - / / )

min

ava

max

Note

ava = (x + y ) /

R = ͦ{[(x + y ) / ] + (/ / )}

From diagram

min = -45

max = 45

Therefore,

ava = (45 - -45) /

(45 - -45) / = / / (proven)

6. Experimental and Theoretical Results

Table 6.1 Variation of torsion strain versus the torque

W1 = 0, W = (+0.1)x .8N,

Radius of shaft c = 0.008m, L = 80mm (measured)

Bending Moment M = (W1+W) L,

Torque T = W1a1 Wa,

E = 00 GPa I = 1/64᠋r4 = .17x10-

G = 75 GPa J = 1/᠋r4 = 6.44x10-

Distance a increases (W = kg x .8 m/s )

Experimental Theory

a/m 0 +45 -45 ᠊ = +45--45 M 0 = Mc/EI T ᠊ = Tc/GJ

0.040 67 16 17 5.488 68.5 0.784 1.00

0.060 67 5 14 1 5.488 68.5 1.176 1.0

0.080 67 8 11 7 5.488 68.5 1.568 6.00

0.100 67 41 8 5.488 68.5 1.60 .50

0.10 67 45 5 40 5.488 68.5 .6 .00

0.140 67 48 1 47 5.488 68.5 .744 45.50

Table 6. Variation of bending moment versus bending strain

W1 = W increases, a1 = a = outmost position

From measurement, radius of shaft c = 8mm, L = 80mm

Bending Moment M = (W1 + W)L,

Torque T = 0

E = 00 GPa, I = 1/64᠋r4 = .17x10-

G = 75 Gpa J = 1/᠋r4 = 6.44x10-

a1 = a = 100mm

Experimental Theory

W1=W 0 +45 -45 ᠊ = +45--45 0 = Mc/EI ᠊ = Tc/GJ

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 66 5 0 68.1 0

1 4 4 7 16.47 0

18 75 65 10 04.71 0

4 6 86 7 7.5 0

5 0 1 110 1 41.1 0

7. Discussions

7.1 What if the strain gage is not perfectly aligned with the axis of the shaft (See figure below)? Calculate the effect on the strain reading if the deviation is degrees. Compute your data with the theory. What angle, if not degrees, will account for the discrepancy?

7. What if the strain gauge is not perfectly on the top or the bottom of the shaft? (See figure below) What is the effect of a degrees off-centeredness? If your data does not correlate with the theory well, what angle of off-centeredness can account for this discrepancy?

7. Inspect and measure the actual strain gauge bonding and the respective deviation as discussed in (6.1) and (6.).

7.4 What other factors you can think of that has influenced your results. Investigate your hypothesis.

No sensor is perfect. Therefore, we can analyze a measurement system in terms of desired, interfering and modifying inputs. Here we do the same for the specific case of the strain gauge.

1. Desired input Strain

. Interfering input Change of resistance through-

• Vibrations

• Differential thermal expansion

• Electromagnetic interference (EMI), creep, etc.

. Modifying input Changes in gauge factor through-

• Temperature

• Misalignment between gauge and strain. (measurement system rather than gauge error)

• Ageing, corrosion, brittle, bond deterioration, etc.

Experimental errors are likely to be caused by

- Theoretically, the strain gauge should be perfectly on top of the shaft. It should be parallel to the shaft axis. When working on the experiment, to place the strain gauge parallel to the shaft axis is difficult therefore a slight tilt or displacement will result in the experimental error causing inaccurate results obtained.

- Vibration caused by surroundings and humans at the workplace as well as vibration from placing the weight may also caused inaccurate readings.

- Errors in data logger.

Ways to improve in the errors

- Ensure that the data logger to be calibrated before used to minimize errors.

- Readings should be taken only when the weights are in equilibrium condition or stable condition.

8. Conclusion

Both the torsion and bending theories were verified in this experiment.

However, there were some deviations from the theoretical results due to experimental errors especially this point - the strain rosette was noticed to have non-zero readings after the weights were unloaded. This may be due to residual stresses in the shaft, or the wrong choice of measuring equipment was chosen. Time should have been given for the shaft to return to its original state before taking the next reading, or more accurate and stable equipment should have been used.

Also, the choice of plotting the experimental results of t against the theoretical results did not show the deviation of the experimental results. A better method would have been to plot both the theoretical and experimental results of t against a.

The concept of torsion and bending stress was also better understood using this experiment.

. References

.1. Engineering Mechanics of Solids. Egor P. Popov. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.

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