LEVI STRAUSS TIME LINE HISTORY

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Levi Strauss & Co. spans more than five generations of American and global culture. As a company, weve seen the world go from horse drawn carriages to the electric car, from the chaos of war to space, peace, independence and freedom, and from the telegraph to speed of light Internet communications.

In 00, Levi Strauss & Co. will be 150 years old! We can proudly say that LS&CO. makes the only garment created in the 1th century that is still worn today. And we still have the same youthful, attitude. This is our legacy and gift to the future. As you go through our site and read more about our astonishing history, stop a moment to think about a young, immigrant merchant named Levi Strauss, who started it all.

1th Century

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18

Levi Strauss is born in Buttenheim, Bavaria.

1847

Levi Strauss, his two sisters and mother sail for America, where they join half-brothers Jonas and Louis in New York. Levi joins their dry goods business.

185

Levi becomes an American citizen and sails to San Francisco to set up a small dry-goods house, which grows into a prosperous business over the next twenty years.

Levi Strauss opens his wholesale dry-goods business on California Street near the San Francisco waterfront. It moves to a number of locations over the next 15 years.

1854

Levi Strauss donates $5 to a San Francisco orphanage only one year after arriving in the city to open his dry-goods business. This is equivalent to approximately $100 U.S. and begins the companys tradition of sharing its prosperity with the community.

1866

LS&CO. headquarters are at 14-16 Battery Street, where they remain for 40 years.

187

Jacob Davis, a Reno Nevada tailor, writes to Levi Strauss, telling him of the process he invented to rivet the pocket corners on mens pants. He suggests the two men take out a patent on the process together.

187

Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis receive the patent for rivets on mens pants. They begin making copper riveted waist overalls (the old name for jeans) in San Francisco. The denim comes from the Amoskeag Mill in New Hampshire.

187

Levi Strauss donates funds to endow 8 scholarships at the University of California, Berkeley. These scholarships are still in place today. He also gives money to the California School for the Deaf and supports other local charities.

10

Levi Strauss dies at the age of 7. His nephews inherit the business.

Levi Strauss will contains a number of bequests to Bay Area charities which serve children and the poor.

106

The earthquake and fire destroy the headquarters and two factories of Levi Strauss & Co. The company extends credit to its wholesale customers so they can get back on their feet and back in business. Employee salaries are continued, and temporary headquarters and a showroom are opened in order to keep employees working. A new factory is built at 50 Valencia Street, and new headquarters are erected on Battery Street.

11

Simon Davis, son of Jacob Davis and the superintendent of the Valencia Street factory, invents Koveralls, a one-piece play suit for children.

115

LS&CO. receives the Highest Award for waist overalls at the Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. The company begins to purchase denim from Cone Mills in North Carolina.

11

Walter A. Haas Sr. joins the company.

10

A factory is opened in Frankfort, Indiana to make Koveralls, the first product sold nationally.

10s

During this decade, the assembly-line technique is adopted at the Valencia Street and Frankfort factories. In addition, the climate for selling denim products is unfavorable; the price of cotton drops sharply, rendering cotton garments subject to price reduction. Despite this, Walter Haas Sr. maintains the companys $5,000 advertising budget, as he feels advertising (in the form of billboards and painted signs) is crucial to the success of the waist overalls.

1

Daniel Koshland joins LS&CO.

14

Sigmund Stern, nephew of Levi Strauss, becomes President of LS&CO. His brother Jacob, who took over as President after Levis death in 10, is named Chairman of the Board.

16

Bonuses are given to the workers at the Valencia Street factory, possibly a first in the apparel industry.

18

The company registers the word Levis® as a trademark.

Sigmund Stern dies and Walter Haas Sr. becomes President.

10s

The Depression strikes and the demand for products declines. Workers at the Valencia Street facility are put on a short work week to avoid layoffs, and others are given non-manufacturing tasks such as laying the hardwood floors that are still in use today. At the same time, the company adopts the cowboy as its advertising and image-building icon, associating the rugged individualism of the cowboy (and his Hollywood counterpart) with the famous 501® waist overalls.

15

LS&CO. creates Lady Levis® the companys first blue jean for women.

1

Walter Haas, Jr. joins LS&CO

140s

During World War II, the design of waist overalls is changed due to government mandates regarding the conservation of raw materials. U.S. soldiers wear their Levis® jeans and jackets overseas, giving the products their first international exposure.

African-American workers at the companys California plants work in integrated facilities.

145

Peter Haas Sr. joins LS&CO.

148

LS&CO. discontinues its wholesale business in order to concentrate on manufacturing.

15

The Levi Strauss Foundation is formed to coordinate the companys charitable giving.

154

Lighter Blues casual slacks and the Denim Family line mark the companys entry into the sportswear business.

An Army colonel on an American base in Frankfurt, Germany bans military wives from wearing blue jeans, saying it reflects poorly on the U.S.

155

Daniel Koshland succeeds Walter Haas Sr. as President.

158

Levis® jeans are chosen for the American Pavilion at the Worlds Fair in Brussels.

Walter Haas Jr. becomes President.

15

Levis® jeans are exhibited at the American Fashion Industries Presentation in Moscow.

The company begins exporting garments to Europe and appoints an Export Manager

160s

LS&CO. opens its first southern plant. Located in Blackstone, Virginia, the company insists from its inception that the facility be integrated. This occurs before desegregation is mandated by federal law.

161

Clothing is exhibited in Paris by our French distributor.

16

LS&CO. receives President Kennedys E award for significant contributions to the United States export program.

Levi Strauss Europe is established.

16

Pre-shrunk Levis® jeans are introduced.

164

STA-PREST slacksthe first wrinkle free products are introduced. Levis® jeans become part of the permanent collections of the Smithsonian Institution.

165

Levi Strauss International and Levi Strauss Far East are established, beginning the companys expansion into Europe and Asia.

166

The company airs its first television commercial.

167

Levis® jeans are exhibited in Moscow, Prague and Warsaw.

Rock groups such as The Jefferson Airplane and Paul Revere and the Raiders record radio commercials for Stretch Levis® and White Levis®.

168

The Community Affairs department is established, formalizing the companys philanthropic efforts.

16-170

LS&CO. introduces bell bottoms into its jeans line.

LS&CO. renovates the Valencia Street plant and the surrounding areas, creating a community gathering place and contributing to the improvement of the community.

Peter Haas Sr. becomes President

170s

Corduroy and polyester round out the companys line of products.

The first Community Involvement Teams are formed at the headquarters office.

171

LS&CO. becomes a public corporation, and includes a statement of its values in its prospectus.

Levi Strauss Japan is established, marking the companys first official entry into the Asian marketplace.

17

LS&CO. establishes the Minority Purchasing Program.

17

Bob Haas joins the company.

174

Company headquarters move to a large office complex at Embarcadero Center in San Francisco.

178

A formal program is created at headquarters to assist LS&CO. employees when they retire from the company

181

Robert Grohman becomes President and Chief Executive Officer.

18

The Levi Strauss Foundation makes its first matching gifts to the Kaposi Sarcoma Clinic at San Francisco General Hospital.

18

AIDS support groups are first formed at headquarters.

The first Original Levis Stores® are opened in Europe (in Spain). Within eight years there are 57 stores throughout northern and eastern Europe.

184

LS&CO. is the official outfitter of the U.S. Olympic Team and the Los Angeles Games staff.

The 501® Blues television campaign is launched at the Olympic Games, leading to a resurgence in sales of the 501® jeans.

LS&CO. receives the Lawrence A. Wien Prize in Corporate Social Responsibility.

Bob Haas becomes President and Chief Executive Officer.

185

LS&CO. wins the Governors Committee Media/Advertising Award from the New York State Office of Advocates for the Disabled, for its positive portrayals of disabled people in the 501® Blues television ads.

LS&CO. completes the largest leveraged buyout in the apparel industry and the company becomes private again.

186

Dockers® Khakis are introduced in the United States. The company holds its first auction of celebrity-decorated denim jackets to benefit AIDS research and education at Barneys in New York.

187

The Mission and Aspirations Statement is crafted, beginning the process of creating a more empowered workforce, dedicated to excellence and open to change.

18

LS&CO. receives Harvards Dively Award for Corporate Public Initiative.

10

LS&CO. receives the German Apparel Supplier of the Year award, the first non-German and the first jeans company to win the award.

11

Project Change, an initiative to fight institutional racism in LS&CO. communities, is launched.

The first Original Levis Stores® are opened in the United States, in Columbus Ohio.

1

LS&CO. adopts the first known set of comprehensive standards for manufacturing and finishing contractors worldwide, dealing with wages, hours, working conditions, ethics and the environment.

LS&CO. becomes the first Fortune 500 company to offer full medical benefits to the unmarried partners of its employees.

Levi Strauss North America is formed to better coordinate the strategies and needs of the business in Canada, the U.S. and Mexico.

1

Business Ethics magazine names LS&CO. as one of three companies to win its Excellence in Ethics award.

Due to positive changes in South Africa, LS&CO.s South Africa Policy Group recommends that the company modify its policy to consider doing business in that country (if free, fair, non- racial elections have been held and a Government of National Unity has been installed).

LS&CO. offices in Europe help underwrite a major photojournalistic exploration of the impact of living with AIDS.

14

Levis® Dockers® are introduced in Europe.

Fortune magazine names Levi Strauss & Co. the most admired apparel company.

Vista magazine chooses LS&CO. as one of 50 U.S. companies providing the best career opportunities for Hispanic women. The magazine especially noted LS&CO. for its appointment of Patricia Salas Pineda to its Board of Directors. Pineda receives the magazines Corporate Achievement Award.

Employees at the Customer Service Center in Canton, Miss., are honored by the White House and Congress for their volunteer work in support of children and families in the Jackson and Canton communities.

Original Levis Stores® around the globe participate in World AIDS day.

15

Dockers® Khakis, invented in Japan ten years earlier as Docker Pants, are re-introduced to Japanese consumers.

LS&CO. places No. 1 among apparel firms for the third year in a row and No. 16 overall in Fortune magazines annual list of Americas most admired corporations.

Hispanic magazine names LS&CO. among the top 100 companies that provide the most opportunities for Hispanic employees.

Carl von Buskirk, President, LS Europe, signs a charter confirming that the affiliate does not - and will not - discriminate against employees with HIV or AIDS. The charter is issued by the Belgian government and signed by representatives of seven European companies.

LS&CO. launches its first site on the Web at www.levi.com.

Levi Strauss Japan sponsors the Rolling Stones Voodoo Lounge tour.

Clayman becomes LS&CO.s first global commercial for the Levis® brand and runs in countries on all five continents.

16

LS&CO. introduces the Slates® brand, a new line of mens dress pants.

Levis® Vintage Clothing is introduced globally. LVC is a line of authentic reproductions of clothing from the Levi Strauss & Co. Archives.

The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change presents LS&CO. with the 16 Management Award. The Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE), which represents several LS&CO. owned-and-operated manufacturing facilities, made the award nomination in recognition of the unique partnership between LS&CO. and UNITE.

17

LS&CO. receives the Organizational Award for a Large Business from the Centers for Disease Control.

The company also receives the Quality of Life Award from Auburn University.

18

LS&CO. celebrates the 15th anniversary of the invention of jeans.

Levi Strauss & Co. receives the first Ron Brown Award for Corporate Leadership. CEO Bob Haas accepts the award for the company at a White House ceremony conducted by President Clinton. LS&CO. is honored with this award for Project Change (see 11).

1

Slates® brand is relaunched to offer modern, intelligent style.

Philip Marineau becomes the new President and Chief Executive Officer of Levi Strauss & Co.

Bob Haas becomes Chairman of the Board.

A flagship Original Levis Store® opens on San Franciscos Union Square.

The Presence and Publicity Department expands the companys sponsorship of music events, such as Lauryn Hills Miseducation tour and the MTV Video Music Awards.

000

LS&CO. introduces Levis® Engineered Jeans™, the reinvention of jeans for the 1st century.

LS&CO. named No. in Fortunes Americas Best Companies for Minorities.

Levi Strauss & Co. sponsors DAngelo and Christina Aguilera concert tours.

00

Levi Strauss & Co. will celebrate the 150th anniversary of its founding and the 10th anniversary of the invention of blue jeans by Levi Strauss & Jacob Davis.

Bob Haas is the Chairman of Levi Strauss & Co. (LS&CO.) and the great-great-grandnephew of the companys founder, Levi Strauss.

Haas, 61, was named chairman in 18 and served as chief executive officer from 184 to 1. As CEO, Haas was instrumental in leading the company through a business turnaround that resulted in more than a decade of rapid sales growth and profit expansion. He led the successful effort to take the company private through a leveraged buyout in 185. In addition, he oversaw the creation of the Dockers® and Slates® brands, and spearheaded the companys substantial international development.

Haas joined LS&CO. in 17. He has served as marketing director and group vice president of Levi Strauss International, director of corporate marketing development, senior vice president of corporate planning and policy, president of the operating groups and executive vice president and chief operating officer of the company.

http//www.levistrauss.com

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Jaunita!

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John Kennedy A Political Profile

"A serious, meaty, objective study of a glamorous political figure....tremendously readable" - Mary McGrory, Washington Star is an accurate review of this book. James Macgreggor Brun's book John Kennedy A Political Profile describes John. F Kennedy's pre-presidential life, career, and the decisions he had to make in his early political career.

One point the author makes is John F. Kennedys childhood. John F. Kennedy was born on May th, 117. John F. Kennedy attends Choate, prestigious Connecticut boarding school, in John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy enrolls in Princeton and drops out due to an illness in 15. John F. Kennedy then attends Harvard for four years.

The author also makes a point about John F. Kennedys role in World War II John F. Kennedy joined the navy in 141 and eventually became a PT boat Captain. A Japanese destroyer rammed the boat in August 14. John F Kennedy's boat was severely damaged. Two men were killed and the rest tried to stay afloat by holding on to pieces of the boat. John F. Kennedy led his men on a grueling swim to a nearby island. He received the Purple Heart, as well as the Navy and Marine Corps Medal

Another Point the author makes is John F. Kennedy's stand on McCarthyism .In February 150, Joseph McCarthy made a speech in which he declared over two hundred employees of the State Department were members of the Communist Party. That speech began the era of "McCarthyism". John F. Kennedy failed to take a strong position against McCarthyism, which angered Liberals because they said John F. Kennedy was evading a difficult issue

A final important point made by James Macgreggor Brun is that John F. Kennedy resolved the problem of separation of church and state. During the Late 150's Catholicism caused controversy in America. John F. Kennedy, being a catholic, made speeches in which he asserted that his faith would not interfere with his presidency, which insured that Church and State would remain separate.

In my opinion, this book is biased. Most of the research was interviews with Senator John F. Kennedy, family members, aides, and friends. This book was published in 160, before John F. Kennedy was gfdgdfdg, and some of the more controversial things John F. Kennedy had done were not yet revealed. Consequently, this portrays John F. Kennedy as a "glamorous" person. Also judging by the way the Author uses words such as "blarney" and "Yankees" in the first chapters, I believe this may imply that he is Irish, which I think creates a small bias.

During this reading I learned more in-depth details about John F. Kennedys political career before he became president. Such as, he defeated Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. to become Senator of Massachusetts, which he served for two terms. He was also in the House of Representatives for three terms. I did not know that he was diagnosed with Addison's Disease, a fatal condition that involves the impairment of the adrenal glands and the weakening of the immune system. His condition was kept secret from the public.

I would not recommend this book because it is outdated. There are several reasons, one is that the book mentions nothing of John F. Kennedys more controversial things such as his womanizing. Second the book was published before he entered his presidency and third that it does not talk about his death. Also the book takes awhile for it to get interesting.

My Opinion has not changed after reading this book. I already had knowledge of John F. Kennedy's life and political career before, which influenced why my opinion stayed the same. In this book nothing really bad is said about John F. Kennedy because the public knew very little and the press was keeping it under wraps, unlike today. If there would have been more controversial things talked about in this book, then I think my opinion would have changed but my opinion has stayed the same.

"Charismatic leadership can be dangerous and may demand too much trust, blind faith, and dependence on a father image." p. 17 This was the most memorable quote because I think it describes John F. Kennedy wonderfully. He was a very charismatic person and he used that to his advantage when running for offices. He also had an image that he tried to maintain and that is why many things about his personal life were with held from the public.

In conclusion, John Kennedy A Political Profile by James MacGregor Bruns describes John. F Kennedy's the ways in which Kennedy dealt with different political situations, pre-presidential life and career.

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Poop

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Webster defines friend as one who entertains for another such sentiments of esteem, respect, and affection; a well-wisher; an intimate associate; sometimes, an attendant. Sounds good right? But then again, how do you define what a best friend is. I mean, think about it, people everyday, unconscious of what it really means, throw around that label. I guess the only way to give a good understanding of why I feel so passionate about this is to tell a story about an amazing human being.

I set out to write this auto-biography thinking that I know this girl so well, that its going to be a piece of cake. But think about it, have you ever sat down and tried to put into words what your best friend really means to you? This was going to prove harder than I thought. I'm not going to hold anything back though; this will be the unabridged diary of that person.

I'll have to take you way back to the summer of 001. I had decided to come up and visit my friends Marra and Melissa for a couple of days, not knowing that I would meet a person that would change my life. We decided to go to a bar known as "White Trash." We walked out on the back deck and I was immediately drawn to one person. I sat down next to her, and we were introduced. I remember having a huge crush on her thus making me extremely nervous. The experience was mainly small talk, and an occasional cigarette getting mooched off of me, but to be honest, it was probably one of the best days of my life. This was the day I met Jessica Schmidt.

Wait a minute; maybe I should back up here. You're probably wondering who this person I'm talking about is. I could sum it all up and just say that she is the most beautiful person in the world. But no, I think, for yours and her sake, she needs to hear some sincere words about her, and what she means to the people around her. If you know Jessica Schmidt, then you know what its like to laugh your ass off. I think before anything can be said about her, you have to know that this girl a comic genius. I've never met anyone who could look at me with a strait face and make me laugh hysterically. It's got to be a gift. Or maybe it's because the woman has no shame whatsoever. Case in point, she can make taking a shit funny. I mean, this girl has an arsenal of goofy faces, ridiculous catch fraises, almost painful to watch dances, and a new laugh everyday. Add the aid of alcohol and you have a deadly combination. It's almost too hard to pinpoint one funniest moment. Probably her claim to fame would be her alter ego Salley O'Malley. You know the skit on SNL…"I'm fifty years old!" Well she takes it to another level by doing it in public after downing shot after shot of Sambuca. Shouting out phrases like "I KICK…STRETCH…AND I KICK…I'M FIFTY YEARS OLD PEOPLE!" Most people stare at her like she's a retard, but her inner circle of friends end up on the verge of pissing their pants from laughter. I really don't think I could go the rest of my life without her humor and infectious laugh.

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A friend in need is a friend indeed, right? Well Jessica must be the greatest friend of all time if that saying is true. I honestly don't think Jess can survive without her friends, but who can anyway. On the other hand, you have to understand that Jessica gives back in other ways. Her friendship alone is priceless, and you know that she does appreciate everything you do for her. I may complain at times, but deep down, I would do anything that girl asked me.

You probably want to know what this chick looks like too. Now this is where I get stumped. I really can't find a good word to describe her physically. Ok, well, here goes. We'll start at the top. Jessica's hair color changes as much as her interests in guys do. One day it'll be blonde, the next it'll be dark brown and done up like she's going to the prom. I myself am partial to blondes, so when she is one, she looks that much better, but who am I kidding, Jess would be beautiful with blue hair. Next we move to the eyes. Big and beautiful green eyes, but only beautiful when she's not making the lazy eye face. Trust me you don't want to see it. Moving down, you come across her big lips, wait that didn't sound to good did it? Anyway…aside from that, she has the most beautiful smile I've ever seen. It lights up any room and you can't help but smile too. I could go on and on about what's below the neck, but this is a short story remember. Lets just say that her body is absolutely perfect, in my eyes at least. You can't give a description without talking about her toes. I give jess a lot of shit about them, only because I know she gets mad. Whether you think they look like fingers or not, she has the cutest feet. Just don't ever smell them! But on a more serious note, Jessica is truly one of the most beautiful girls I've ever seen. I only hope that one day I find a girl that posses the same outer beauty that she has.

It kind of sounds like Jess and I are a couple, and I can't help but think back to that movie "When Harry Met Sally." I'd be lying if I said I'm not attracted to her and at one point might have had feelings for her, but you see, our friendship is why I'm writing this. We have that Will and Grace kind of relationship, accept her boobs are bigger and I'm not gay. There's this other guy who has been there from the start though. Don't get me wrong, she is by far the biggest flirt on the planet, but no matter what happens, or how many hundreds of times they seem to break up, they always seem to have this connection. I just don't think Justin knows how lucky of a guy he is. Honestly though, I only feel comfortable when those two are together, if someone else were to step in it would seem too weird. I want nothing more than for her to find someone in life that gives her everything she wants. She's been through a lot and she deserves it. On the other hand, I also want her to sometimes slow down and mature a little in that category and learn to compromise in relationships and accept people's flaws. Maybe I'm wrong though, it's the one thing I've yet to figure out about her.

I'm at the point where I feel like I'm leaving something out about her. I could go on and on telling stories about her and little aspects of what makes her special, but then I'd have to be commissioned to write a novel. Jessica is bar far the most special person I, as well as many others, have ever encountered. We are coming to the end of our careers as college students, and our paths will most likely go in different directions. No matter how far apart or how much time passes between us seeing each other, she will always hold a very special place in my heart. It goes without saying, that we will never be fully apart forever; hell I'd die if that happened. I never had a best friend up until I met her, but when I did finally meet her, my life changed and I acquired someone in my life that I knew I could count on for anything, whether it was advice, or a place to crash at after a long night at the bar. I want her to know that she is a special person, and my best friend. There's that label again, "best friend." I didn't quite know what it meant at first, but now I do. It means more than lending a few dollars, or giving good advice, or even giving a shoulder to cry on. It means to me at least, I would die for that girl. Jess, you are the most beautiful person I've ever met, inside and out. Always my best friend.

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Australias current account deficit

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Short Essay on the play The house of Benarda Alba

Federico Garcia Lorcas last play, completed in 16 just weeks before his brutal murder, depicts a reclusive household of eight women sequestered by Andalusian codes of honour.

This short play is set in rural Spain at the turn of this century. The characters, all women, exist in a cloistered household managed by a newly widowed mother of five daughters. Under the shadow of the church and the tyranny bred from a need to protect the reputation of the family, the matron (Bernarda Alba) represses her daughters by enforcing an eight year mourning period. The tensions build rapidly among the imprisoned women, with a demented grandmother playing a role resembling that of a Greek chorus. Eventually, the natural spirits of the daughters circumvent Bernarda, but the result is violence and a suicide.

The powerful features of this work include its terse dialogue, rapidly built tensions which are relentlessly sustained until the dramatic climax, and the hint of madness and impending chaos which informs the behavior of the characters in conflict. This is a study in family relationships under the strain of culturally and socially imposed taboos regarding sexuality and the self-determination of women.

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Federico Garcia Lorca finished his great play about the widowed matriarch and her five downtrodden daughters just two months before his murder by Francos fascists.

It is impossible not to see in the story of Bernarda Alba, who rules her daughters and her servants with an iron rod, as a metaphor for Spanish society locked in outdated codes of honour - easy prey for the dictator. You imagine that Lynn Farleighs seriously scary Bernarda Alba, who barks at her bereaved children Less wailing, more work, could easily conquer Europe in an afternoon and still be home in time for tea

Auriol Smiths production, with a new translation by Rebecca Morahan, not only suggests this but shows how the downtrodden collude in their own oppression. There is no sisterhood among sisters here, only envy fuelled by despair as they realise that only the oldest, Angustias, now wealthy through their fathers will, has any chance of marriage and escape. You will behave as if the walls and windows had been sealed with bricks, says Bernarda Alba, announcing eight years of mourning. In fact, these women have already walled themselves up.

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Thurgood Marshall

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Thurgood Marshall

Born July , 108 to an interracial family, and as the grandson of a slave, Thurgood Marshall was destined to face the hardships of being a black American. He was able to overcome the difficulties of growing up in his time and became one of the most influential figures in the history of civil rights, yet he is often overlooked in the most popular accounts of the movement.

His childhood in Baltimore, Maryland was surrounded by the community's outcry for equality. They had fought for equal rights since the civil war and worked hard to establish their own schools so they could teach their children their own values. His father, William Marshall had instilled in him from an early age a great appreciation for the constitution and the rule of law.

Marshall graduated with honors from the historically black Lincoln University in 10 then applied to the University of Maryland Law School but was denied acceptance because he was black. That same year he was accepted to Howard University Law School where he graduated as valedictorian in 1. Help with essay on Thurgood Marshall Shortly after graduating, Marshall won his first major case when he sued the University of Maryland for not accepting a black Amherst University graduate who clearly qualified for admission. In 14 Marshall started working for the Baltimore branch of the NAACP and won of the major cases he fought. In 154 Marshall won the crucial case of Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka ending the separation of black and white students in public schools. This victory spurred the civil rights movement of the 160's and increased the number of black high school and college graduates.

President Kennedy appointed Marshall to the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 161 and he became circuit judge. All 11 rulings he made were ultimately upheld by the Supreme Court. Lyndon Johnson appointed Marshall US Solicitor General in 165 and he won 14 of the 1 cases he argued for the government. In 167 Marshall became the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court. Marshall retired from the Supreme Court in 11 at the age of 8 and died two years later.

Thurgood Marshall overcame the color barriers throughout his career, breaking the line between black and white in housing, transportation, voting and education. He disagreed with the methods of his peers like Malcolm X, who supported violent overthrow of the government and Martin Luther King Jr. who preferred to march in peaceful protest. He worked in the interest of black Americans to build a society where black and white are equal in the eyes of the law.

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Media violence

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on media violence. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality media violence paper right on time.

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Violence in the media has been popular since the beginning of television. Police shows and westerns have been entertaining us with gunfights and car chases since we were children. Now, because of the recent school shootings and other teen violence, the blame has been placed on television. Politicians like Bill Clinton and Al Gore have asked entertainment companies and television stations to tone the violence down. There is only so much that can be done though. The violence in many shows like wrestling and horror flicks have already been calmed down and pushed back to later hours, to keep smaller children from watching them. There is only so much that can be done, without totally stopping media violence. While many people have been asking for a change in the rating system, nothing is being done. One of the reasons for this is because the entertainment industry is large and very influential. Another reason is that even though there may be an abundance of numbers documenting the amount of violence children see but no one can tell whether it has a direct effect on them or not. Even though cases of children imitating wrestling moves have been documented, there is nothing showing that they intend to hurt the other person.

Most people simply watch the shows and understand that it is just entertainment. Even though some school shootings have been linked to the media, none of the shooters have ever said that they did it because of a movie, video games, or music. Also, there has never been a case where the defense uses a movie or television show as a defense.

Another possible reason for the media being linked to society's violence is because of the way television is viewed these days. Back when society was more family-oriented, parents would sit down with their kids and watch TV. If there was something that was violent or that sent a negative message on parents could explain the difference between right and wrong, reality and make-believe. They could guide their children and tells them what is bad and what is good. Now with both parents working, and working later hours, kids are left home alone. Without any supervision, kids are able to watch anything they want. They may watch some violent shows without anyone there to monitor them. This is what is causing the recent trend of violence, not just the images in the media. With proper monitoring and teaching good interaction skills, kids could watch just about anything without becoming violent. Schools could also start programs that teach the difference

between TV violence and real violence for younger students.Order Custom media violence paper

Many times, the students who become school shooters, are the ones that have problems. There has been evidence that the two shooters of Columbine were students that got made fun of and bullied on a daily basis by more popular students, just for being different (dailybeacon.utk.edu/ article.php/8). It is also the kids that suffer from physical, verbal, and sexual abuse that tend to grow up to be more violent.

It is believed that the media has many effects on younger viewers. There are four different effects of media violence Direct, Desensitization, Mean World Syndrome, and Catharsis(www.mediaknowall.com/violence.html). The direct effect is that watching a lot of violence in the media may cause children and adults to demonstrate more aggressive behavior themselves, or they may have more approving attitudes towards the use of violence to resolve conflicts.

Desensitization is when exposure to media violence may mean children in particular become less sensitive to violence occurring around them, and less sensitive to the pain and suffering that violence causes to others. They also have less sensitive views on "acceptable" levels of

violence in society, which means they are prepared to tolerate more.

The Mean World Syndrome is when watching large amounts of violence on TV may lead children and adults to believe that the real world contains this amount of pain and violence, and therefore they begin to view their environment as a mean and dangerous place. They may be more fearful of becoming a victim of violence.

Catharsis is a potentially positive effect, where exposure to media violence may result in reduce aggression in viewers.

There is kind-of a balance between the effects of violence in the media. With proper education in people skills and how to react in real-life situations, there can be little or no effect from the violence in the media.

Please note that this sample paper on media violence is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on media violence, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on media violence will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Acid Rain

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Acid Rain. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Acid Rain paper right on time.

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Are You Informed About Acid Rain?

"Acid rain is simply rain which is acidic. The rain becomes acidic because of gases which dissolve in the rain water to form various acids. Rain is naturally slightly acidic and thus it has a pH of around 6.0 and in some parts of the world it can be as low as 4.0 (this is typical around volcanoes, where the Sulphur dioxide and hydrogen Sulphide form Sulphuric acid in the rain).Before the Industrial Revolution, the pH of rain was generally between 5 and 6, so the term acid rain is now used to describe rain with a pH below 5.

Acid rain is a broad term used to describe several ways that acids precipitates from the atmosphere. A more precise term is acid deposition, which has two parts wet and dry.

Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow. As this acidic water flows over and through the ground, it affects a variety of plants and animals. The strength of the effects depend on many factors, including how acidic the water is, the chemistry and buffering capacity of the soils involved, and the types of fish, trees, and other living things that rely on the water.

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Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles. About half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition. The wind blows these acidic particles and gases onto buildings, cars, homes, and trees. Dry deposited gases and particles can also be washed from trees and other surfaces by rainstorms. When that happens, the runoff water adds those acids to the acid rain, making the combination more acidic than the falling rain alone. (Figure.1)

Acid rain occurs when these gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds. These reactions take hours or even days during which polluted air may move hundreds of kilometres. Thus acid rain can fall far from the source of pollution. Sunlight increases the rate of most of these reactions and prevailing winds blow the acidic compounds across the land.

When mist or fog droplets condense they remove pollutants from the air and can become strongly acidic than acid rain. Even snow can be acidic. (acid snow)

The main sources of SO are in South Africa by coal-fired power stations, metal workings industries and nitrogen oxides emissions are from vehicles and fuel combustions. Also there are sources in Scandinavian countries and Scotland which also has a very similar ratios, while the north-eastern USA has 6 percent Sulphuric acid, percent nitric acid and 6 percent hydrochloric acid. These gases are produced almost entirely from burning fossil fuels, mainly in power stations and road transport (Figure 1.)

What's all the fuss about?

Acid deposition has a variety of effects, including damage to forests and soils, fish and other living things, materials, and human health. Acid rain also reduces how far and how clearly we can see through the air, an effect called visibility reduction. By increasing the acidity in forests, soils, limestone and marble buildings, fish, and other living things it increases the death of these abiotic and biotic activities.

Acid Raid Fact file

• Since Australia is sparsely populated, its cities are far apart and it has no neighbours, the readings are not very high. In areas where there are smelters and power stations however, the problem of acid rain is far greater.

• Across 15 European countries, 7,000 sq. miles are showing signs of forest death syndrome.

• In southern Norway, all lakes in a 1,000 sq. kilometre area are devoid of fish, with 80% of lakes are either dead or on the critical list.

• In southern Sweden, 18,000 lakes now support no fish life.

Chongging, a commercial city in western China is perhaps the acid rain capital of the world, the rain there sometimes being so acid that it can dissolve steel.

• Manchester has been described as the acid capital of Europe.

Britains trees are amongst the unhealthiest in Europe yet the country remains the largest sulphur dioxide polluter in the region.

• In North America, 60% of red spruces in New England Mountains have died and in Ontario sugar maples are dying.

Since acid rain is the most serious consequence of air pollution several Governments in the world have decided to create policies to strictly reduce SO and NOx emissions.

In Europe a series of agenda setting meetings were held under the auspices of the Economic Commission of Europe (ECE), out of which came the Convention on Long-Range Trans-boundary Pollution. It was signed November 1-14, 17 and ratified March 15, 18 by all the European states. Following ratification, member states of the treaty began working out details for specific reductions goals. Participants were asked to obligate themselves to a thirty percent reduction in sulphur emissions, based on 180 levels, during the next decade. Support for this alteration, although not universal, was wide-spread and growing. Within two years, the Protocol to the 17 Convention on Long-Range Trans-boundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 0 Per Cent was drawn up. It was signed in Helsinki, July , 185, and ratified September , 187.

Chinas national legislature, through its model of Cleaner Production and other attempts to reduce air pollution, has significantly altered the Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, which was just revised five years ago. Suggested amendments include banning the discharge of air pollutants above a certain level, imposing heavy fines for violators of the law, and replacing coal combustion with clean energy resources such as renewables and natural gas. On a regional level, China, South Korea and Japan have agreed to launch a five-year project to control trans-boundary air pollutants.

What can we do?

It is a global problem which overall affects our lives. Ozone impacts on human health include a number of morbidity and mortality risks associated with lung inflammation, including asthma and emphysema.

As individuals it may seem like there is not much that one can do to stop acid deposition. However, like many environmental problems, acid deposition is caused by the cumulative actions of millions of individual people. Therefore, each individual can also reduce their contribution to the problem and become part of the solution. One of the first steps is to understand the problem and its solutions.

Individuals can contribute directly by conserving energy, since energy production causes the largest portion of the acid deposition problem.

For example, you can

• Turn off lights, computers, and other appliances when youre not using them

• Use energy efficient appliances lighting, air conditioners, heaters, refrigerators, washing machines, etc.

• Only use electric appliances when you need them.

• Insulate your home as best you can.

• Carpool, use public transportation, or better yet, walk or bicycle whenever possible

• Buy vehicles with low NOx emissions, and maintain all vehicles well.

• Look for products bearing the EcoLogo. They minimize the use of environmentally hazardous substances and maximize energy efficiency and the use of recycled materials.

• Be well-informed.

By reducing Acid Rain, which is conserving energy you are not only helping the environment but yourself in the long term, after all it's the environment that keeps you alive so think globally and act locally. 

Please note that this sample paper on Acid Rain is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Acid Rain, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Acid Rain will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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