Conflict in indochina

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The situation in Vietnam in the period up to January 168 was one, which could not have been even attempted by South Vietnam alone. The growing fear of the spread of communism around the world coupled with Eisenhower's 'Domino Theory' meant that the US was deeply alarmed by the state of Vietnam especially after the partition was made at the 17th parallel in 154. The strategy of containment was pursued by the US upon the involvement with South Vietnam. Their decision to aid South Vietnam was not essentially for the benefit of South Vietnam itself but more for the safety of the world as a democracy. The US support for South Vietnam included money, weapons and eventually men was absolutely necessary for the continuation of South Vietnam to retaliate against the communists of the North. In all aspects of the war up until the Tet Offensive of January 168, the US support was essential for a battle to be pursued against the North. Although the main reason for their support was essentially the scare of spreading communism throughout South East Asia, it was also necessary as the South Vietnamese government was not focused or capable enough to perform in battle to the standards necessary.

The main U.S. policy-making strategies in regard to north and South Vietnam had one central focus, the ridding of communism, as written in the US National Security Council Policy document of July 160, "the underlying purpose of Us assistance in the area is to help the non-communist countries to develop more effective political organisation, strengthen their internal administration, and enlist greater allegiance in urban and rural districts". President Truman was the first of the American Presidents who realised the fear of Communism could become wide spread, which was hastened by the fall of China. However, it was initially under the authority of president Eisenhower that it was realised North Vietnam's communism under Ho Chi Minh must be opposed specifically. It was therefore decided that American support must be directed toward South Vietnam, "by programs of military and economic aid" (US National Security Council Policy document of July 160) to be offered in states in danger of succumbing to communist takeover. The United States main theory to the outcomes of spreading communism was the 'Domino Theory' Cautioned by the Soviet ascendancy over Eastern Europe after WWII, it was President Eisenhower who believed and preached the Domino Theory, to which if one country fell to communism it would inevitably spread to its neighbours. The 'Domino Theory' was the bases of the United States backing of Diem in South Vietnam. The 'containment strategy', primarily used in Europe would now be stretched to Vietnam by President Kennedy in 161, as an attempt to suppress the 'Domino Theory" and communism. When the NLF was formed to over throw Diem's regime and liquidate all foreign interference, it was the growing resistance against Diem and his regime that forced the U.S. to reevaluate the ability of Diem in his position. It could be seen that his intentions were not corresponding to those of the Americans and although it was through the Americans that he came to power, it would be through them again that his position would decline. Without U.S. intervention and support for South Vietnam, Diem's regime could quite easily changed from a democratic to a totalitarian government. It was also the strength of the US as a world power that allowed for the ability to manage the South government as they saw fit for victory

The significance of the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu and the agreements of the Geneva conference coupled with the growing strength of the Viet Minh, the US believed it had no choice but to support Diem and South Vietnam in order for communism to be defeated. "The position of the United States of America in regards to their support for Vietnam has varied from the time of the first Indochinese war to that of the second" (Vietnam, A History, Stanley Karnow). The fear of the spread of communism into Asia from China and the growing influence of the Soviet Union forced US foreign policy to withdraw support from the Vietminh which had been dwindling anyway and actively back the French through military and other aid in the war against the Vietminh. However, as the French clearly began to loose there control over the South Vietnam it can be seen that the US shift in support from the French to aiding the South occurs at the time that the French inquire a cease fire agreement to which the US did not encourage. The Geneva agreements on May 8, 154, which gained Indochina its independence from France also segregated Vietnam into North and South to which one half, as the Americans saw it, would be 'lost' to communism, as written in 'Vietnam' (Ngo Vinh Long). At this stage the strength of the Viet Minh was alarming and after defeating the French, they were seen as a great threat to the future of anti-Communism. The Americans however, having decided against military intervention at this point had no choice but to accept the terms of the agreement although they did not sign the treaty. The failure to hold the 156 elections, which would determine the future of a unified Vietnam, due to Diem's opposition towards them meant that the countries would not be unified by means of election but more than likely conflict. America's support for Diem's opposition to the election was due to a unanimous conclusion that Diem's diminished popularity among his people would surely allow for Ho Chi Minh to obtain control over the unified Vietnam. At these early stages, Diem's capability to over run the North and subsequently Communism looked grim if the US did not provide military aid and assistance.

Although it was not immediately instated, US aid became necessary for the continuation of the battle against Communism, Ambassador Durbrow stated in September 160, "if Diem's position continues to deteriorate… it may become necessary for US government to begin consideration of alternative courses of action… to effectively fight communism". It was in October 154 under President Eisenhower that the U.S. commenced direct military assistance to South Vietnam. The U.S. army training cycle and field manuals became the standards for the South Vietnam regime. They were also supplying masses of economic aid, by 156; South Vietnam was receiving $70 million per year. The U.S. however was too preoccupied by the threat of communism to worry about how their aid was being spent and although it seemed to the U.S. that power was being achieved by their aid, Diem was using it to rule as he saw fit. Although at this point the support that South Vietnam was receiving from America was 'Advisory', the deteriorating situation of South Vietnam eventually forced the United Stated to become militarily involved. The formation of the Viet Cong placed extra pressure on South Vietnam. The growing hatred towards Diem and his regime escalated the members of the Viet Cong and therefore created a threat, which tried to undermine the authority of the Saigon regime. There was therefore divisions in South Vietnam among the people as Diem's regime was directed a winning the support of the rich landowners and therefore loosing the support of the many peasants of South Vietnam. The South even created the 'Strategic Hamlets' to attempt to overrun the Viet Cong, this unfortunately and unsuccessfully alienated entire villages of peasants who were often already unhappy with Diem's regime. Kennedy was determined to stop the spread of North Vietnamese communism into the south and into Laos and Cambodia. The first step was to send 1,000 US military advisers to the Republic. The Americans denied that they would be taking an active role in the increasing conflict (due to the terms of the Geneva Agreement). Their role was strictly advising the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). Although the South was struggling due to loss of support the North under Ho Chi Minh was developing and consolidating communist power in the North before he attempted to unify Vietnam. The use of Guerilla tactics by the North were so unfamiliar to the US that their "cumbersome convention units could not operate effectively" (The Second Indochina War, W.S. Turley". The strength which Ho was gaining from the Viet Cong in the South became greater than he had anticipated and therefore created the National Liberation Front (NLF) in 15 to bring together the to groups which opposed Diem. The use of the Ho Chi Minh trail by the North was a great advantage for them to transport goods especially weapons from the north to the South. The formation of the NLF then represented a clear declaration of a war of Natinal independence on the Diem government and its United States supporters. For the United States this implemented that simply advising would not be enough to ensure the safety of South Vietnam against the Communists of the North however, It became harder for the U.S. to support South Vietnam when its people were loosing faith in their leader, Diem. Already providing 75% of the total budget for South Vietnam, the U.S. attempted to win over the people by providing consumer goods through 'pacification programs', unfortunately this merely led to a reliance on U.S. aid. Although the US poured aid into South Vietnam, it was the arrogance of Diem and his regime that led to corruption and misuse of US support. This therefore increased the need for US support in the South in areas such as military training if any success wanted to be achieved.

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It also came down to sheer egotistical behaviour with the US, in particular the president, as President Johnson said, "I am not going to be the first president of the United States to lose a war". Around the period of 164, the government of South Vietnam was facing many problems. The ARVN had lost many men and the areas, which it previously controlled due to the growing strength of the Viet Cong. In January 161, John Kennedy came to power in America and wanted to prove his credentials as a 'Cold War warrior' (conflict in Indochina, Ian Sutherland), although he was qouted commenting on the outcomes of Dien Bien Phu saying "No amount of American military assistance in indochina can conquer an enemy… which has the sympathy and covert support of the people", after being accused of being 'soft on communism' by Richard Nixon. He set an escalating number of advisory troops' over to South Vietnam were it became almost impossible for them not to take part in fighting. Not only was the increasing number of troops kept secret due to the decisions made in Geneva, involvement of US troops fighting was also kept secret. Therefore the pattern for the future of US involvement was set early in Kennedy's years, however, secrecy and escalation were kept to protect US credibility. As can be seen by the measures taken by Kennedy (contrary to the Geneva accounts), Diem's position was obviously in trouble by 161. To make matters worse for South Vietnam, Diem's discrimination towards Buddhists would cause uproar around the world. Seven monks from June 11 16, set fire to themselves in protest against Diems regime. The photographs were sent around the world and public outcry especially towards America's position in the war, "the burning's were in fact the spearhead of a mass protest against the tyranny of the Diem regime" (The Second Indochina War, W.S. Turley). Kennedy himself was outraged and tried to find a way for the US to withdraw from the war. However, it was not possible for the US to deteriorate their position at this stage in the war as their assistance to the South was only just keeping communism distant. This eventually led to the assassination of Diem by a South Vietnamese coup in conjunction with the CIA. With action taking against Diem it was Kennedy's worry that it might precipitate an attack by the Northern forces on the South while it was in disarray, this occurred and many of the fortified Hamlets were overrun. It wasn't until the Gulf of Tokin incident, however that America could public attack and wage war without actually declaring war. It was this 'alleged' incident that allowed for the US under Lyndon Johnson to intervene unofficially on the bases of defense. Johnson was also facing an upcoming election to which he promised policies of not sending American's over to Vietnam to fight, however the situation in South Vietnam was worsening as the government was still in disarray. The Viet cong was growing and the ARVN was loosing men. Operation Flaming Dart and Operation Rolling Thunder were Johnson answer to breaking the North's ability to fight. which was sustained bombing of North Vietnam. The US attempted to overrun the North using Western and traditional war tactics such as bomb raids, and although the South could not have achieved such expenditures alone it was not usually equivalent to the ability of the Guerilla's who were fighting in such an unconventional way. It was the Tet Offensive of 168 that became a turning point in the war, US tactics imitated that of the Guerillas and during a cease-fire, three communist groups made an attack. Quoted from Colonel Harry Summers of the US Army "Public opinion at home turned when the average citizen perceived that we didn't know what the hell we were doing", and it was from this battle that the US, in particular the public realised that they were not going to win the war and the peace negotiations were imperative.

Although the US and South Vietnam did not win the war, it was only caused by US involvement that they were able to hold position for such a period of time. It can be seen by the final results of the war in 175, that only a mere amount of days stood between the US removal of support and the fall of the South to communism. It can be clearly seen that it was because of the position that America had as a world power that allowed for South Vietnam to attempt to over run communism and allow for unity within Vietnam in a democratic manner. Although both sides clearly show use of different tactics, strategies and policies, the effects and outcomes of the war were devastating, not only to Vietnam but to America as many men died to fight for a country that was not there own.

Diem's government in the South was not fit from the beginning to fight and win a war, it was only due to Us intervention that they were able to hold a position in the war. A major factor of a war being fighting power, Diem did not trust the generals of the army and the men of the south Army were so untrained that they would often disobey orders when they came under fire. Americans also held power and were necessary to the South in the air. The bomb attacks such as operation Rolling Thunder, were to be devastating to the North forcing them to call of the advancing Viet Cong. Unfortunately, due to the strengths and strategies of the North Vietnamese, such as the Ho Chi Minh Trail, civilian resolve grew stronger an little damage was done to the rural country side of North Vietnam. The North had many strengths which were gained from using there own knowledge of their country as an advantage. Whereas the americans tried to train the South Vietnamese in conventional war tactics and stratagies, the North Vietnamese were so well trained in unconventional war tactics such as guerilla fighting that the advantages which they had often caused their victory. The Tet Offensive of 168

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Greek Art

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Greek Art

Over a period of time Greek art of the past has changed and evolved into what we value in todayís society as true art and services as a blue print of our tomorrow. As we take a closer look at the Geometric Period and stroll up through the Hellenistic Period allow me to demonstrate the changes and point out how these transitions have servide the elements of time. During the geometric period the Greeks style of vase painting was know as Proto-geometric because it was preceded and anticipated the Geometric style - was characterized by linear motifs, such as spirals, diamonds, and crosshatching, rather than the stylized plants, birds, and sea creatures characteristic of minoan vase painting. Artist of the geometric time period created decative funerary art to be placed at the tombs of there dead. These pieces were made of ceramic and created in the form of geometric shapes, hence the time period. One such piece is a vase from the Dipylon Cemetery, (750 BCE) its over-all shape is like that of a hemisphere supported by a cylinder. We also notice that the vase is divided into registers and here the humans are depicted as part of a narrative. The body of the deceased is placed on its side and set on what would appear to be a pedestal in the center of the top register. The form used to represent the human figures are somewhat abstract. For example triangles are used for the torsos, the head is a triangle in profile, round dots would stand in for the eyes and long thin rectangles would serve as arms. The figures have tiny waists, and long legs with bulging thigh and calf muscles. The abstract designs were painted with a clay slip and to still a page form the Egyptians, all the humans were shown as full-frontal or full-profile views that emphasize flat patterns and outline shapes. However unlike the Egyptian funerary art the Greeks focused on the survivors, not the fate of the dead. During this period it was customary to create vases that did not contain supernatural beings, nor made reference to the afterlife that might have provided solace for the bereaved. Another early piece that surfaced back in the late tenth century was the Centaur, half-human, half-horse. The Centaur was also created using geometric shapes. The human head was a round modeled out shape with no strong features or definition. The arms and torsos are rectangular shaped with no muscle tones or anything that would tell its viewer that this was a creature of strength. The legs and back animal half are cylinder shaped with small bulges that would seem to represent perhaps muscles. The Centaur also displayed on the body painted on geometric shapes. (cubes, pyramids, diamonds, etc.) As time progressed so did the Greek art, the time is 470 BCE and we find ourselves in the Classical Era. Here were able to notice a considerable difference in the Greek art. As artist the Greeks have moved away from geometric shapes and found themselves using such words as balance, harmony proportion and cemetery. Artist of the Classical Period took the geometric shapes and reworked them to there own liking Pan Painter created the vase Artemis Slaying Actaeon, and in this piece he shows us that there still using ceramics as artist did in the geometric period only now the figures are red. The vase of Dipylon used decorative registers with repeating motifs to narrate; here the registers are still used with a beautiful maze motif but there made smaller in efforts to place more attrition on the image being displayed. The human images on the Dipylon were flat geometric shaped people that had very little features. Painters vase offered movement, realism, and detail in the cloth the people wore. Taking a closer look we can now define some of the techniques used here that were not used early on. Not only are the figures much larger but now we have balance in our composition. ( Artemis has all her weight disturbed on her right leg and Actaeon although on the ground uses his left arm to support himself.) Harmony ( Artemis has her right arm bent as well as her right leg. The left leg is stiff to go along with the stiff left arm.) Painter shows us cemetery in his composition ( By dividing the two images in half we see the composition has the same weight on the left thatís on the right.) And proportion ( both figures evenly scaled.) Unlike artist of the geometric period Painters art was inspired by the myths of the gods as opposed to early artist who created funerary art and focused on the survivors. A good artist can take an image from the past and transform it into a beloved piece of the future. Notice the triangle shape in Paintings piece that ties both images together. The Classical period made a big impact on the sculptures of that era. When we look back at the Centaur of the Geometric Period and compare its human features to something like the bronze sculpture of Zeus it just doesnít seem fair. No more full-frontal or full-profile views of images, we now have freestanding sculptures. No more geometric shapes to represent body parts, we now have muscle tone and definition. The bronze statue of Zeus was the Classical era at its best. It displays balance, harmony, cemetery, and proposition as well as it gives us a sense of realism and naturalism. The artist brings out smooth facial features and defines the body as having strength and power. Heís anatomically correct. The use of bronze also allowed artist to twist and turn their models to create a pose that seemed to capture a nature feeling. Just when it seemed that things couldnt get any better artist found themselves making a change from the Classical Period to the Hellenistic Period. It was at this time that artist could standup and say that they had truly arrived. The Hellenistic period produced a Varity styles, techniques, and material. The period was marked by two broad and conflicting trends. One call anti-classical and the other classical where the artist would choose a piece and rework it into a new style. Such styles were like that of the Gallic Chieftain Killing his Wife and Himself. This piece offers everything that a classical piece would offer only now the artist is looking for a specific emotional response from the viewer, this know as expressionism. Hellenistic artist sought the individual and the specific, they turned away from heroic to the everyday, from gods to mortals. In the Classical Period we watch Zeus come alive right before our very eyes, this freestanding statue tough us words like balance, harmony, and proportion, we learned realism, and naturalism as well as smooth skin and the Canon of proportion. But the Hellenistic era. has taken all those things and reworked them for the viewer. The artist takes pieces like the Gallic Chieftain and shows his wife limit body being supported by her husband as he plunges the sword into his own breast. As a viewer you fill an emotional bound with the statue and offer your pity and I think thatís the response that the artist was looking for. In conclusion we have seen art pieces from the Geometric Period and its simples form reworked into master pieces of the Classical Period. And in the Hellenistic Period we found out what its like to take a master piece and make it better by touching the harts of the viewers. But most importantly weve learned that we live in a forever-changing world and to truly know great art is to know good art.

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Oedipus

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True of False In the opening scene of Oedipus the King

Thebes has a plague upon it.

Oedipus opinion of himself is that he is A. The champion of Thebes

B. A mere mortalWrite my Essay on Oedipus cheap

C. All knowing

Oedipis is so famous because________________

answer he solved the riddle of the sphinx

True or False The priest considers Oedipus a god.

The significance of the crown Creon wears is that A. its made of laurel

B. its in bloom

C. there are thorns upon it

The news Creon brings is that__________________

answer the cause of the plague is the murder of Laius.

True or False Blood must be spilled from the man who killed Laius to lift the

plague.

Who was murdered? A. Oedipus

B. Laius

C. Creon

State one specific problem Thebes was facing________________

answer crop failure or cattle failure or stillborn babies

True or False The dramatic irony in Oedipus the King is that the detective of the

murder case is the murderer himself.

How does Oedipus say the murderer will be punished? A. he will be

ostracized

B. he will have to wear a

scarlet letter

C. he will be murdered or

banished

Oedipus is angry with Tiresias because_______________

answer he will not answer his questions.

True or False The rumours about Laius death is that he died in battle.

Tiresias is A. a blind prophet

B. a sheperd

C. Laius brother

Tiresias accuses _________ of the murder.

answer Oedipus

The description that Tiresias gives of the murderer is that hes here in Thebes,

hell become a blind beggar and _________________

answer he will be both the brother and father to his offspring.

True or False The prophecy that Tiresias gives is that Oedipus will be driven

from the land and go blind.

Oedipus is angry with Creon because A. he is the murderer

B. he accuses him of being the murderer

C. he thinks Tiresias and he is trying to

have him overthroned.

True or False Jocasta says that Oedipus should be mindful of prophecies.

The prophecy that Apollo gives Oedipus is that he will A. kill his father and

marry his mother

B. become a blind, beggar

C. solve the sphinxs riddle

Laius was killed at a place where__________________

answer three roads meet.

True or False Oedipus leaves Corinth to solve the riddle of the sphinx.

Oedipus means A. swollen head

B. tragic hero

C. swollen foot

The news the messenger brings is that _________________

answer Polybus has died

True or False Jocastas attitude toward the gods stays consistent.

Who realizes the truth first? A. Oedipus

B. Creon

C. Jocasta

Oedipus unkowingly killed Laius when___________

answer he met him at the roads.

True or False Oedipus stabbed himself in the eye with a dagger and

became blind.

Jocasta committed suicide by A. drinking poison

B. hanging herself

C. stabbing herself

________ takes over the throne of Thebes.

answer Creon

True or False At the end of Oedipus the King Oedipus commanding nature

subsides.

The earliest recorded play comes from A. England

B. Romania

C. Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece can be divided into parts; The Epic Age, The

Lyric age and the __________________

answer The Dramatic Age

True or False Homer wrote The Odyssey and The Iliad during the Lyric Age.

What grew during the Lyric Age? A. population

B. individualism

C. city-states

The Epic Age occured during the ________ century BC.

answer eighth

True or False Aristocratic families ruled during the Epic Age.

The Lyric Age occured during which century BC? A. 8th, th

B. 5th, 6th

C. 6th, 7th

True or False The Dramatic Age took place during the fifth century BC.

Aesops writings persists of A. fables

B. plays

C. short novels

Fables are brief stories with characters who always act human and

is stated more in the form of a ____________.

answer proverb

The arrival of the city-state began in the A. Lyric Age

B. Epic Age

C. Dramatic Age

True or False The Dramatic Age is also known as the Golden Age.

_________ becomes the center of Greece during the Dramatic Age.

answer Athens.

True or False in the battle between the Greeks and Persians the Persians won.

The victory of the battle between the Persians and Greeks took place

when? A. 56 BC

B. 768 BC

C. 47 BC

The Greeks strengthened their minds with geometry, their bodies with gymnastics,

and their souls _________________________.

answer by learning poetry, philosophy, and music

True or False Drama originally began as a dance used in worship of the god Zeus.

Athens held huge play festivals that lasted A. days

B. 7 days

C. weeks

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The Middle Ages

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When you think of the Middle Ages, you may think of honorable knights or gigantic castles. In this essay I will be focusing on a much different subject, the ladies of the court.

In the Middle Ages, women were not regarded as equals to men. Church leaders even called women evil. Even in marriage women were treated unfairly. Many noblewomen were married before they were fourteen years old. When a woman married, she forfeited her land and rights to her husband. Women were taught to obey their husband. The law allowed a man to beat his wife if he thought something was her fault. Women could get beat for ridiculous reasons like giving birth to a mentally challenged child. Upon their husband's death, women would receive only one third of his land.

Many noblewomen had several responsibilities. When their husbands were away, many noblewomen took on the responsibility of running his land. With this power, women would then be able to settle local disputes, manage the farms, and handle finances. Some women even fought battles and defended their husband's castles when they were under siege. Noblewomen were taught as children how to manage a large household, give orders to servants, and to keep accounts. The wife of a knight would organize domestic tasks such as cooking, brewing, making clothes, and picking lice out of people's hair. She would hire laborers, supervise stewards, and sell produce. Female landowners were powerful figures, and an unmarried woman of property had equal legal rights as men. They even had their own seal.

Women also did things on their own time. They could become honorary members of certain knightly orders, such as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Women members were known as Chevaliers. Unlike men, ladies did not go hunting except on extraordinary occasions. Most ladies preferred the sport of chasing small birds with hawks.

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There are not very many well-known famous women of the Middle Ages. Eleanor of Aquitaine went on a crusade in full armor. She also divorced King Louis VII of France, and married Henry II of England, who she later led a rebellion against. Joan of Flanders, also known as the Countess of Brittany, defended her husband's castle and led a counterattack with what one writer called "The courage of a man and the bravery of a lion." Christine de Pisan wrote poetry and books protesting the way women were both glorified and insulted by male authors.

In closing, I hope you have learned a great deal of interesting facts about ladies of the court. I also hope you know appreciate all the women who grew up during the Middle Ages.

Please note that this sample paper on The Middle Ages is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Middle Ages, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Middle Ages will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Has EITHER the television OR the radio had any decisive 'influence' on everyday life during the last

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Has EITHER the television OR the radio had any decisive 'influence' on everyday life during the last. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Has EITHER the television OR the radio had any decisive 'influence' on everyday life during the last paper right on time.

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Media are channels through which information is transmitted. The media includes television, radio, films, videos, computers, books, and magazines.Janowitz (168) states that mass communications comprise the institutions and techniques by which specialized groups employ technological devices (press, radio, television, radio, films, etc.) to disseminate symbolic content to large, heterogenous, and widely dispersed audiences. Mass communications are uniquely a feature of modern society; their development has accompanied an increase in the scale and complexity of societal activities and arrangements, rapid social change, technological innovation, rising personal income and standard of life, the decline of some traditional forms of control and authority. There is an association between the development of mass media and social change, although the degree and direction of this association is still unknown. Many of the consequences, either harmful or beneficial, which have been attributed to mass communications are almost certainly due to other tendencies in society. Few sociologists would deny the importance of mass communication as a major factor in the production and distribution of social knowledge and social imagery in modern societies. Whether television or radio has had a decisive influence on everyday life has been questioned by sociologists, psychologists and many other professions.

The mass media provide an instrument for influencing people both more powerful and more flexible than any previously existing. Therefore, controls are placed on those operating mass communications, to ensure that laws and social norms are abided by. Technological determinists argue that the media play an important part in modern society, whereas empiricists or pluralists believe that social pressures overrule any independent effect.

Propaganda, propaganda, propaganda, Hitler said after the unsuccessful Munich putsch in 1. All that matters is propaganda. The Nazis were fascinated with the improvements in technology and mass communication in the USA and Britain. They saw radio as a means of demagogy. When Hitler came to power in 1, a group of Frankfurt School writers argued that the roots of the fascist or authoritarian personality were to be found in the the nature of the family. However, in explaining what made a population potentially fascist, or why there was no revolt before the Nazis regime began to use widespread force, they also saw the press, radio, films, and even comics and popular music as reinforcing these early influences. The new mass media strengthened the habits and attitudes which made people susceptible to fascist arguments.

By the 10s a generation of reformers who had been civil servants during the war were experienced in organising the centralised distribution of resources. For a brief period after the war the government accepted a more interventionist role. The BBC was formed in 1. John Reith, the Director General of the BBC was tested during the General Strike in 16. He knew that the survival of the Corporation depended on its conduct during the crisis. The strike created a national audience for broadcasting, and although there were only two million license holders these represented a far greater number of listeners, and the communal listening was a feature of the crisis as people gathered in halls and outside shops to hear the news. This shows that the publics everyday life had already been affected by the increased use of radios. During the General Strike the radio had a strong influnce on the general public due to the governments intervention of the issues transmitted on the radio. In 15 it was supposed to include talks by a communist and a fascist - Harry Pollitt and Sir Oswald Mosley, in a series on the British constitution. The Foreign Office protested, arguing that Pollitt could not be allowed to broadcast as he had recently made a speech supporting armed revolution. The BBC responded by referring the matter to the Governors, who declared that, More harm than good could be done if a policy were adopted of muzzling speeches. A BBC official told the Foreign Office, We cant chuck Pollitt unless, under our charter, we are given instruction from the government that he is not to broadcast. Eventually, the Postmaster General wrote to Reith pointing out that as the Corporation licence was due for renewal, it would be wiser to comply with government demands. The BBC was not even allowed to state why the interview was cancelled. The information that the public received from the radio was therefore biased towards the government, and the whole picture was not heard by the listeners.

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John Reith also tried to use his control of broadcasting technology to wield great moral power over the nation. Being a Scottish Calvinist engineer, he wanted programmes to elevate and educate listeners, and this moral influence was directed especially at the family as a cohesive social form. Previously, solitary men sat with their headphones on, listening to the wireless. The BBC transformed these listening habits, and the radio became the focal point of family life, with the entire family listening to it most nights. The BBC gained the reputation as an essential institution of state.

The influence of the BBC declind in 11, when the listeners became tired of Reiths pious and patronizing programmes. The listeners tuned into Radio Luxembourg and Radio Normandie for light music and soap operas. Therefore the power (or influence) of BBC radio weakened and the public made the decision to tune to another station. This suggests that although the BBC tried to wield power through technology, people are clearly able to resist this social power. Around all technologies there is generally some battle going on for power, and in the everyday life of the media, there is a dominant class which was the government in the case of the BBC. They used the radio to extend their power over the audience.

Between 1-145, the new Director General, Frederick Ogilvie, saw a need for BBC broadcasts to meet diverse audiences. This led to the transmission of light music e.g. Vera Lynn, and a Forces service. Therefore, the public were no longer being influenced so greatly by the radio, due to the increased choice of radio stations. (BBC Radio , , and 4 were introduced in 167). The media audience wants to resist being controlled, and use the media as a tool for personal empowerment. The listener chooses which radio station to listen to, which will only reinforce the views and inclinations that they already have.

The radio declined when the television boomed after the 15 Coronation. During the late 150s and 160s, radio became more background technology, even with the invention of cheap, portable radios from the USA and Japan. The influence of the television has been studied intensively ever since.

The television is viewed as the most important media technology in the U.K., U.S. and Japan, offering entertainment, news, information etc. There are also more recent extended applications such as videos and cable satellites. Technological determinists believe that the television has altered the world, and it is an evil thing that rots the minds of youth.

The television evolved from a combination of the radio and the cinema. Early television had the problem of synchronizing sounds and pictures, which was solved in 17, leading to talkies and newsreels. Primarily, John Reith (Director General) was not enthusiastic about the television, as he believed it was not good for morally improving the masses. Experimental trials were carried out between 16 and 1 with two to three hour daily broadcasts. However the long term effects on society were difficult to predict in 1.

Commercial interests were jealous of the BBCs success with the Coronation, and advertisers lobbied Parliament for a commercial television channel. The BBC raised objections,and Lord Reith told the House of Lords that bringing U.S. television to Britain is like bringing in smallpox and the bubonic plague.

Once again, the BBC had a great deal of pressure placed on them from the government to present factual information. The television reports on the General Strike of 16, were controlled by the government in the same way as the radio was controlled, by broadcasting the governments viewpoint only. During the Suez Crisis of 156, the BBC refused the governments request to support its invasion policy. The BBC wanted to present a balance by presenting the viewers with the Egyptian view, as well as the governments. The broadcasting of the Falklands War of 18, and the Miners Strike of 184-185 were also controlled. Therefore, once again, the information the viewers received was limited and biased. The viewing public is largely sceptical, and can identify government efforts at censorship, but many people developed prejudiced views and attitudes of certain situations. It is the attitudes that people bring to the television from other social environments and encounters, that mostly explain their subsequent behaviour.

From a psychological viewpoint, when television first appeared, it was predicted that it would lead children to lose interest in books and school, to become intellectually lazy, more isolated, passive or, alternatively, hyperactive; and families would talk less. But television also has the potential to educate and inform. In a survey of 7-1 year olds Cullingford (184), found that 80% said they watched television the previous night and typically watched between three and six programmes. Many -year-olds and almost all older children, at sometime watched after midnight. It was found that middle-class children watch somewhat less television, young adolescents watch more than other children.

The affect of television violence has been studied thoroughly, which showed that 80% of television programmes are estimated to contain violence, increasing to % at weekends. A child watching four hours a day may see 1 000 murders by the age of 16. Studies have therefore been carried out to see if these findings make children more aggressive. For example, an 18-year-old student walked into a beauticians in Arizona and shot five people. He explained that the idea came from news stories about a man who shot eight nurses. Also, a -year-old was raped by three older girls who had watched a similar crime in a film. In the case of a 15-year-old who shot his neighbour in the course of a burglary, the defence presented at his trial was that his addiction to television distorted his understanding of reality.

Therefore, people do copy particular acts of violence, and television influences our norms and attitudes. As television characters are often seen as heroes who gain respect and other rewards through their actions, they are especially likely to be imitated. It may also act as a cue to aggressive behaviour, through desensitisation, disinhibition or arousal. Also, aggressive people may simply choose to watch violent programmes more. Friedrich and Stein found that aggressive-prone children are likely to become even more aggressive after watchimg violent television.

The USA Surgeon Generals Report concluded that television violence is influential, as many as 5% of child viewers may be affected. On the other hand, Howitt and Cumberbatch (174) concluded from their own study of over 000 children and 00 other studies, that there was no direct effect of media violence, though there is considerable disagreement between different studies. Selfe (187) concludes that violence can never be considered the sole cause of delinquent behaviour, it may reinforce or affect those already prone to such tendencies.

These case studies are extremes of the effects of television violence, but the media also acts as a source of social stereotypes. Media present a stereotyped picture of life, which may lead to undesirable prejudices (and, in turn, aggression). Childrens programmes in particular tend to exaggerate stereotypes, presenting goodies and baddies, and children often have their only contact with some minority groups through the television. For adults, the confirmation of their stereotypes may make them feel more comfortable, programmes which try to present life against common perceptions may be unpopular. It is still the case that women, ethnic groups, the disabled, certain professions, the old and the physically unattractive are presented according to accepted stereotypes. However, the question is whether such biases affect the viewer. Greenfield (184) found that Sesame Streets use of ethnic and disabled minorities has had positive affects on children, particularly those from the minority groups who feel greater cultural pride and self confidence. Certain events are over-reported, such as violent or sex crimes, and this acts to alter public opinion. Cohen (165) suggests that the media creates moral panics by widely reporting an initially minor event, which leads to further detailed reports, identification of causes or troublemakers. One example is the mods and rockers of the 160s.

have also been carried out to study the effects of television on political behaviour. Blumler (170) showed that television had little discernible influence over the viewer. Later studies, while not controverting this, found some measurable influence on information about party policies and the persuasibilty of those with initially low party-political motivations or attachments. Of particular concern is the broadcasting and handling of the news and current affairs. Lewis and Rowe (14) present two opposing arguments, as Lewis claims that the news is currently biased in a negative direction. Rowe counter-argues that any attempt to correct this would present a misleading picture.

In conclusion, there are two views on the influence of the media. The first of which is the technological determinist view, which states that the media has the power to determine how people must live their lives. On the other hand, the empiricists view is that social pressures overrule any independent effect.

Viewers of the television, and listeners to the radio are not a passive audience, and are able to switch the television or radio off. Therefore the television and radio are capable of influencing everyday life, but this depends strongly on the individual.

REFERENCES

Berelson, B. and Janowitz, M. (166). Public Opinion And Communication. nd Edition. The Free Press, New York City.

McQuail, D. (16). Towards A Sociology Of Mass Communications. 1st Edition. Collier-Macmillan Limited, Great Britain.

Flanagan, C. (14). A Level Psychology. 1st Edition. Letts Education, Great Britain.

Corner, J. and Hawthorn, J. (180). Communication Studies. 1st Edition. Edward Arnold, London.

Curran, J. and Seaton, J. (14). Power Without Responsibility. 4th Edition. Routledge, Great Britain.

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Finanacial ratio

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Analysts use financial ratios to help learn about the firm¡¯s profitability, growth and resource needs. Through this analysis, we detect and understand relationships among various financial statement items. These relationships will provide clues about the outlook for the business. We will use these clues to develop the forecasts needed in our valuation work. Analysts use operating ratios to understand elements of a company¡¯s business, such as profitability and capital efficiency. Operating ratios include revenue growth rate, gross margin percentage, operating margin percentage, effective income tax rate, days receivables outstanding, days payables outstanding, and inventory turnover. Understanding these elements of the business will help us forecast earnings and cash flows.Credit analysts use credit ratios to assess the ability of potential borrowers to repay obligations on a timely basis. This information helps them decide whether to extend credit. Examples of credit ratios are the current ratio, the quick ratio, the debt to capital ratio, and the interest coverage ratio.

Investors and managers use investment ratios to measure a firm¡¯s total performance and, along with the operating ratios, to screen potential investments. Many of these ratios combine information from the income statement and the balance sheet. Some combine financing and operating data to view a net result, while others focus only on the operations. Some measure stock valuation relative to earnings. Examples of investment ratios are the price-to-earnings ratio, the market-to-book ratio, the return on capital, and the return on common equity.

The supervisor should explain to John that these are not the only ratios that affect credit risk. A business¡¯ ability to repay obligations will depend on its general health, its cash generating abilities and its existing credit commitments. To understand a business¡¯ general health and cash generating ability, the credit analyst looks at the operating ratios. There are also factors beyond ratios that are important, including the ability of management and the strength of the companys strategies. Gross margin percentage is gross margin divided by revenues (where gross margin is revenues less cost of goods sold). A key performance measure represents the amount per dollar of revenues that is available to pay other costs after the costs of the product sold have been met. Companies often analyze gross margin percentage when making pricing decisions

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Brett Farve

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Brett Farve

Where would football be without quarterbacks like Brett Farve? Brett Farve has led a great career with several highlights and has revolutionized the way quarterbacks play in the present day National Football League. Coach Mike Holmgreen, Green Bay Packers head coach, stated, "Brett is the key to our offense (Goodman 8)." Although Farve has set many records including earning a Superbowl ring, he still has several years left in his National Football Career.

Brett Farve was born in Gulfport, Mississippi on October 10, 16 (Gutman 6). Irvin Farve, Brett's father, was a high school football coach at Brett's future high school, Hancock North Central High School. Brett was one of Bonita and Irvin Farve's four children (Gutman 7). Bonita Farve was a special ED at one of the Hancock North Central High School (Gutman 7). Brett was the middle of his other two brothers, Scott and Jeff. He also had a younger sister named Brandi (Gutman). The three boys were usually into something. If they were not fishing for crawfish they were climbing trees and shooting BB guns (Gutman 6). Like most kids, Brett was always playing sports. Brett always had a strong arm and obviously got his athletic ability from both of his parents and he would later use that athletic talent to pursue his football career.

Throughout Brett's somewhat older years he began to find extreme interest in football and baseball (Gutman8). Almost all children have role models or idols that they dream of becoming. For Brett he looked up to two famous football players, Archie Manning of the New Orleans Saints and Roger Staughbach of the Dallas Cowboys (Gutman 8). Roger Staughbach and Archie Manning were both members of the National Football League Hall of Fame. One of the several reasons why Brett is successful at everything he does is due to dedication. In fact Brett never missed one day of school from the third grade all the way through his senior year in high school. Due to his perfect attendance, Brett was always achieved excellent grades. He showed amazing athletic ability even when he was young. In fact, when Brett was in the eighth grade he was the starting quarterback for the Hancock North Central High School Varsity baseball team. That first year Brett led the team with a .5 batting average and would lead the team for the next four more years (Gutman 7,8,). Obviously this young athlete had natural talent.

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In order for Brett to excel at the level he is now playing, he had to have played well during all of his previous athletic endeavors prior to his National Football League debut. Brett, like most other students in Gulfport, Mississippi, attended Hancock North Central High School (Gutman). At Hancock Brett was a five-year starter on the Varsity baseball team (Gutman). Brett was most definitely maximizing his athletic ability. As a sophomore Brett was finally prepared to take over the starting quarterback when unfortunately he came down with Mononucleosis (Gutman8). In 185, Brett's junior year, he began his first ever varsity football game as quarterback (Gutman 8). During this year, Brett's team went six and four. As a new quarterback, Brett performed extremely well (Gutman ). During Brett's senior year he led the Hancock Hawks to an eight and two season. During this year he also threw only ninety-seven times, completing forty passes, for seven hundred twenty-three yards and eight touchdowns (Gutman ). With these statistics recruiters were definitely not pursuing him as a candidate for college. In 186 during the eighth game of his senior year, a recruiter from Southern Mississippi University attended his game. Brett threw the ball only four times, which obviously was not enough to impress recruiters (Gutman ). The coach from southern Mississippi University signed Brett as a recruit because he was impressed with his pregame warm-up (Gutman 10). Brett would now become a Golden Eagle!

During training camp in the summer of 186, Brett worked both offense and defense and was seventh on the depth chart for quarterbacks (Gutman 18). After coaches saw Brett on the practice field they knew they had chosen the right quarterback (Gutman 18). He was immediately moved to the third spot on the depth chart and by the start of his freshman season in 187 he had moved to the second spot. Farve stated for the Golden Eagles during the third game of his freshman season and would start all the way through his graduation (BC #1). During these four seasons Brett led his team to twenty-nine victories in which he threw for 8,1 passing yard, 1,4 passing attempts, 656 completions and 55 touchdown passes. Farve was among the top thirty NCAA passers in NCAA history. To top off his collegiate career he was the MVP of the East-West Shrine game featuring the nations' top athletes (BC #1). This was the beginning of greatness for Brett Farve.

Although Brett was quite successful in high school and college, his real success came in the National Football League. Brett was chose in the second round of the 10 National Football League draft (Gutman 51). During Brett's first NFL season on the Falcons, he hardly ever saw the playing field (Gutman 54). In 1 Green Bay Packers' General Manager, Ron Wolf, traded Brett Farve for the Packers first round draft pick the year prior. Brett would now have to back up0 the former Pro-Bowler, Ron Majkowski. In game three of that season Brett would play due to an injury of Majkowski's ankle (BC #1). During this season Brett led the Packers to an eight and five record and threw for two hundred eight yards in eleven consecutive games. In 1 Brett started all sixteen games. During this season Farve threw for ,0 yards and led the Packers to the second round of the playoffs. In 14 Brett also had another successful season leading his team to the playoffs and threw for ,88 yards. Although Brett was rising as a leader and an outstanding quarterback, he would really excel in the 15, 16, 17 seasons.

Brett Farve was now six feet two inches tall and weighed 5 pounds (BC #). During the 15 season Brett once again led his team to the playoffs. Farve was also named the Quarterback of the Year for throwing for 4,41 yards, which was a National Football League best. Farve also threw for at least one touchdown in seven consecutive games. During this season Brett was named the Most Valuable Player of the NFL and was as well named as the Offensive Player of the Year. In 16, Brett was named as the quarterback of the Pro Bowl for the second straight year. Farve was the third all time touchdown leader in 16 behind Dan Marino's two records. Farve once again led his team to the playoffs but against the New England Patriots. The Packers won 5-1 in a triumphant victory. Because of Brett Farve's performance, he was again awarded the title of Most Valuable Player of the NFL for the second straight year. In 17 Brett and the Packers again went to the Super Bowl but fell short in a devastating loss. Due to Brett's performance in the 17 season he was again awarded MVP for the third consecutive time. This astonishing achievement set a record that had never been awarded in the history of the National Football League before (BC# 1/5,6,7,8,). Brett Farve is one of the winningest quarterbacks in the NFL and will most likely find himself in the National Football League Hall of Fame!

Please note that this sample paper on Brett Farve is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Brett Farve, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Brett Farve will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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