The Great Gatsby and the criticism of the American dream.

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The 10's were a period of decadence and partying despite the prohibition, a legal ban on both the production and selling of alcohol, providing an opportunity for criminal organisations to supply it illegally and at a high cost. The Great Gatsby was written in 15, after the First World War but before the Depression in the 10's, amidst this time of partying and bootleg alcohol. The American dream evokes the idea that everyone can achieve their goals and happiness through hard, honest work- that everyone is presented with the same opportunities and can reach their full potential simply by striving to be all that they can and staying true to their beliefs and moral values. Thomas Jefferson expressed the embodiment of The American dream in the Declaration of Independence 1776

'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.'

The Great Gatsby is set during 1 in two 'eggs' just outside of New York. The West Egg, one of the regions, is home to 'new money' and those that have acquired their wealth rather than being born into it. The East Egg in contrast inhabits those who have a conventional social standing and represent the ideals of the old upper classes. At the beginning we are introduced to the narrator Nick Carraway; he has been taught by his father to reserve judgement on others as not all have had the advantages in life as he. Fitzgerald establishes this, as he wants to ensure that the reader trusts Nick's recount of events as neutral and unbiased despite the fact that he is an involved character in the novel. It becomes clear however that Nick Caraway can not hide his feelings of the characters, he has a distaste for their immoral actions, however, this form of narrative allows Fitzgerald to not only be morally detached from the novel but also to display his own optimism of life in the character of Gatsby.

'Gatsby of course can have no consciousness of his own significance-what his life really means-which is why Nick Carraway's role, and the narrative method Fitzgerald has chosen, are of such crucial importance.' (1)

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Fitzgerald's characters are young and privileged, Tom and Daisy Buchanan, or young and deprived, Myrtle and George Wilson; they contrast each other. Jay Gatsby is the main character in the novel and it is he that is striving to achieve the American dream, or he is in pursuit of the one thing that he thinks will make him complete, which is his first love Daisy. 'The American dream in its true sense has never been limited to material success alone' (). At the end of the chapter1 the reader witnesses, through the eyes of Nick, Gatsby stretching his arms out and looking into the distance at a 'single green light'. On the surface this symbolic gesture can be seen as Gatsby reaching out to Daisy who lives on the other side of the dock. It is representative however of Gatsby trying to capture the deceptive aspirations that are the American dream or on a whole something that everyone strives for but is just out of our reach. Gatsby thought that once he had achieved wealth and power he would have happiness in Daisy, however he can't buy everything that is important to her; he cannot buy an established position in society. Gatsby chose the quick route to success, rather than working hard and honestly, and achieved it by becoming involved with some illegal organisations in order to make his money fast. The American dream when it was first established determined that all could reach their goals by honest, hard work but Gatsby's corruption contrasts this and demonstrates Fitzgerald's criticism of it. The dream is unrealistic, as it does not take into consideration the changes in society and its inhabitants. The fact that light is green can be quite deceptive to the reader implying that colours within the novel are important symbols in themselves. Daisy is wearing white on the first encounter with her indicating that she may be a virginal, innocent person however by the end of the novel this image is contradicted as she is actually shallow and superficial, motivated solely by greed and material possessions.

The rich characters in the novel own lavish mansions and cars, which were luxury items at this time and only owned by those who could afford them, and Fitzgerald's description of them are poetically exquisite. For example 'The front was broken by a line of French windows, glowing now with reflected gold and wide open to the warm wind of the afternoon…' (pg.1) It was these material possessions however that corrupted the American dream. The characters are obsessed with their outward appearances, what they have on display and then ultimately how others perceive them via these status symbols. Gatsby himself has a lavish mansion however he built it not to show others what he had but to capture Daisy's attention; if Daisy herself was not so shallow and concerned with superficial appearances Gatsby would have no need for such status symbols. The rich characters in the novel assume that Gatsby is the same and that all his possessions are fake and for show also; for example Jordan assumes that the books in the library are merely for display when in fact they are actually real. Jay Gatsby's dream was honest at the beginning but he became corrupted along the way achieving his money and luxuries by partaking in illegal activity. Daisy herself was so shallow that she set standards that Jay would never be able to live up too whilst at the same time had no intention of ever leaving her husband.

The eyes of T.J. Eckleburg that look over the ''valley of ashes'' are symbolic of a godlike presence watching over the characters and their actions. Many of the immoral actions of the characters take place under these watchful eyes, for example the death of Myrtle and Tom's affair, and they are representative of Fitzgerald's attitude towards the lack of moral values in his own society. Fitzgerald describes them as brooding over the 'solemn dumping ground', judging the characters for allowing themselves to become spiritually corrupt. George Wilson whilst grief stricken at the end of chapter eight describes how he had taken his wife to the window and said 'I told her she might fool me but she couldn't fool God...God sees everything'. Myrtle is the one character that pays for her immoral actions, as God is the definitive judge of virtue of honesty. The characters idolised their possessions rather than God and lost their spiritual aim in life, as did many Americans living during this time period. A life without purpose or aim is meaningless; Tom and Daisy surrounded their lives with all their money could buy yet despite all they had their lives were empty and both had affairs to compensate for this. His description of the valley of ashes is heaving with images of baron, deadened area that not a living being could survive in - ' a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens; where ashes take the forms of houses...of ash-grey men, who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air' (pg ). This depiction is not only of an area similar to a desert or harsh environment but also significant of the moral wasteland that the area represents.

Fitzgerald describes Gatsby as having 'something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life' and it may be the element of hope that Gatsby embodies that he finds so attractive. Gatsby remains ever optimistic that he will be able to win Daisy back despite the fact that he becomes corrupted whilst trying to achieve this dream. Gatsby is a hopeless romantic and, as Fitzgerald almost did, he lost the woman of his dreams, his true love because he had no money. For Gatsby his pursuit of money and possessions was merely a means for him to capture his dream. The American dream encouraged people to strive in order to attain whatever it was that would make them feel happy, successful and complete. The green light that Gatsby was obsessed with symbolises hope and it is with this image that Fitzgerald makes his strongest criticism of the American dream. The light is out of reach for Gatsby, as he has set himself a goal that he will never be able to accomplish, and his death at the end of the novel symbolises the death of The American dream itself.

'If Gatsby is redeemed as an individual, it is only by the determination which he clings to his dream, however flawed and fragile its basis may be.' ()

The American dream can bring consequences when the idealist becomes absorbed with material wealth and forgets about their spiritual well being. Love and happiness cannot be bought and Gatsby's dream was doomed to fail as he had focused too much of his time on material improvement that time eluded him, but it was the circumstances of the period that had placed him under this pressure.

'Gatsby exemplifies only a process of corruption for which he is not individually responsible. His sense of the ideal is no more nor less than that which his society offers him.' (4)

Gatsby had a romantic ideal but it belonged to a specific period of his life that was to remain in the past as, time waits for no man, Daisy had moved on and was unwilling to risk all that she had gained to retreat into the past. Time is irrelevant to Gatsby, as the broken clock signifies, but this causes him to fail to keep in touch with reality. Gatsby's dream belonging in the past juxtaposes Fitzgerald's belief that the American dream belongs there also- reality and modern society can not keep up with the ideals that the American dream had once stood for. Fitzgerald poetically describes Gatsby's attempts to go beyond his past as wasted time and energy 'So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past (pg187)- He was never to be successful as he is modern man living in a backward society. Tom and Daisy Buchanan represent the force of the current; America was to be the land of dreams but they embody the traditional views of European aristocracy and have infected the society with these opinions. The West Egg and East Egg regions are symbolic not only by the people that live in them but also because of the division between them; the ideals that the dream originally stood for cannot co-exist in a world that still has divisions among the classes. The American dream suggests that all people are equal but in the novel social discrimination is still at large and cannot be overcome by any of the characters. Myrtle's affair with Tom is her attempt to try and break into this world but in doing so becomes corrupted herself, sneering at other people from her own class and becoming offensive. Her desire to become a member of this group is simply from her social ambition and she has no regard for the feelings of either Daisy or her husband George's feelings. In contrast to this Gatsby's yearning to do so is only somewhat influenced by social purposes but it is not the sole reason; it is however more imperative for him to succeed because his whole existence revolves around his belief that he can accomplish what he set out to do.

George and Myrtle Wilson are important characters in the novel as they contrast the rich world that Tom and Daisy inhabit yet all live unhappy lives; Nick Caraway describes George as being grey, covered with the ashen dust and 'mingling immediately with the cement colour of the walls'. His depressing situation is due to his dying business; there is a gleam of hope in his eyes when he sees that Tom has come down to his garage hoping that he has brought some trade with him. The poor believed that their problems would vanish if they had more money but as demonstrated through Gatsby money can not buy happiness. Tom and Daisy were rich yet their lack of true love, lack of morals and lack of principles all led to their unhappiness. None of Gatsby's so-called friends attend his funeral; his struggle for wealth and status had been wasted as in the end he was left with nothing. Consequence is a word of no significance to the characters in the novel. Nick says in chapter nine of Tom and Daisy, 'They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- they smashed up things and then retreated back into their money...and let other people clean up the mess they had made'. Tom and Daisy allowed Gatsby to be murdered for a crime that he did not commit; Tom because he wanted Gatsby to be punished for loving his wife and Daisy as she had never before had to take consequences for her own actions. This is reinforced by Jordan's description of being a driver; it was not up to her to be careful but to the other drivers on the road. Their life of decadence and carelessness caused the death of the American dream when they allowed Gatsby to die for their own corrupt actions.

'Daisy and her morally empty, sosphitcated worldliness is quite incapable of sustaining the dream that Gatsby has created around her' (5)

Tom, Daisy and Jordan are this 'dust' in the valley of ashes that have eventually caused the corruption of the American dream. The valley of ashes and the dust within are what are ultimately left of The American dream after the rich socialites destroyed it.

QUOTATIONS

1. Andrew Hook, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ed. Robin Gilmore 1, 4

. Andrew Hook, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ed. Robin Gilmore 1, 5

. Andrew Hook, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ed. Robin Gilmore 1, 58

4. Andrew Hook, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ed. Robin Gilmore 1, 58

5. Andrew Hook, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ed. Robin Gilmore 1, 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Hook, Andrew 'F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1

. Mizener, Arthur 'This Far Side of Paradise', Houghton Mifflin Company 15

. www.sparknotes.com

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Accounting

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On September 8, 18, Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Arthur Levitt sounded the call to arms in the financial community. Levitt asked for, immediate and coordinated action… to assure credibility and transparency of financial reporting. Levitt's speech emphasized the importance of clear financial reporting to those gathered at New York University. Reporting which has bowed to the pressures and tricks of earnings management. Levitt specifically addresses five of the most popular tricks used by firms to smooth earnings. Secondly, Levitt outlines an eight part action plan to recover the integrity of financial reporting in the U.S. market place. What are the basic objectives of financial reporting? Generally accepted accounting principles provide information that identifies, measures, and communicates financial information about economic entities to reasonably knowledgeable users. Information that is a source of decision making for a wide array of users, most importantly, by investors and creditors. Investors and creditors who are responsible for effective allocation of capital in our economy. If financial reporting becomes obscure and indecipherable, society loses the benefits of effective capital allocation. Nothing illustrates the importance of transparent information better than the pre-10's era of anything goes accounting. An era that left a chasm of misinformation in the market. A chasm that was a contributing factor to the market collapse of 1 and the years of economic depression. An entire society suffered the repercussions of misinformation. Families, and retirees depend on the credibility of financial reporting for their futures and livelihoods. Levitt describes financial reporting as, a bond between the company and the investor which if damaged can have disastrous, long-lasting consequences. Once again, the bond is being tested. Tested by a financial community fixated on consensus earnings estimates. The pressure to achieve consensus estimates has never been so intense. The market demands consistency and punishes those who come up short. Eric Benhamou, former CEO of COM Corporation, learned this hard lesson over a few short weeks in 16. Benhamou and shareholders lost $7 billion in market value when COM failed to achieve expectations. The pressures are a tangled web of expectations, and conflicts of interest which Levitt describes as almost self-perpetuating. With pressures mounting, the answer from U.S. managers has been earnings management with a mix of managed expectations. March of 17 Fortune magazine reported that for an unprecedented sixteen consecutive quarters, more S&P 500 companies have beat the consensus earnings estimate than missed them. The sign of a quickly growing economy and a measure of the importance the market has placed on consensus earnings estimates. The singular emphasis on earnings growth by investors has opened the door to earnings management solutions. Solutions that are further being reinforced to managers by market forces and compensation plans. Primarily, managers jobs depend on their ability to build stockholder equity, and ever more importantly their own compensation. A growing number of CEO's are recieving greater percentages of their compensation as stock options. A very personal incentive for executive achievement of consensus earnings estimates. Companies are not the only ones to feel the squeeze. Analysts are being pressured by large institutional investors and companies seeking to manage expectations. Everyone is seeking the win. Auditors are being accused of being out to lunch, with the clients. Many accounting firms are coming under scrutiny as some of their clients are being investigated by the SEC for irregularities in their practice of accounting. Cendant and Sunbeam both left accounting giant Arthur Anderson holding a big ol'bag full of unreported accounting irregularities. Auditors from BDO Seidman addressed issues of GAAP with Thing New Ideas company. The Changes were made and BDO was replace for no specific reason. Herb Greenberg calls the episode, A reminder that the company being audited also pays the auditors' bill. The Kind of conflict of interests that leads us to question the idea of how independent the auditors are. All of these pressures allow questionable accounting practices to obfuscate the reporting process. Generally accepted accounting principles are intended to be a guide, not a procedure. They have been developed with intended flexibility so as not to hinder the advancement of new and innovative business practice. Flexibility that has left plenty of room for companies to stretch the boundaries of GAAP. Levitt focus's on five of the most widespread techniques used to deliver added flexibility. Big Bath restructuring charges, creative acquisition accounting, Cookie Jar reserves, Immaterial misapplications of accounting principles and the premature recognition of revenues. These practices do not specifically violate the letter of the law, but are gimmicks that ignore the spirit and intentions of GAAP. Gimmicks, according to Levitt, that are an erosion in the quality of earnings and therefore the quality of financial reporting. No longer is this just a problem perceived in small corporations struggling for recognition. Throughout the financial community, companies big and small are using these tools to smooth earnings and maximize market capitalization. The Big Bath restructuring charge is the wiping away of years of future expenses and charging them in the current period. A practice that paves the way to easy future earnings growth by allowing future expenses to be absorbed by restructuring liabilities. Large one time charges that will be ignored by analysts and the financial community through a little convincing and notation. In note fifteen of the Coca-Cola company's 18 annual report shows seven nonrecurring items from the past three years. Fours of these charges are restructuring charges, most significantly in 16 in this note. In 16, we recorded provisions of approximately $76 million in selling, administrative and general expenses related to our plans for strengthening our world wide system. Of this $76 million, approximately $10 million related to streamlining our operations, primarily in Greater Europe and Latin America. These one time write-offs become virtually insignificant footnotes to the financial reporting process. Extraordinary charges that are becoming unusually common. Kodak has taken six extraordinary charges since 11 and Coca-Cola has taken four in two years. The financial community has to wonder how unusual these charges are. Creative acquisition accounting is what Levitt calls Merger Magic. With the increasing number of mergers in the 0's, companies have created another one time charge to avoid future earnings drags. The in-process research and development charge allows companies to minimize the premium paid on the acquisition of a company. A premium that would otherwise be capitalized as goodwill and depreciated over a number of years. Depreciation expenses that have an impact on future earnings. This one time charge allowed WorldCom to minimize the capitalization of goodwill and avoid $100 million a year in depreciation expenses for many years. A charge hiding in this complex note on WorldCom's 16 annual financial statement. (1) Results for 16 include a $.14 billion charge for in-process research and development related to the MFS merger. The charge is based upon a valuation analysis of the technologies of MFS worldwide information system, the internet network expansion system of UUNET, and certain other identified research and development projects purchased in the MFS merger. The expense includes $1.6 billion associated with UUNET and $0.54 billion related to MFS. () Additionally, 16 results include other after-tax charges of $11 million for employee severance, employee compensation charges, alignment charges, and costs to exit unfavorable telecommunications contracts and $4.5 million after-tax write-down of operating assets within the company's non-core businesses. On a pre-tax basis, these charges totaled $600.1 million. The dollar amounts are staggering and the future implications far reaching. Since this approach was introduced by IBM in 15 these charges have become commonplace for acquisition accounting. A popularity, largely due to the level of room allowed in research and development estimations. The Third earnings manipulation tool discussed by Levitt is what he calls Miscellaneous Cookie Jar Reserves. The technique involves liability and other accrual accounts specifically sensitive to accounting assumptions and estimates. These accounts can include sales returns, loan losses, warranty costs, allowance for doubtful accounts, expectations of goods to be returned and a host of others. Under the auspices of conservatism, these accounts can be used to store accruals of future income. Restructuring liabilities created by Big Bath' charges also provides these Cookie jar reserve effect. Jack Ciesielski, who manages money and writes the Analyst's Accounting Observer, calls these accounts the accounting equivalent of turning lead into gold… a virtual honeypot for making rainy-day adjustments. Various adjustments and entries that can produce almost any desired results in the pursuit of consistency. The statement of financial accounting concepts No. (FASB, May 180), defines materiality as The magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgement of a reaonable person relying on the information would have been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement. Today's management has started to ignore this fundamental principle. Materiality is being defined as a range of a few percentage points. Companies defend immaterial omissions by referring to percentage ceilings that draw a line on materiality. The amount falls under our ceiling and is therefore immaterial. The materiality gimmick is one more method companies are using to stretch a nickel into a dime. Simply put, In markets where missing an earnings projection by a penny can result in a loss of millions of dollars in market capitalization, I have a hard time accepting that some of these so-called non-events simply don't matter, says Levitt. Finally, Levitt briefly touches on the complex issue of the manipulation occuring in revenue recognition. Modern contracts, refunding, delaying of sales, up front and initiation fees all add to the complications in some industries to follow specific rules of revenue recognition. With plenty of holes in revenue recognition the door is open for tweaking. Microsoft is a good example of the problems facing today's companies. Concerned with proper revenue recognition, Microsoft started a practice in the software industry that allows companies to recognize revenue over a period of time. This recognition allows for better matching of revenues to future expenses generated by the sale of the software. Expenses such as upgrades and technical support are related to the revenue generated by the sale of the software but are incurred at a later date. The complexities of modern business transactions have left modern standards of accountancy years behind. Gimmicks, that all must be addressed by the financial community. The task of returning integrity to U.S. financial reporting is of paramount importance. The interests of our financial system are at stake. Arthur Levitt and the SEC stand ready to take appropriate action if that interest is not protected. But, a private sector response that… obviates the need for public sector dictates seems the wisest choice. A nine part plan that involves the entire financial community is proposed by Levitt. Levitt has made it very clear that the SEC is prepared to start forcing change. A line Levitt hopes will not be necessary to cross. The SEC will begin to issue guidance on a wide array of issues concerning the credibility and transparency of financial reporting. Guidance that must be acted on to Obviate the need for large scale SEC involvement. The SEC will also act more proactively in two of its traditional roles of information regulation and enforcement. First, the SEC will begin requiring companies to provide additional disclosure details on changes in accounting assumptions. Supplemental beginning and ending balances and adjustments of sensitive restructuring liabilities and other loss accruals will also be required. Secondly, the SEC is unleashing the dogs on companies using any practices that appear to be managing earnings. The gauntlet has been thrown, and it is up to the financial community to accept the challenge. FASB and other standard setting bodies have fallen behind a rapidly changing and evolving economic environment. FASB and the AICPA are being coercively encouraged to clean up auditing and disclosure practices. The pressure is on and standard setting bodies are scrambling to close the holes in GAAP. FASB has established committees to investigate a number of concerns and is diligently working toward solutions that obviate. Auditors and the public accounting industry received a good scolding from Levitt. Glaring failures in the auditing process at Sunbeam, Waste Management Inc., and Cendant have put the whole industry at risk of public solutions. The auditors have failed to be the watch dog of investors. It is time to clean up your industry. Criticism by the entire financial community has questioned the auditors, qualifications, methods and their ability to police themselves. Finally Levitt challenges corporate management, and investors to begin a cultural change. Change that resists the pressures to follow the leader in accounting chicanery. Investors are encouraged to set financial standards of integrity and transparency and punish those who depend on illusion and deception. American markets enjoy the confidence of the world. How many half-truths, and how much sleight-of-hand, will it take to tarnish that faith? With the shift away form company run pension plans everyone has become their own personal financial planners. What hangs in the balance is the future of us all.

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Night By Elie WieselThemes assoication

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'Night' by Elie Wiesel is his personal account of his experiences in Nazi controlled concentration camps. The memoir begins towards the end of 141 and records his experiences of the inconceivable horrors committed by the Nazi's during World War II. The war had been raging for two years and was about to enter Sighet. The Germans believed in the Aryan race and attempted to commit genocide on the 'lesser' races, particularly Jews. Through the brutality witnessed, acts of selfishness, the death of his father and the loss of his faith Elie changed. The innocent, deeply religious child had become a young man with a strong sense of morality. By the end of the war Elie could barely recognise himself, the corpse in the mirror, because of what he had become in order to survive life in the camps.

The Nazi's were ruthless executioners. The moment the Germans entered Sighet they tormented the Jews. They forced them from their homes into Ghettos and took all their possessions. When Elie first observes the Germans he learns to hate them. Their merciless attacks on children, women and the elderly fuel his anger. "I began to hate them." When Elie arrives at Auschwitz he sees the evil in the Nazi's. Traumatised, Elie watches as truckloads of children are dumped into the flames. The horror of Auschwitz is etched into Elie's mind and has a dramatic effect on him. "How could they burn children?" The Germans murdering many innocent and defenceless Jews was an unforgettable experience that haunts Elie. "Never shall I forget." The Germans had systematic means for torturing Elie. They took away his identity and he became A-771. During the selection process Elie is forced to run naked in the shivering cold, like an animal. Yet Elie's 'nightmare' continues as he accidentally catches Idek sleeping with a woman and is punished for it. Elie is brutally tortured as an example by Idek. "I had fainted." Elie also is again brutally attacked by Idek in the warehouse when Idek has a fit of rage. Elie suffered greatly at the hands of the Nazi's. The events an innocent Elie witnessed exposed him to the dark side of mankind.

Elie came from a deeply religious Jewish community. As a young boy he was a very devout Jew and interested in Jewish mysticism. Elie had lived a sheltered life always praying and reflecting on his profound faith. He was one of 'God's elect' and he had lived only for God. Elie believed in God unconditionally. His religious faith evolves, but is never extinguished during his time in concentration camps. Elie believed that his faith would provide him with the answers.

At Auschwitz, Elie sees the notorious Nazi's at work and questions God. 'Why should I bless his name?' The 'nocturnal silence' that Elie hears from God causes him to lose confidence in God. Elie begins to rebel against God. When Elie sees the brutal hanging of the Pipel, he again turns against his beliefs. Elie's faith falters under the horrors he sees. Yet he returns back to his faith. He prayed to God to give him the strength 'never to do what Rabbi Eliahou's son had done' and thanked God for creating mud to keep his shoes.Buy custom Night By Elie WieselThemes assoication term paper

Elie's nature had changed. As he entered his manhood he was no longer the 'spoiled child', no longer the innocent boy but a young man exposed to the evils of war. He lost his innocence and learned the ability to lie and commit acts of selfishness. When Elie sees Stein he lies about his family to give him hope. Elie also acts selfish "I had lost nothing for my crown." Elie's previous reality had diminished. Near the end of the Jewish New Year Elie accuses God again. 'Why do you still trouble their sick minds?' Elie believed that his God would protect his people, but attack's his people for their inability to realise the truth of the situation. Elie comes to understand man makes his own decision. Elie never suggest that God didn't exist; rather he rebels against God for not helping him. I did not deny Gods existence, but I doubted His absolute justice. Elie's anger is targeted at God's absolute justice. Though Elie survived the ordeal he had changed losing his profound faith.

Elie and Chlomo's relationship had changed when they entered the concentration camps. Elie's father was 'cultured rather unsentimental man'. He never displayed emotion, but was devoted to his family 'always acting in a business like manner'. Chlomo is depicted as conservative individual well respected in the community and among his family.

When Elie and Chlomo are taken to concentration camps in Czechoslovakia and Germany, they are separated from their family forever. Elie and Chlomo manage to remain close during their entire stay in concentration camps. Throughout their time in the camps, Elie and Chlomo depend on each other for survival. 'What would I do without him? As their relationship develops Elie comes to realise how much he cares for his father. When the two arrive at Birkenau, Elie clings to his father so 'not to lose him.' Throughout their camp life the bond between the two is strong. Chlomo's paramount concern is his sons' well being. When Chlomo is picked in selection he gives Elie his 'inheritance'. Chlomo believed he has about to be killed yet he still trying to protect Elie. When Elie is required to give up his golden crown to Franek the foreman, it is Chlomo who suffers trying to help Elie keep it. However as sons are abandoning their fathers in selfish acts we see Elie begin to support Chlomo. Elie fights to save his father because Chlomo is all he has. Elie was entering manhood, from a dependent child to a responsible man. Yet when Chlomo dies we see Elie grieve deeply for his father. Elie begins to lose his fight for life. "no more reason to live." The death of Chlomo had changed Elie and scarred him for life. "Had I changed so much?" A once spirited Elie had no become dejected because of his father's death.

Elie Wiesel's 'Night' accounts his experience in the Nazi death camps. Set during World War II the autobiographical account deals with the atrocities committed by the Nazi's. The Germans had invaded all of Europe and Hitler had commenced his "Final Solution" and tried to commit genocide against the lesser races. Elie experiences in Nazi's camps changed him deeply. Elie had lost a great deal through the war and this changed him dramatically. The evil and brutality he witnessed had negative psychological that haunted him throughout his life. Through experiencing the horrors of Auschwitz and the evils of the Germans Elie lost his profound faith. The death of Elie's father had another dramatic effect on Elie. From being a joyous child Elie had become a sullen young man. The most important change in Elie was the value system that he developed during the ordeal. Though Elie lost his profound faith he managed to keep his morals and values "The child that I was had been consumed in the flames."

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Portstewart sculpture

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The final piece of sculpture that I researched is called 'The Sailing Ship' and is mounted on a concrete dais and placed in the Burnside roundabout. The ship is of some relevance to the life and work of the late Jimmy Kennedy. (Plate ).

The Coleraine Borough Council commissioned this sculpture and the Landscape Architect, Stephen Todd of 'Stephen Todd Art and Sculpture' was chosen to create a piece of work which would reflect the area and give it a sense of place. I was fortunate enough to achieve an interview with the sculptor Stephen Todd.

Stephen Todd trained as a Landscape Architect, and achieved a B.A. (Hons) in Landscape Design from Manchester Poly Technical College. He has been inspired by the work of Richard Serra, born in 1, who works in a Minimalist style. In the 1070's and 180's Serra produced large-scale sculptures, out-of-doors and used combined sheets of steel with a landscape environment. Therefore the sculpture became part of the landscape.

Mr.Todd noticed that the Coleriane Council were supporting a scheme, which enables businesses to have the opportunity to sponsor the cost of landscaping on Coleraine's roundabouts. He liked the proposed scheme and felt that there was an opportunity to create something more dramatic and creative due to the local area's rich history.

The Council rejected the initial proposal for the Burnside roundabout, as they were anxious that it would be too big a distraction for road users. It would have involved multi-coloured windsocks, similar to those found near an airport. Considering the beach is so close to the Burnside roundabout and Stephen Todd is a keen windsurfer he tried to introduce the windsocks as a fun element as well as a local reference.

The second proposal was a sailing ship. The Council refused to allocate a large amount of capital to the project, and so the second proposal was simply a wooden boat, with a steel mast, which would have flowers growing out of it. However, luckily enough the Department Manger of the Coleraine Borough Council was also keen to see something more creative and original and so the final design of the Burnside Roundabout was decided.

(Plate )

The sculpture is approximately eight metres high and is made of Stainless Steel, to prevent rusting. The material, I feel accentuates the essence of the sculpture. Stephen Todd agrees as he says; ' it reflects the light in a spectacular fashion. As the sun sets, the sculpture frequently turns red. On grey and cold days any available light makes the form shimmer'.

The 'Sailing Ship' is geometric and simple. This is to achieve than highest impact as possible with such a large sculpture. Stephen Todd feels that unnecessary decoration or complication could detract from the sheer drama of the form. This is the reason for the absence of a floodlight to illuminate it at night as passing cars lights give it the effect needed.

Foliage and boulders to give it a more realistic sense surround it. The shrubs that have been planted will have to tolerate harsh seaside weather conditions and then produce enough colour and effect to endure the summer months. The boulders are igneous rock, which reflects the Bar Mouth.

(Plate ).

The site for the sculpture is also significant. The Burnside roundabout is a junction leading off into four roads. One way takes you to Portrush, one way to Coleraine, another to the main Promenade of Portstewart and

finally one road leads to the beach. This sculpture then welcomes a large amount of tourists, as it is the gateway to the North Coast. (Plate ).

Finally, Todd intends to, in conjunction with Coleraine Council, to create more sculpture for the remaining roundabouts in the area. These include, a large Bann Disc on Wattson Roundabout, the Bann Disc being an ancient artefact, which the Coleraine Historical Society uses as their logo. A Viking ship, Mesolithic Hut, Causeway Stones and White Rocks will be placed on the Portrush Road Roundabout. Finally, the Station Road Roundabout will sport a wind vane with seagulls and a herring shoal at its crown. In conclusion, I agree with Stephen Todd,

'If a sculpture requires a lot of waffle to justify itself then it is lacking the key ingredient, a sense of place'.

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Relationships in the Merchant of Venice

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Antonio is never with a woman in the play and the only time he talks about love it is about his love for Bassanio. In Act IV, scene 1, Antonio says Commend me to your honourable wife. Tell her the process of Antonios end. Say how I lov'd you, speak me fair in death and when the tale is told, bid her be judge. Whether Bassanio had not once a love.

Antonio loves Bassanio so deeply he is willing to die, and before that he is willing to give him to Portia, because Bassanio has no idea how deep Antonios love runs.

When Antonio sends Bassanio a letter to ask him to return, telling him of the failure of his ships he includes the line if your love does not persuade you to come, let not my words. I think this shows that he wants to test Bassanios love, and though deep down he knows that Bassanio is not gay and is quite happy with Portia, he probably knows also that Bassanio still cares about him and will come and then he can comfort himself with the idea that it was Bassanios love that brought him there.

Bassanio left Belmont to save Antonio; he could have just sent the money to Shylock. Portia would have had enough money. In Elizabethan times a man would not leave his wife so soon after he had married her. Another reason that shows Bassanio's love for Antonio is the ring. Portia gave Bassanio the ring to symbolize her love him and makes him promise to never give it up but when Portia pretends to be , Balthazaar and asks for the ring Antonio's first reaction is to refuse but Antonio convinces him to give Portia the ring, if Antonio can convince Bassanio to give up something that means so much to his wife then his feeling for Antonio must be very strong.

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In the beginning of the play Bassanio say to Antonio To you, Antonio, I owe the most in money and in love and I have thought of a plan to pay everything I owe if you will but help me. This tells us that Antonio only planned on marrying Portia because she was rich and he needed the money.

When Shylock said he would take a pound of flesh if Antonio did not repay his loan Antonio said No, you shall run no such risk for me. Bassanio was not willing to let Antonio risk his life I think this is because of his love towards Antonio.

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BNW/Blade Runner

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Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and Ridley Scott's Blade Runner both explore the way in which the essence of human relationships has turned from the natural to the unnatural. In BNW, Huxley contrasts the natural tribalistic world of the Malypai Reservation with the totalitarian and unnatural world of the World State. Similarly, Ridley Scott represents a world where humans have abandoned nature and in turn have become a ravaged world of artificiality. Both texts represent humans' abandonment of nature through biological manipulation and the exploiting of technology.

In his novel BNW, Aldous Huxley has cleverly represented the changing nature of human relationships, where the essence has turned from the natural to the unnatural. He does this by contrasting the natural Malypai Reservation with the post modern World State. BNW depicts a world controlled and dominated by science and technology. It is a world whereby nature is a puppet of science, and all humans are products of a decanting process and are categorised into social classes as "Alphas…Epsilons" in the pursuit of social "community, identity, stability". Individuality, which is intrinsic to natural human behaviour, is non-existent in the BNW as humans live a predestined life and their only purpose is to benefit the economy. These humans have been artificially conditioned to be devoid of any free thinking or non-conformist attitudes. The general aim of conditioning eliminates the generation of opinion by "making people like the inescapable social destiny" (p 1) and this is done through the method of hypnopaedia. Furthermore, natural emotions synonymous to humans such as love and affection have been devalued in the BNW, and are replaced with open promiscuity, "orgie porgies" and "feelies". Any human in the World State displaying an indication of individuality or freethinking are banished to remote islands. All sense of humanity is lost in the BNW, as the world is devoid of any individuality, freedoms, traditions and emotions. This exploitation of science and technology has caused the relationships between humans to be insincere and unnatural.

The New World State of BNW compiled of unnatural relationships is contrasted vividly with the Savage Reservation that typifies what true natural human relationships are comprised of. Unlike the world of London 6AF, the old world of New Mexico embraces free thinking, individuality, emotions, religion and natural biological processes. This is made evident through the character of John, who openly mocks the customs and ideals of the New World. John's savage world exploits natural human relations and explicitly forbids any unnatural interference. The world holds on to natural conceptions as the source of life, and is devoid of any advanced technologies, thus enabling man to be present in its raw and pure state. Intrinsic human characteristics and emotions are made conspicuous in this technology free world. It is through John's entry into London that the contradiction between the natural and unnatural is most evident. Unable to comprehend the thoughts and ideals of BNW's conditioned humans, John questions the benefits of such an advanced world. At the idea of soma being given to his mother, John defiantly objects to its opposed benefits by saying "I don't believe it's right". The people of the old Savage Reservation demonstrate and flaunt the simple minute aspects of life that make their human relationships natural. Although ravaged with disease, suffering and poverty, the old world experiences emotions, freedom and individuality, all of which are central to nature and humanity. It is through the experiences of John the Savage and those of the Malypai Reservation that we are able to distinguish between the natural human relationships and the unnatural human relationships.

Similarly, Ridley Scott's Blade Runner is a further example of how the essence of human relationships has turned from the natural to the unnatural. Scott employs the filmic techniques of film noir and mis-en-scene to help identify with the world of Los Angeles 01, "the city of angels", or in this case, fallen angels. In this bleak and morbid world, the natural world has been ravaged by humans and as a result has become a wasteland of flawed people, and thus the essence of human relationships has turned from the natural to the unnatural. This is made most evident in the film's establishing shot, where three factory furnaces are belching fire and smoke into the sky, perpetual acid rain and pollution blankets the city. The people of BR appear to be nomadic and dysfunctional. Contradictory to the laws of nature, animals are synthetically made, as are the replicants, who display traits that are "more human than human". It is quite evident in this film that nature is non-existent, with a tediously glowing sun being the only sign of life in tis dreary world. Thus humans have abandoned nature for a more precarious life of scientific evolution.

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Furthermore, the deterioration of natural human relationships is made more apparent with Tyrell's creation of replicants. These replicants, an exhibit of Tyrell's supremacy and authority are ironically the sole beings on the ravaged planet to display the natural essence of human relationships. These Nexus 6 replicants were created to be devoid of any humanistic emotion and a four year life span was imposed to prevent any rebellion on their part. However, their culminated experiences in the world allowed them to develop emotions, a conscience and intelligence that far outweighed that of their human counterparts. It is for this reason, the replicants are said to be 'more human than human'. This concept is exemplified vividly through the character of Roy Batty, who unlike the supposed human Deckard, displays profound and sincere emotions of sorrow, empathy, passion and love. At the time of Pris' death, Roy was ironically overcome with intense sorrow, anger and love, contradictory to the human Deckard, who demonstrates no emotions to the sight of death. It is thus ironic that the replicants who are a representation of artificiality have developed relationships that are the epitome of nature itself. Thus the essence of human relationships within BR has turned from the natural (humans) to the unnatural (replicants).

Both texts, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and Ridley Scott's Blade Runner use the technique of contradiction to explore the way in which the essence of human relationships has turned from the natural to the unnatural. BNW uses the character of John the Savage to contrast between the natural world of the Malypai Reservation and the unnatural world of London 6AF. In this BNW, humans have abandoned the natural human relationships as displayed in the Savage Reservation for a world devoid of any traits intrinsic to humanity and man. Similarly, in the world of BR, it is the artificial and unnatural beings that display the true essence of natural human relationships, whereas the authentic humans exhibit unnatural human relationships.

Please note that this sample paper on BNW/Blade Runner is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on BNW/Blade Runner, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on BNW/Blade Runner will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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