Derivatives

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Derivatives and Risk Management

Assignment 1 1st Oct 00

Example 1.5

The example given in section 1.7 of the text book is a Range or Flexible Forward. The meaning of this clearly comes out in the example. The person who buys this forward has only two prices to pay, known as the upper band and the lower band, depending upon whether the then spot price is greater or lower than the band respectively. If the price is in between the bands, the person pays actual spot rate applicable then.

Clearly this is a combination of two options

1) One is to Buy a call option at the higher price also known as upper band

) And another is to Sell a put option at the lower price known as lower band

The premium should be same in both the cases.

Let us see the example between US Dollar ($) and Pound Sterling (£)

Spot Price Put Option

@ 1.400 Call Option

@ 1.4600 Comments

SP =1.400 Exercised Expires buy at 1.400

1.400SP1.4600 Expires Expires Market Rate

SP =1.4600 Expires Exercised buy at 1.4600

This is called a forward contract because if the band width is zero, its value becomes zero and functions as a simple forward contract.

Example 1.1 (Using DerivaGem)

Given values are put into the s/w as given. Exchange rate volatility=15% p.a., Dollar risk-free rate = 5% p.a., Sterling risk-free rate = 6.4% p.a., time=0.5 years, Exercise Price = 1.4.

Then, (DerivaGem gives)

Value of the Put option = 0.048555.

Value of the Call Option = 0.01854. Since, these two values are not matching, we adjust the upper end of the band so that the contract has zero value initially.

After doing that we get the new upper band at 1.455 instead of 1.4600

Thus, when we adjust the upper band of 1.4600 to arrive at the value equal to the put option, we get the required upper band is 1.455.

Example 1.

Consider both the scenarios faced by the trader

The gold dealer first borrows gold for $50 at the given 6% p.a. The amount he has to pay after a year become $50+ 6%50$ = $65

The gold dealer next sells gold for $4 and invests the same amount at 5.5% p.a. After a year he is expected to get back $4+$505.5% = $6.65

Hence, for no arbitrage has to take place in the market, the price has to be in between $65 and $6.65.

Niranjan Reddy Renati, 7, Sec B

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Ulysses S. Grant

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Ulysses Simpson Grant

Civil War Essay

In this Essay I'm going to talk about Ulysses Simpson Grant and his great accomplishments in his life. Ulysses Simpson Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, on April 7, 18. He graduated from West Point in 184 and fought in the Mexican War. He got married to Julia Dent in 1848. He resigned from the army in 1854 after getting in trouble from his commanding officer about his drinking habits, for six years after resigning he held jobs in the Middle East of a wide variety. Order Custom Essay on Ulysses S. Grant

With the outbreak of the civil war he went back into the army and soon he became Brigadier General. His Continuing success in the western battles, and the capture of Vicksburg, Miss in 186, made President Lincoln very happy. President Lincoln Put Ulysses S. Grant in charge of all the Union armies. His wanting to destroy all Confederate armies and his perseverance made the were end in 1865. In the year 1866 he was made Full general.

In 1868 He was a Republic Candidate for the President Election. Grant was elected over the democratic competitor, Horatio Seymour. From the start he showed he we weak for the job. His cabinet was weak, his domestic policy was confused, and many of his associates were corrupt. His achievements in the foreign affairs was the controversy with great Britain in the Treaty Of London in 1871 negotiated by his able Secretary of State Hamilton Fish.

Ulysses ran for re-election in 187, He defeated Horace Greeley, He was a democratic Liberal Republican Candidate. The panic of 187 graft scandals, Made it difficult for his second term as president.

After resigning from the Presidential office, Grant became A partner in a Financial Firm, and it went bankrupt. After that he learned he had cancer in his throat. Illness and bad business judgments darkened his lat years, but he worked steadily at the Personal Memoirs, were he wrote his recollections to pay off debts and to provide money for his family.

Before he died He made a memoir so great it made his earn nearly 450,000. Soon after he completed his last page he died at Mount McCgregor, near Saratoga, N.Y., on july , 1885. This was my Essay about Ulysses S. Grant and his Accomplishments in his life.

Please note that this sample paper on Ulysses S. Grant is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Ulysses S. Grant, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Ulysses S. Grant will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Halos and SUndogs

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Halos and SUndogs. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Halos and SUndogs paper right on time.

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A halo occurs when the light from the sun or the moon is refracted and reflected by ice crystals in the atmosphere, usually in a thin layer of high cirrostratus clouds. Under certain circumstances a second, or outer, halo appears, which is fainter than the inner one. At times white or colored luminous arcs are also seen lying somewhat parallel to the horizon and passing through the source of light, called mock suns, parhelia, or sun dogs for the sun, and paraselenae for the moon. A single mock sun, the anthelion, directly opposite the sun, may be added. In general a white halo results from the reflection of light by ice crystals, while one which appears as colored rings results from the refraction of light by ice crystals. Halos are more brilliant and complex near the poles than in other parts of the world. The theory attributing their formation to the presence of ice crystals was first suggested by the 17th cent. French philosopher Descartes. Similar to a halo and sometimes confused with it is the suns corona . In X-ray electron diffraction, the term halos refers to the broad rings that appear on a photographic film as a result of the diffraction of a monoenergetic beam of X rays or electrons from a crystalline powder located at the center of the camera.

Sun Dogs

One of the optical phenomena are called Sun Dogs. Their scientific name is Parhelia, and they are also called mock suns. They are known to be a small halo (as mentioned above) or rainbow near the horizon just off the Parhelic circle. Classed as atmospheric optical phenomena, they occur often in the North. Sun dogs are among the most commonly seen sky phenomena; usually occur in pairs, one on each side of the halo, each at the same altitude as the sun and appearing most prominently when the sun is low. A sun dog is a rainbow-like spot in a cirrus cloud. Light shining through ice crystals in the cloud makes a sun dog, much like light shining through raindrops makes a rainbow. They are reddish on the side facing the sun and often have bluish-white tails stretching horizontally away from them. Cirrus clouds (those high fleecy white bands or patches in the sky) are mostly tiny particles of ice. Ice can take on many forms and shapes. The cloud ice, however, is shaped like hex bathroom tiles or stubby pencils each no bigger than the tiniest grains of sand. These ice crystals bend light like a prism, disperse its colors, and cause sun dogs When the crystals line up like tiles on a table, the light shining through makes sun dogs The horizontal crystals bend

the light degrees. As the light enters and exits the crystal. Light colors fan out from the bending and display as a sun dog. They usually appear in pairs two handbreadths on either side of the sun when it rises or sets behind a very thin veil of high cirrus clouds. Sun dogs are formed by the refraction of the suns rays through a very specific type of ice crystal in the air. These crystals, called plates, are hexagonal (they have six sides), are quite flat, and slowly settle to the ground in a similar manner to maple leaves, wobbling back and forth somewhat, with the flat sides horizontal. These crystals grow in temperatures between -° and -0° C. (15-5° F.). Temperature inversions, though, often allow sun dogs to be visible when its much colder than that at ground level. Custom Essays on Halos and SUndogs

Because Sun dogs always appear ° on either side of the sun, it takes a very wide lens to capture them on film. They are multi-colored, but the degree to which the rainbow colors are visible depends on the amount of wobbling the ice crystals are doing.. The amount of vertical stretch of the sun dogs is caused by the wobble

(more wobble = more stretch), and to a lesser degree by the height of the sun above the horizon.

The difference between sundogs and halos is the preferential orientation of the ice crystals through which the light passes before reaching our eyes. If the hexagonal crystals are oriented with their flat faces horizontal, a sundog is observed. If the hexagonal crystals are randomly oriented, a halo is observed.

Please note that this sample paper on Halos and SUndogs is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Halos and SUndogs, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Halos and SUndogs will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Fitness testing

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on fitness testing. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality fitness testing paper right on time.

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Muscular endurance test

Sit up test

We do this test to test physical strength and endurance and we keep the results to see progression or need or improvement

It is important to have good physical strength and endurance if you are a footballer because you have to be able to last 0 mins in match a situation and strong enough to hold of opponents

Cheap Custom Essays on fitness testing

The average sit up amount for a young person is between 15 and .

MALES

5 5-44 45+

EXCELENT 45-5 40-4 5-

GOOD 0-44 5- 15-4

AVERAGE 15- 10-4 5-14

POOR 14 4

Females

5 5-44 45+

EXCELENT 40-4 5- 15-

GOOD 5- 15-4 10-14

AVERAGE 10-4 6-4 4-

Press up test

We do this test to test physical strength and endurance and we keep the results to see progression or need of improvement

The average press up amount for a young person is between 0 and 4.

Males

0- 0- 40-4 50-5 60 +

EXCELLENT 45+ 5+ 0+ 5+ 0+

GOOD 5-44 5-4 0- 15-4 10-1

AVERAGE 0-4 15-4 1-1 18-14 5-

POOR 1 14 11 7 4

Female

0- 0- 40-4 50-5 60 +

EXCELLENT 4+ 5+ 0+ 15+ 5+

GOOD 17- 1-4 8-1 6-14 -4

AVERAGE 6-16 4-11 -7 1-5 1=

POOR 5 0 0

1 Minute Run Test

Equipment needed

Football pitch

Stop watch

Whistle

Pen paper (record data)

The football pitch

ʏ

The test

All start at the corner flag , blow the whistle to start and start the timing everyone are instructed to pace them selves and complete as many as possible in 1 mins. And after 1 mins blow the whistle to stop and record how far everyone got , to do this look at how many laps they did and at what point they have stopped on the current lap .

E,G if they completed 8 laps and got to point 6 on the final lap

There score would be ( 8.6)

On Completion

Record the scores

The venue

The date

The time of day

You must complete these to ensure when the test is taken again it is a fair test.

This is a good test to find out what peoples stamina's like . You can also use this to improve peoples stamina by doing it regular . stamina is important in football because players have to keep up with play .

Fitness Tests In Football

Why Do We Do fitness tests in football

Check fitness levels .

To compare players in the team .

Different levels of fitness for different positions.

Set own personal targets .

Useful when players are injured help find out correct fitness levels when fit.

Identify strengths and weaknesses

Components of fitness

HEALTH RELATED TESTS

Blood pressure

Cholesterol

Lung performance

Resting heart rate

ANTHROPOMIC MEASUREMENTS

Body fat %

Circumferential measurements

Height

Weight

B.M.I ( BODY MASS INDEX )

Waist to hip ratio

These test are also relevant in everyday society they determine weather you are in a good state of well being and healthy for life .

Sit and reach test

Flexibility for footballers

This is a flexibility test which is important for footballers because they have to be able to move in any direction to control the ball.

And Good hamstring flexibility is import for football players in the ball kicking skill.

Flexibility

The ability to maximise the joints range of motion. The elasticity of the muscles . This is how limber or supple you are .

Depends on

Muscle suppleness

Type of joint

Poor flexibility hinders both speed and endurance since the muscle has to work harder to overcome the resistant.

The test

This test involves sitting on the floor with legs out straight ahead. Feet (shoes off) are placed flat against the box. Both knees are held flat against the floor by the tester. The athlete leans forward slowly as far as possible and holds the greatest stretch for two seconds. Make sure it is a smooth motion a you lean forward and that the fingertips remain level and the legs flat on the floor , you need to hold the stretch and then record you score .

Reliability

The reliability will depends on the amount of warm-up allowed, and whether the same procedures are followed each time. Most norms are based on no previous warm-up.

Advantages

This is the most commonly used test of flexibility, so there is lots of data for comparison. Also, it is a cheap, easy and quick test to perform.

Disadvantages

Variations in arm, leg and trunk length can make comparisons between individuals misleading.

Equipment sit and reach box

ʏ

STANDARD NORMS TABLE

MALE

Age

15-1 0- 0- 40-4 50-5 60-65

Excellent 8 7 4 4

Good -5 -6 -6 18- 17- 14-1

Average 18- 1-1 17-7 1-17 1-16 -1

Below aver 1-17 14-8 1-16 7-1 5-1 4-8

Strength tests

Strength is measured by performance of maximum muscle at a controlled speed.

Common test used

Hand grip dynamometer

Dead lift dynamometer

1-rm muscle specification test - 1 repartition max , maximum weight lifted

It is important for sports people to have strong muscles to perform at the highest levels .

1 rm bench test

This is the most common strength test used within gyms and fitness associations.

Benefits

Simple to administrate .

Inexpensive.

Requires minimal equipment standard norm table easily accessible.

Weaknesses

Only indicates muscle strength in upper body

Differences in performances with different hand grips

Poor indicator of sports performance

Participants may have poor technique

Administering the test

hand positions need to line up with Olympic bar

Warm up specific for the test

Pelvis flat on the bench

Breath in on the way down and out on the way up

Must be preformed at a controlled speed

Maximum of attempts to perform test

1- min rest between each attempt

Record maximum weight lifted

This is the table of norms for this test

17- 0- 40-4 50-5 60+

excellent 1.6 1.08 0.7 0.86 0.78

Good 1.17-1.5 1.01-1.07 0.1-0.6 0.81-0.85 0.74-0.77

Average 0.8-1.16 0.86-1.00 0.78-0.0 0.70-0.80 0.64-0.7

fair 0.88-0.6 0.7-0.85 0.7-0.77 0.65-0.6 0.60-0.6

poor 0.87 0.78 0.71 0.64 0.5

Illinois agility test

Agility

Agility is being able to change direction quickly and accurately combined with speed , power balance and coordination .

Agility is a key factor for a footballer because they have to move around the pitch changing direction at high speeds .

The Illinois agility test

This is the course

ʏ

The test

Start , you have to lay flat on your stomach and on the command go you have to get up and complete the course as quickly as possible

BODY COMPOSITION TESTS

Excess body fat would affect the football players ability to move freely around the field, and the extra weight will increase fatigue.

Body composition refers primarily to the distribution of muscle and fat in the body, and its measurement plays an important role in both sports and health. Excess body fat may lead to obesity and increases the risk of getting many diseases. In sports, excess fat hinders performance as it does not contribute to muscular force production, and it is additional weight that requires energy to move about.

Body composition is often represented as a two compartment system;

lean body weight

fat weight.

The fat weight is then expressed as a percentage of total body weight.

percent body fat = (fat weight / total body weight) x 100.

BODY FAT CLASIFICATIONS MALE FEMALE

Lean 8% 1%

Optimal (8-15%) 1-0%

Slightly over fat 16-0% 1-5%

Fat 1-4% 6-%

Obese 5% %

The areas in which I took the reading were the

sub scapular - shoulder blade =8

Supra illiac - waist =7

Bicep - upper front, arm = 6

Triceps upper back of arm = 10 total = 1

ENDURANCE TESTS

the Aerobic Energy System

Bleep test

The beep test, also known as the 0m shuttle run test and multistage fitness test among others, is a very common test of aerobic fitness.

The test

This test involves continuous running between two lines 0m apart in time to recorded beeps. For this reason the test if also often called the beep or bleep test. The time between recorded beeps decrease each minute (level). There are several versions of the test, but one commonly used version has an initial running velocity of 8.5 km/hr, which increases by 0.5 km/hr each minute.

Levels

The footballers score is the level and number of shuttles reached before they were unable to keep up with the tape recording.

Equipment needed

cones, 0m measuring tape, pre-recorded audio tape, tape recorder, recording sheets.

Reliability

Reliability would depend on how strictly the test is run, and the practice allowed for the subjects

Advantages

Large groups can perform this test all at once for minimal costs. Also, the test continues to maximum effort unlike many other tests of endurance capacity.

Disadvantages

Practice and motivation levels can influence the score attained, and the scoring can be subjective.

ʏ

This is the course it is 0 meters from end to end .

Standard norms for pro footballers

Position level

Goalkeepers - 11 - 1

Defender - 1-14

Midfield - 1-16

Forwards - 14 -16

BODY MASS INDEX

(BMI)

BMI stands for Body Mass Index. It takes a persons weight in kilograms and divides it by their height in meters squared. For instance, if your height is 1.8 meters, the divisor of the calculation will be (1.8 1.8) = .14. If your weight is 70.5 kilograms, then your BMI is 1. (70.5 / .14)

The higher the figure the more overweight you are. Like any of these types of measures it is only an indication and other issues such as body type and shape have a bearing as well. Remember, BMI is just a guide - it does not apply to elderly populations, pregnant women or very muscular athletes.

The Test

BMI is calculated by body mass (in meters) and height (meters).

BMI = body mass / (Height x ). The higher the score usually indicating higher levels of body fat

Standard norm table

underweight 0

healthy range 0-5

overweight 5-0

obese 0

equipment required

scales and stadiometer as for weight and height.

advantages

calculation from standard measurements

disadvantages

BMI can be inaccurate, for example with large and muscular though lean athletes scoring high BMI levels which incorrectly rates them as obese.

Circumferential measurements

Why?

We measure Circumferential measurements because when the player get injured and is out of the game for quite long time he will only be able to return to playing again when his measurement ore back to the Same as they were before he became injured , they do this because when he is back to the same level they know that he is in the right physical stature to play.

Dessys measurements

Bicep = 11 inches

Chest = 7 inches

Thigh = inches

Calf = 16 ½ inches

Waist = inches

Comparing the tests

These are the areas that rob tested used

Aerobic Fitness -- bleep test ,shuttle run

Flexibility -- sit and reach test

Strength and Power -- vertical jump test ,maximal strength test

Speed -- Sprint time over 40m,

Body Fat -- skin fold method

Agility -- 505 agility test

These are the test that I used

Aerobic Fitness -- bleep test

Flexibility -- sit and reach test

Muscular endurance tests -- press up tests, sit up test

Body Fat -- skin fold method , BMI, waist to hip ratio,

,Circumferential measurements

Agility -- Illinois agility test

Strength and Power -- 1RM tests

We have used similar test because we have both covered the main aspects of a sports related fitness test . I have used a rang of test witch are easy and simple to administer on your own, at home . Not using hi-tec equipment which is expensive .

These are test that a footballer would have to do on a regular basis .

Please note that this sample paper on fitness testing is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on fitness testing, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on fitness testing will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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4-H, More ten you ever imagined

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4-H.... More Than You Ever Imagined

How many kids do you know would do things if they werent fun? Lets say, for instance, baking dozens of cookies, tilling the earth for planting seeds, milking a dairy cow, or cleaning-up after a county event, just to name a few. Does this sound like fun, as in F-U-N, to you? I bet that you would agree that I must have stepped off the planet Mars to think all the mentioned chores can actually be fun!

The real scoop is that there is a program more fun that you ever imagined it to be. And we all know that kids wouldnt do things if they werent fun. This program is called 4-H. While learning is cool, learning and having fun at the same time is awesome! Newsweek Magazine's November 000 issue addressing the activities desired by today's youth, found that an abundance of people believe you have to live on a farm, in the country, or own an animal to be in 4-H. The truth is, anybody can belong.

So, exactly, what is 4H? 4-H is the name of a program for school-aged children, youth, and teens conducted by Kansas State Research and Extension. Each leaf on the clover represents one of the four ways kids grow and develop in 4-H. The goal is to help families and communities in raising future adults who will care and contribute positively to society as parents, workers, and citizens. In 4-H, young people gain knowledge about their projects, about working in groups and about themselves. Help with essay on 4-H, More ten you ever imagined

Lets start with the National 4-H symbol. The first H is for HEAD which represents the knowledge a young person needs to have to be a successful adult.

The second H stands for HEART. The second of the four-fold developmental process of 4-H stresses a strong sense of feeling about what is right and wrong. It means practicing positive self-discipline, as well as looking for and doing service projects.

The third H stands for HANDS, because 4-H believes that you learn best when you actively participate in the learning. 4-H is hands-on learning. 4-H can happen anywhere because sometimes the best place to learn is in the middle of a field, in the kitchen, or with your dog in the backyard.

Finally, 4-H has always stressed that you cant be a complete kid without an understanding and practice of healthy habits. Thus, the fourth H stands for HEALTH.

This emblem is still protected by Congress from commercial or unauthorized use.

The 4-H symbol circles the globe and represents similar programs in more than 80 countries. A survey by Youth International Headquarters, based in Washington, DC and published in US News and World Report, December 000, listed 4-H as having 5.1 million school-aged members 7 - 1 years of age. While the international 4-H emblems may be slightly varied, the goals behind the program remains the same.

To get a clearer understanding of what each of the 4-Hs represent, lets look at some of the activities members are involved with throughout the year.

· Camps

· Judging

· Tours

County camp is a classroom without walls. The camp setting is ideal for helping 4-H members experience life skills, developing expertise in project areas, and having FUN. All counties in Kansas have camping programs. The headquarters are at Rocks Springs Ranch located just outside Junction City. This camp, held sometime in June or July, is for members 7 through 1 years of age.

A second activity is judging. Judging is learning to set and recognize standards of quality. Such standards are needed to make impartial judgments.

The third activity is tours. Tours or field trips are a vivid way to share good ideas by seeing them in real life situations. A field trip related either to a project area or to a subject of general interest widens the boundaries of knowledge of a 4-H member. This summer over ,500 youth, including myself, have been selected to participate in the Citizenship Washington Focus Conference where we will meet with legislators in helping us to understand the procedures of our government.

At the beginning of each 4-H year, members complete an enrollment card listing the projects they would like participate in. Projects are learning experiences designed for members to help them learn, make, or do something. There are hundreds of things to make and do in the projects offered in the August 000 edition of the Kansas 4-H Journal. Some of these project categories are

· Beef Dairy Goats Horse Sheep Swine

· Clothing & Textiles Foods and Nutrition Crafts

· Citizenship Leadership Plant Science Rocketry

· Wildlife Woodworking

The hard work that goes into all these projects can be seen on display at the county fair each summer. A judge decides how our work in each project has been accomplished. It is also a time to meet new friends, reacquaint ourselves with old friends and have the time of our lives. There is nothing that quite matches the excitement of participating in the county fair each year. We accumulate many great memories as we participate and do our best.

4-H'ers who receive top awards at county competition may exhibit in the 4-H division at the State Fair in Hutchinson. The minimum age for competition at this level is 10. My favorite projects for the nine years that I have been a part of the 4-H program is sheep. Not only have I participated successfully in local and state competition, but in the American Royal Sheep Show, as well.

The roots of Kansas Extension 4-H youth programs stretch back years and it would never have been so successful if it were not for the volunteer 4-H leaders who organize and run clubs, project groups and other special interest programs throughout the year. In communities across the state, teams of professional Extension educators along with local volunteers have lead thousands of young Kansans to....

· Feel and appreciate a concern for their communities, country, and world

· Foster healthy interpersonal relationships

· Make better, informed decisions

· Develop inquiring minds

· And feel positive about themselves in lifes varying circumstances.

Now that you have some knowledge of what 4-H is, let's talk about how easy it is to join. Call your county extension agent. They can direct you to many local clubs that would love to welcome you as a member. Meetings are held once a month with the year beginning on October 1 and running through September 0, but new members are welcome to join at any time.

You will want to be a part of the action, too! Now, isn't 4-H more that you ever imagined?

Please note that this sample paper on 4-H, More ten you ever imagined is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on 4-H, More ten you ever imagined, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on 4-H, More ten you ever imagined will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Birth control

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Sex. It is all about making choices. There is a lot of controversy in many states about emergency contraceptives. People have different opinions about it. Some think it is almost like an abortion and others believe that it is just saving an innocent child from coming into a world with parents that are not responsible enough to have a child. Emergency contraceptives help by stopping the implantation of an egg into the uterus. They should be taken anywhere from 7 to 10 hours after unprotected sex. Some states do not allow one to obtain the emergency contraceptive pill and today, there is legislation that is trying to get passed to change that law.

These pills consist of small doses of birth control taken after unprotected sex. The pills delay ovulation, preventing implantation of an egg. This contraception consists of two doses of estradiol that need to be taken 1 hours apart (Walling). There are side effects that follow this 1 hour process. The most common is nausea. Vomiting occurs in some women. If a woman were to vomit, the effectiveness of the pill would drop to zero.

Emergency birth control is in major controversy in many states. It is used by 4 to 5 percent of women ages 18-44. There are only three states that allow one to get emergency contraceptives over the counter. Most states make a person get a physical exam before they are able to take the pills. In 00 fourteen states are considering legislation to change the laws of the over the counter emergency contraceptives (Stryker). This way it is more confidential and women are able to obtain the pills easier. There are only a few different emergency pills that women can take if they participate in unprotected sex. There are other ways besides emergency contraception that women are able to use in order to prevent pregnancy. Some women choose to have an abortion. Condoms are a great way to prevent pregnancy as long as they are put on correctly.

Emergency contraceptives are argued because some physicians and patients believe the process depends on preventing implantation of the egg. This is considered unacceptable because it is very similar to an abortion (Walling). It isn't close enough to an abortion because it is not actually killing a breathing baby, it is just destroying the egg that gets implanted in the uterus. It doesn't kill the egg once it is already there. Once the egg has been implanted, the pill does not affect or cause any birth defects to the implantation of a fertilized egg (Reitman).

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The emergency contraceptive used to have to be taken within 7 hours of unprotected intercourse for it to be effective. Recently, there have been studies showing that the pill lasts more than 7 hours. There have been several tests run on the pill and showed that it can pass the 7 hour time frame and can last up to 10 hours. Emergency contraceptives are helpful for women who have unprotected sex on the weekend and aren't able to get into their physician's office (Reitman). The study showed that at the end of the 7 hours, the effectiveness of the emergency contraceptive doesn't drop completely. The effectiveness rate drops more and more the longer one waits (Reitman). It has been proven that the contraceptive stays effective two days longer than originally said when it was first introduced. There was a test taken at a clinic of 1,00 women who took the pill after the 7 hour time frame and out of the 1,00, only 65 pregnancies occurred (Walling). Very few side effects in emergency contraceptives occur today compared to when they first came out.

There were over ,000 unintended pregnancies that occurred from raped women in the year 000. The emergency contraceptive is available to those rape victims if they go to the emergency room but is not available to irresponsible women over the counter in most states. One has to have a check up and answer a lot of questions before they are able to obtain the pills. It is more expensive and harder to get than day to day birth control so women don't count on it as a main form of emergency birth control. It's only a backup (Reitman).

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1. Please circle your gender

Male Female

. Please circle the age category that applies

Under 18 1-0 1-45 46-60 60 or olderOrder Custom Essay on sample marketing questionaire

. Please circle all that apply

I travel into/through the city for

School Business Leisure/Entertainment Legal/Health Services

4. On average, how often do you travel into/through the city?

1- days per week 4 or more days a week A few times per month Rarely

5. How do you commute to Boston?

By car By MBTA By commuter rail By bus

„h If public transportation applies please skip to question # 8

6. On average when do you experience the most traffic?

6-10 am 11am- pm 4pm to 7 pm after 7 pm

7. On average, how long do you spend sitting in traffic?

10-15 min 15-0 min 0 minutes to 1 hour over 1 hour

8. I feel well informed regarding the reasons for implementing the construction project known as ¡§The Big Dig¡¨

Strongly disagree 1 4 5 Strongly agree

. How familiar are you with the expected/intended results of the project?

Very familiar somewhat familiar not familiar at all

10. I feel confident that the construction will have a positive impact on the flow of traffic

through the city

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

11. How important is public open space in the downtown area?

Critically important Important Somewhat important Not important at all

1. Would you be willing to pay more in taxes to develop and maintain parks on the site of the

Central Artery?

Yes No Unsure

1. Which of the following potential uses for portions of a redeveloped Central Artery site most appeals to you?

Please check box

á An arboretum and well-maintained lawns

á Playgrounds, skating rinks, or other recreational facilities

á Cultural facilities for concerts and art exhibitions

á Housing, shops and restaurants

á Office space

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