How children are socialized today determine the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learn how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.

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There is a Chinese saying children are the future. It aptly depicts the significance of the young generation who will turn into the mainstay of the society in the future. However, being weaker and less resolved than before with regard to curbing and shaping the children, todays parents and educators seem to lack the power and relative skills and methods to socialize them.

The prime problem is that nowadays parents and educators are more and more distinctly showing their bewilderment of how to treat with the children and which attitude they should have towards them. In the western world, with an increasing claim for childrens equality to adults, children rights has been involved in political issues rather than purely educational and family concerns. Parents in a western country, especially in an European country find that the traditional spanking is out of the question, even whether they may shout at the children is open to doubt because who knows the dreadful potential psychological experience it will bring them. In contrast, the situation in eastern countries, which is the apparently (ostensibly) opposite, may result in worse. Holding the tradition of over-respecting the older generation, parents believe they have the absolute power to control their children and in whatever way they consider effective including abusing and physical punishment. But the result is disappointing to them in that they gradually realize that when they grow up, the children may on the contrary release the characteristics which the parents try to prevent in their early ages.

Despite the shortness of power to control the children, educators also become more and more confused of what to teach to the children. In order to equip the future generation with the knowledge and values necessary to bring a better society, a legion of things are needed to be decided and then put into reality in terms of the educational methods. Whether to meet the needs of the children or the needs of the society? Which is better giving the children rights to develop themselves according to their characteristics and interests or imposing on them a series of uniform curricula and standards? All these are still not known clearly and under wide debates.

In sum, though many of the parents and educators have recognized the importance of children, considering their inadequate knowledge of how to treat with and what to educate the children, there is still a long way to go in the educational domain and the whole public.Write my Essay on How children are socialized today determine the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learn how to raise children who can help bring about a better society. cheap

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An Analysis of Sir Walter Relegh's "Time"

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TIME

Even such is time which takes in trust

Our youth, our joys, and all we have,

And pays us but with age and dust Help with essay on An Analysis of Sir Walter Relegh's "Time" Who in the dark and silent grave

When we have wandered all our ways

Shuts up the story of our days.

And from which earth and grave and dust

The Lord shall raise me up I trust.

- Sir Walter Ralegh -

According to the speaker, "time" not only gives him an empty promise of ever-joyous life, but also eventually drags him along to pitiless "death" who takes every thing he has from him. Firstly, from the first three lines of the poem, it can be inferred that the speaker once lived a life so youthful, pleasurable, and thriving. Never was he aware of the very fact that, as time passes by, one gets older and older and the body once vigorous turns worn-out. Fortune and fame accumulated all during one's life can be gone merely in a night. Finally, from paragraphs 4-6, most important of all, death, absolutely inescapable and unpredictable, comes to end everybody's life nothing, nor even his own body, he can take with him when the time he dies.

Written in the night before his execution, this poem, of course, can be perceived as the contemplation of Sir Walter Ralegh, the poet himself, about his past life all his best fortunes and the loss of them. Ralegh was once well known of his ambition, riches, literary and naval prowess, courtesy, courage, curiosity, and pride. Many misfortunes, however, afflicted him. For years, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London not only once, but twice. One of his sons died while accompanying his father in a sailing adventure that was, unfortunately, at last aborted. In the end, accused of treason, he was sentenced to death. That very night, as the poem reveals, he might have regretted that he had never thought of this catastrophic end of his life before or probably felt faint with illusory life. Yet, we know for sure that, at least, he was not traumatized by the impending death since he asked to see the axe that was to behead him and said, 'This is a sharp Medicine, but it is a Physician for all Diseases' an apparently settled point of view. The next day, he delivered a long speech at the scaffold and faced his execution with dignity and courage.

The notion of unawareness of inevitable death can also be perceived in some other literary works. In Everyman, a medieval morality play, for example, Everyman, the main character, accumulating worldly riches and ignorant of God, is surprising visited by Death, whom he must follow to meet his Maker. Awfully scared, he asks his acquaintances, e.g. Fellowship, Kindred, Goods, and Beauty, for an accompany; but they, each of whom represents an earthly matter, refuse except Good Deeds, who finally accompanies Everyman into the grave. The end of this allegorical play suggests that, through good deeds, one is redeemed and prepared to meet at the Last Judgment with God.

Even such is time which takes in trust

Our youth, our joys, and all we have,

The two first lines of the poem tell us that the life the speaker had spent was once vigorous, joyful, and probably prosperous. Manifestly, it also reminds us of the life of Sir Walter Ralegh himself.

Ralegh's life was apparently full of voyages and adventures. In 1578 he sailed to America and the West Indies on a voyage of conquest and exploration led by his half-bother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Shortly after that, as an officer of the English forces, he went to Ireland and quelled a rebellion there. When Gilbert died on an expedition to Newfoundland, Ralegh continued to organise and finance exploration in North America with an aim of finding and mining gold and increasing trade. Now considered as one of Queen's favorites, he would not be allowed to risk such hazardous voyages himself. The first trip, in 1584, was commanded by members of his own household. In 1585, he sent a party of colonists to found a settlement on the east cost of North America. They landed in North Carolina, which Lalegh later named "Virginia" in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen.

In 155, released from the Tower of London, he took an expedition to the Orinoco River in Guiana, now Venezuela, and tried without success to find the fabled land of "El Dorado", the fabulous Golden City, but had to abandoned his plans later on. Finally, in 1616, Lalegh launched his last adventure. He was ordered back to Guiana on a mission for King James. On his return to England, he was imprisoned again in the tower and would stay there for good until his death. Surely, these risky and numerous adventures can be considered as evidence showing the activeness and vigor of Ralegh's life.

Lalegh was, moreover, once undoubtedly famed and wealthy. Firstly, his exploits with Gilbert as well as his prowess as a poet enabled him to join the inner circle at Court. After having vanquished the Irish rebels, in 1581 he returned to Court with dispatches, and there immediately attracted the Queen's attention. In addition, there is a famous event of the cloak believed to have occurred at Greenwich Palace. Ralegh, dressed very flamboyantly as usual, was walking with the queen and other courtiers. When they came to a muddy puddle, he spread out his plush velvet cloak so that the queen would not have to step in the dirt. He was consequently rewarded with "many suits", the lease of Durham House on the Strand, and many other privileges.

Thanks to estates he received and the commercial monopolies she granted him, Ralegh soon grew very rich. Apparently interested in seamanship and navigation, with his wealth, he built a warship, the "Ark Ralegh". He later gave it to the Queen who changed the name to the "Ark Royal" This ship became the flagship of the English fleet which fought against the Spanish Armada. Although Ralegh did not command a ship, he was renowned as a naval advisor to the Queen and helped Sir John Hawkins to implement improvements to the design of ships, an important factor in the success of the English fleet against the Spanish. Furthermore, although the colony in Virginia he had initiated eventually failed, he was given the credit for introducing both tobacco and potatoes to Britain.

Late in his life, he spent many years in the Tower of London. The imprisonment, nonetheless, was not unduly harsh. With Elizabeth Ralegh, his wife, his children, and other members of his household, he led a tolerably pleasant life. He spent much of his time pursuing experiments and composing a voluminous History of the World, the first attempt of such a work in English, which, before his death, he had managed to carry on as far as 10 BC. He, in the Tower, became a tutor to the young Prince of Wales and taught him about navigation. He also made herbal cordials, one of which cured Anne of Denmark. So far, considering the fame and fortunes he gained, it can be supposed that Ralegh had a pleasurable life.

In the second line of the poem, pleasant aspects of life are presented, i.e. liveliness and youthfulness, 'our youth'; happiness, pleasure, and love, 'our joys'; reputation, fortunes, and probably wealth, 'and all we have'. However, as suggested in the first line, all of these are deceptive 'time' just takes them 'in trust'. In reality, from the third line, which gives an image contrasting sharply with that of the second line,' (time) pays us but with age', as time passes by, all we get is the ever-increasing age, causing our body to weaken and deteriorate. The word 'dust' in line two can suggest that everything we have or try to gain does not matter at all because all of us one will for sure turn into dust, i.e. to die. In his letter to Lady Elizabeth Ralegh, his wife, written sometime during his imprisonment fifteen years earlier and which he thought was his last farewell to her, he also used the word 'dust' that signified death.

Secondly, I beseech you for the love you beare me living, do not hide your selfe many dayes, but by your travailes seeke to helpe your miserable fortunes and the right of your poor childe. Thy mourning cannot availe me, I am but dust.

And

I would not by my will present you with sorrowes. Let them go to the grave with me and be buried in the dust.

In the fifth line of the poem, 'we have wondered all our ways', life is compared to a journey. This somewhat religious concept can be also perceived in some other literary works, e.g. the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote it in the form of various tales told by a number of pilgrims during their pious journey to the sacred shrine in Canterbury; and Everyman, an allegorical play of which main character undertakes to see who among his acquaintances will accompany him on his most important trip to the grave and the judgment of God Almighty. Moreover, Sir Walter Ralegh himself spent much of the time of his life taking journeys to many lands. From lines four and six, 'who in the dark and silent grave… shuts up the story of our days', the image of unpredictable, inevitable, and merciless death is illustrated, notably through the usage of the adjectives 'dark' and 'silent'. In Ralegh's great work in prose, History of the World, he also spoke of this facet of death.

O eloquent, just and mightie Death! Thou hast drawn together all the farstretched greatness, all the pride, cruelty, and ambition of man, and covered it all over with these two narrow words, Hic jacet (Here lies).

Obviously, the word 'grave' in line 5 is, like 'dust', metonymy of death who ends, 'shuts up', the time of our life, 'the story of our days'.

In addition, it is noteworthy that from the second to the sixth lines appears a significant usage of the first-person plural pronouns and adjectives, i.e. 'our' and 'we' in line two, 'us' in line three, 'we' and 'our' in line five, and 'our' in line six. This can be perceived as an act of generalization this universal experience happens not only to the speaker alone, but to everyone. On the other hand, in the last line, the use of 'me' and 'I' shows the speaker's personal belief.

There seems to be a discrepancy in the accounts of Ralegh's religious belief. First, he was born in a fervent Protestant family, and is even known to have attended church in East Budleigh. Yet, later on, he was popularly regarded as a dangerous atheist; for around him he had gathered the small group of free-thinking friends. Besides, he seems to have taken a passionate interest in astronomy and chemistry.

However, written in the night before his execution, this poem expresses his somewhat strong belief in God. According to the poem, though his journey of life is to end and all he has in this world are to be taken from him, he believes that 'the Lord' shall raise him up from 'earth and grave and dust' his spirit will redeemed and purified, and eventually ascend to live in eternal bliss in the land of God. In his letter to his beloved wife, his true belief in God is also revealed.

The everlasting God, powerful, infinite, and omnipotent God. That Almighty God, who is goodnesse it selfe, the true life and true light keep thee and thine have mercy on me… and send us to meet in his glorious Kingdome. My deare wife farewell. Blesse my poore boy. Pray for me and let my good God hold you both in his arms.

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My goals

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the internet

By default, any definitive history of the Internet must be short, since the Internet (in one form or another) has only been in existence for less than 0 years.

The first iteration of the Internet was launched in 171 with a public showing in early 17. This first network, known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork) was very primitive by todays standards, but a milestone in computer communications.

ARPANET was based upon the design concepts of Larry Roberts (MIT) and was fleshed out at the first ACM symposium, held in Gaithersburg, TN in 166, although RFPs werent sent out until mid 168.

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The Department of Defense in 16 commissioned ARPANET, and the first node was created at the University of California in Los Angeles, running on a Honeywell DDP-516 mini-computer. The second node was established at Standford University and launched on October first of the same year. The third node was located at the University of California, Santa Barbara (November 1, 16) and the fourth was opened at the University of Utah in December.

By 171 15 nodes were linked including BBN, CMU, CWRU, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, MIT, NASA/Ames, RAND, SDC, SRI and UIU(C). In that same year, Larry Roberts creates the first email management program. As a side note, Ray Tomlinson is the person who established the @ sign as a domain/host designator from his Model Teletype.

The first international connection to ARPANET is established when the University College of London is connected in 17, and RFC-454 File Transfer Protocol was published.

17 Was also the year that Dr. Robert Metcalfs doctoral thesis outlined the specifications for Ethernet. The theory was tested on Xerox PARCs computers.

174 saw the launch of TELNET public packet data service.

UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol) was developed at AT&T Bell Labs in 176, and distributed with UNIX the following year.

178 saw the split of TCP into TCP and IP.

In 17 the first MUD (Multi-User Domain) was created by Dr. Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw from the University of Essex, and was the foundation for multi-player games (among other things). This event marked the gradual decline of productivity ver the Internet.

In 181 a cooperative network between CUNY (City University of New York) and Yale was established. This network was called BITNET (Because Its There NETwork) and was designed to provide electronic mail transfer and listserve services between the two institutions. RFC-801 NCP/TCP Transition Plan was published that same year. It was because of the growing interconnectivity of new networks that the phrase Internet was coined in 18, and the Department of Defense also declared TCP/IP to be its defacto standard.

The first name server was developed in 18 at the University of Wisconsin, allowing users to access systems without having to know the exact path to the server. 18 also saw the transition from NCP to TCP/IP, and it was at this same time that ARPANET was split into ARPANET and MILNET. 68 of the current 11 existing nodes were assigned to MILNET.

It was also in 18 that a young San Francisco programmer, Tom Jennings wrote the first FidoNet Bulletin Board System, which was capable of allowing both email and message passing over the Internet between networked BBSs by 188.

In 184, the number of hosts on the Internet broke 1000, and DNS (Domain Name Services was introduced. Moderated Newsgroups also made their first appearance this year, although it would be almost a year and a half before NNTP (Network New Transfer Protocol) would be introduced.

In 185, the WELL (Whole Earth Lectronic Link) was launched out of Sausalito California, allowing San Francisco Bay Area users free access to the Internet.

The Internet had grown so fast, and to such large proportions by this time that some control was needed to oversee its expansion, so in 186, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) came into existence under the IAB.

188 Saw the advent of IRC (Internet Relay Chat), developed by Jarkko Oikarinen, and it can be safely assumed that the first Hot Chat (cyber-sex) took place very shortly afterwards.

By 18 the number of Internet hosts had capped 100,000, and the first commercial Internet mail service was created by MCI.

In 10, ARPANET was finally closed down and ceased to exist. Two other notable events this year include the release of ARCHIE by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill, and the first remotely controlled machine to be linked to the Internet; a toaster (controlled by SNMP).

11 was the year what WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers), was released by Brewster Kahle, of Thinking Machines Corporation; Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill released Gopher from the University of Minnesota, and most notably, World-Wide Web was released by Tim Berners-Lee of CERN.

By 1 the number of hosts on the Internet had exceeded 1,000,000 and the first MBONE audio multicast was made.

In 1 InternNIC was created by the National Science Foundation (NSF). InterNIC provided a centralized organization for domain name registration, and continues to regulate that function today.

As the great, unwashed hordes began to flood into the Internet, it was only natural that vendors would soon follow. So in 15, the first Internet based shopping mall was opened on the World Wide Web. It was also in this year that the World Wide Web edged out FTP as the most popular service on the Internet.

In 15, Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy opened up Internet access portals, and hundreds of thousands of commercial users flooded into what had previously been the private domain of veteran computer users. The average IQ dropped dramatically at this point.

Since 15, some of the new and/or emerging technologies have included Server Push, Multicasting, Streaming Media, E-Commerce, ASP and XML.

Although the Internet started out of military necessity, it is doubtful that its creators could envision its impact, not only on the American culture or the world in general, but on the future of the human race. The Internet will continue to grow and evolve in the years to come, becoming an indispensable channel of communication and a catalyst for human evolution.

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Spiritual Healing

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Throughout the entire USA there are 44 States that allow laws for a process called Spiritual Healing to exist. Spiritual healing is where people belong to a religion that does not believe in modern medicine or healthcare. The question today is 'Should the spiritual healing law exist in 44 out of the 50 States?' The answer to this is no. When a young child is ill it should be a mandatory procedure to take that sick child to a doctor for medical treatment. Just because this kids parents are people who believe in treating sickness through "magical" prayers, doesn't mean that the child should be held from its right to live. I do believe however in freedom of religion, but to a certain extent. I see the situation as more the parents being stubborn and ignorant to technology. If science has created ways to beat the everyday illnesses then we should all gladly commit to these methods so we can live longer and healthier lives.

Throughout this video people mention how viruses cannot hear prayer and unfortunately this is a know fact. A virus cannot be stopped simply because we kindly ask for it. They must be treated with anti-viruses and other antibiotics. People have wake up and change their old ways. The world is improving and for that we should all be appreciative. The questioned family in this video should have cut their losses after the first child died because 'Spiritual Healing' failed. But to be that ignorant as to lose another child is sickening to think these people are voting and participating as our countries strives for success.

In this episode of Law and Order the people who even believe in spiritual healing are in a sense questioning their religion by saying that 'no religion is perfect' and 'our religion is not perfect'. Here this should be evidence enough to not even attempt to gamble on a child's life. If spiritual healing is not a for sure bet then why risk losing a life when medical science procedures are a certainty. This is clearly why the spiritual healing law should be exempt from all states within the USA.

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Pasturization

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African Presence in Ancient America

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African Presence in Ancient America (Part I)

In the history of America, Christopher Columbus is generally known for the first contact of the New World (the America's). Although having concrete evidence most historians deny the African presence in the Americas before Columbus in spite of the physical and cultural evidence presented by Ivan Van Sertima and other scholars. Despite academic resistance and racist ideology, Ivan Van Sertima provides, in his book, They Came Before Columbus African Presence in Ancient America, not only evidence of African people in the Americas prior to 14, but he also shows well substantiated evidence of their cultural influence on the indigenous people and culture.

The first piece of evidence suggesting African presence in the Americas before Columbus arrival in 14 surfaces from the documented sightings of Africans in the New World. During his second voyage to Espanola (Hattie) in 146, Columbus is presented linguistic evidence between the Indian's trading with the Africans. The Indians of Espanola spoke of "[the arrival of] a black people who have the tops of their spears made of a metal which they call guanin." (pg.11). The word used for spear in Americas, along with other alternative words such as gana, kani and coana, were all terms of guanin language. Upon Columbus inspection, he found to be made of eighteen parts gold, six parts silver and eight parts copper, which was found to be identical in all its proportions to that of the Mande people of West Africa. The evidence indicated by the Indians of Espanola carries a significant amount of weight in the innuendo of African presence in the Americas before 14. Cheap University Papers on African Presence in Ancient America

Another strong possibility of evidence arising of African presence was in 151, when Vasco Nunez de Balboa and his men moved further into South America where they encountered an Indian settlement. Balboa and his men were surprised to see a large amount of prisoners of war" who were plainly and unmistakably African" (1). The African men were of military standing, and had been engaging in war with the natives. Balboa was informed by the Indians that, "…men of this color were living nearby and they were constantly waging war with them. These were the first Negroes that had been seen in the Indies."(pg.1) One of the first noted historians of America, Peter Martyr reports,

"The Spaniards found Negroes in this province… It is thought that Negro pirates from Ethiopia established themselves after the wreck of their ships in these mountains. The natives of Quarequa carry on incessant war with these Negroes… there was nothing far-fetched about African boats being washed up as wrecks on the other side of the oceans current" ().

Although Balboa's encounter with the Panamanian Indigenous people takes place nearly twenty years after Columbus arrived in the Americas, the information exchanged during their meeting undoubtedly points to the fact that the Africans had been in the area for some time, and over this period of time their population grew large enough to set out attacks against the native Indians. This evidence gives you an idea of an African presence in the Americans based on the reports made by the Indians and Martyr.

In addition to sightings, Norwegian writer and explorer, Thor Heyerdahl, has studied several accounts of Africans navigating throughout the Atlantic before Columbus. Heyerdahl conducted an experiment using two ships (RA I and RA II) built identically to an earlier model African ship made from papyrus, to determine rather Africans did make it across the Atlantic to America. The RA I started at Safi in North Africa but fell short of making the journey across the Atlantic due to missing the rope that supported the "pliant afterdeck" (57). A Native American tribe, the Aymara, whose ship made it from Africa to America successfully, built the RA II. These experiment proved that if these simple vessels would navigate through the Atlantic using one of the two currents, then some of Africa's more sophisticated ships could have made the trip to the Americas.

The second strand of evidence is found in American pre-Columbian sculptures. Striking representations of Negro men and women appear in the Mexican heartland and are carbon dated around 800-700 B.C. One representation is an ebony head which bears a stunning resemblance to the Egyptian queen, Tiy, the Negroid mother of Tutankhamen. According to Van Sertima, it was accurate in coiffure, facial expression and geography. There were also Giant Negroid heads, standing six to nine feet tall and weighing up to forty tons each, were found at sacred ceremonial sites. Each head wore headdresses that were foreign and distinctive domed helmets, possessing facial features, such as broad fleshy noses, cheek and jaw lines and full lips. They stood in plazas in front of colorful temple-platforms with red, yellow, and purple sides and floors. They were twelve to twenty times larger than the average human face. One head, which was furnished with a speaking tube and flattened top, was used as a speaking oracle. This particular feature was of great importance when identifying the origin of these Africans. Eleven gargantuan heads were unearthed at three different sites in the Olmec heartland four at La Venta, five at San Lorenzo and two at Tres Zapotes in southern Vera Cruz; these Olmecs heads were carbon dated between 800 B.C.-680 B.C. (144-145). All the heads were facing east toward the Atlantic probably in acknowledgment of where these strangers had came from.

Another important artifact that emerges in the Americas, but its origin's is from Africa, is the pyramid. The type of pyramid that arises in America during the "contact" period (800-680 B.C.) is the stepped temple (ziggurat), which goes back to 000 B.C. "Suddenly in the 'contact' period the ziggurat or stepped temple (a particular kind of Babylonian/ Egyptian pyramid) begins to appear in American, and not only is the design identical but, like it presumed prototype, it is sun-star oriented and encircled by a precinct" (155). In addition, they served the same religious purpose, astronomical, and spatial relationships. It is argued that Egyptians discontinued the construction of pyramids, particularly this style, in 1600 B.C. The kings of Nubia during the initial contact period, Piankhy and Taharka, built the last of these pyramids over their tombs and the last ziggurats for sun worship. In late 5 B.C. Taharka's successor, Aspelta, built a stepped temple at Meroe where fragments of the ruins are still detected. The first American pyramid is found at the La Venta site. Others that have been found are the Pyramid of Cholula and the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan near Mexico City. There is clear evidence of a long evolution of a particular architectural configuration in the area that the foreigners came from. However, no evidence of predecessors exists to date in the area where they landed.

When a mummified figure was found in Palenque, Mexico it was evident that there had been a strong Egyptian presence there at one time. There are three main factors which points to this conclusion; "The jade mask on the face of the dead, the fact of mummification itself, and the flared base of sarcophagus" (157). Egyptians made sarcophagi, to enable the dead to stand up because all burials were vertical. The sarcophagi had a flared base that was made of wood, which made it easier to balance the dead in an upright position. Although the Mexicans buried their dead horizontally, the Palenque sarcophagus showed the use of the flared base. The Mexican sarcophagi were made of stone and chiseling a flared base into stone proving there had to be a great Egyptian influence in Mexico at this time. Not only was mummification seen in Mexico, but in Peru as well. Numerous Indian tribes of North America were also practicing mummification.

The chemical process that goes into mummifying a body is that of exactness and complexity. It took the Egyptians hundreds of years of experimentation to actually succeed at preserving the human body in an almost perfect state. Turning to Peru and studying their chemical process of mummification, you will find exactly the same embalming mixtures that were used in Egypt. Although the constituents are not notable, the formula is complex. This process and the detail that went into mummification were not common knowledge to the people of Egypt or the Americas. There were only a handful of people in these societies who understood and practiced mummification. So for something so complex to first arrive on the scene in Africa and then later in the Americas is not a coincidence, but rather clear evidence of influence.

Lastly, the Egyptians buried the internal organs of the mummified corpse in four Canopic jars. Each jar was dedicated to the Horuses of the four cardinal points, which were north, south, east, and west. Colors were assigned to the cardinal points. The same color scheme that the Egyptians used also showed up in ancient Mexico. There was a red north, a dark west, a white south, and a golden east. No other civilizations bore the same resemblance in color scheme. This likeness was too close to have occurred by chance.

In this book, They Came Before Columbus African Presence in Ancient America, Ivan Van Sertima provides proof of the long contested claims that Africans arrived in the Americas long before Columbus set out on his journeys. The Spanish sightings of Africans in the New World and anthropological discoveries of black colonies along the American shore outside of main post-Columbian slave networks provide just elements of proof that Africans and indigenous people in America had contact preceding 14.

Sertima's proof indulges primary and secondary accounts from the sightings of Africans in the Americas by Columbus and other Europeans, examples of direct cultural influence on Indian cultures by black people, and also the unearthed sites containing carbon-dated sculptures and temples of worship for both African and indigenous people in the area. These confirmations of African presence in the New World before Columbus' arrival kill the prevailing notion that Columbus "discovered" America.

PART II

Pre-Columbian African presence will never be taught in American history courses because Europeans who have euro-centric point of views write history books. If these writers give Africans they credited of being first to discover the New World then their sense of ownership over the sea will be threaten. American history is patriotic assuming that America has done no wrong. If history books were to tell the truth and explain that since Indians were here during the arrival of Columbus that makes them the founding ancestors of this country. If history books were to explain that Africans out smarted Europeans and arrived in the Americas during the age of 800 to 600 B.C., then history would question our superiority, education, and influences in the Americas. But instead we are not taught pre-Columbian African presence in American history courses because the ideal of getting a proper education would result in us understanding our history, freedom, and ultimate rights as citizens of this country. Truthfully, a simple answer to not teaching pre-Columbian African presence in American history is that once the honest truth is given there is no holding down a culture because they would be

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Slavery: Beyond Black and White

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Records show that the first group of laborers was Africans who arrived in Virginia on a Dutch Ship in 161. It was known that the Jamestown colonists treated the Africans as indentured servants. As years passed, many of these Africans received land and their freedom. Unfortunately, other Africans arrived in small groups, but it would be many years later when the Europeans would begin the systematic use of Africans as slave labor. Economics was a major issue. In Virginia, many indentured servants were purchased for 1,000 pounds of tobacco, while a slave might cost double or triple that amount. By the late 1600s, a decline in the indentured servant population doubled with an increase in the colonies overall wealth. Most arrivals to North America came abroad slave ships, not as indentured servants, but to be sold as slaves.

According to the Equiano packet, it stated that the European slave trade began on a small scale. A Portuguese sea captain landed on the Slave Coast, and captured twelve men in 1441. However, slave catching was not new in Africa. Muslim slavers had been selling black slaves to Middle Eastern buyers for centuries. It was also cited in the Equiano packet that the trade flourished for about 50 years. At this point of time, somewhere between 15 and 4 million of the West Africa's most able-bodied men, women, and children were taken from their homes and spirited across the sea. Most of them ended up in the West Indies and South America. About 500,000 had been brought to colonial America by 1777. At that time of the American Revolution, one out of six Americans was a slave.

The journey across the Middle Passage was a complete nightmare of horrors. Slaves were crammed into dark airless hulls of the ship, and they were also shackled together in long rows. The struggle getting to the West Indies took about five weeks. The food was scarce and often rotten. The sick and helpless were thrown overboard and many went mad. Unfortunately, others threw themselves into the sea rather than succumb to slavery. More than 0% of the black people who set out from Africa never reached their destination.Order Custom Slavery: Beyond Black and White paper

According to the Fredrick Douglas packet, he was a slave child, but at the time he was to young to work in the fields. So, he had a great amount of leisure time. The most he had to do was to drive up the cows at evening, keep fowls out of the garden, keep the front yard clean, and run errands for the master's daughter, Mrs. Lucretia Auld. He would also help Master Daniel Lloyd in finding his birds, after he had shot them. They became quite attached, and Daniel was sort of a protector to him. Daniel wouldn't allow the older boys to impose upon him. Fredrick was seldom whipped by his master and suffered little from food and cold weather. In February of 18, Portuguese slave hunters abducted a large group of Africans from Sierra Leone and shipped them to Havana, Cuba, a center for the slave trade. This abduction violated all of the treaties then in existence. Fifty-three Africans were purchased by two Spanish planters and put aboard the Cuban schooner Amistad for shipment to a Caribbean plantation. On July 1, 18, the Africans seized the ship, killed the captain and the cook, and ordered the planters to sail to Africa. On August 4, 18, the Amistad was seized off Long Island, NY, by the U.S. brig Washington. The planters were freed and the Africans were imprisoned in New Haven, CT, on charges of murder. Although the murder charges were dismissed, the Africans continued to be held in confinement as the focus of the case turned to salvage claims and property rights. President Van Buren was in favor of extraditing the Africans to Cuba. However, abolitionists in the North opposed extradition and raised money to defend the Africans. Claims to the Africans by the planters, the government of Spain, and the captain of the brig led the case to trial in the Federal District Court in Connecticut. The court ruled that the case fell within Federal jurisdiction and that the claims to the Africans as property were not legitimate because they were illegally held as slaves. The case went to the Supreme Court in January 1841, and former President John Quincy Adams argued the defendants case. Adams defended the right of the accused to fight to regain their freedom. The Supreme Court decided in favor of the Africans, and 5 of them were returned to their homeland. The others died at sea or in prison while awaiting trial.

Yes there were exceptions to the black rule, but they were few and far between. Cited in the Fredrick Douglass packet, soon after he went to live with Mr. And Mrs. Auld, she was kind enough to teach him his A, B, C's. After he learned this, she assisted him in learning to spell words of three and four letters. Just when he was progressing in his learning, Mr. Auld found out what was going on and immediately he instructed his wife to cut out these lessons. He explained to her that it was unlawful and unsafe, to teach a slave to read. Soon Fredrick understood the pathway from slavery to freedom. Now Fredrick had a new plan. He would make friends with little white boys, who he met in the street, so that they could teach him how to read. They would teach him at different times and places, and finally he succeeded in learning to read. Cited in the Equiano packet, his fate was not to be that of an ordinary slave, as he traveled extensively, eventually exploring the Artic. Eventually he was baptized with the name Gustavus I (Gustavus Vasa). He was one of the few slaves who became educated and as a result he was equipped to write him a journal.

To put it briefly, many of the slaves were treated poorly, but as an exception there were a few that were educated, and received their freedom. I feel that freedom has a major impact on a person. Having your freedom let's you find out about life and who you are as a human being. People like Fredrick Douglass and Equiano, were very lucky to be in history books so that we, especially black people, can learn more about them.

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