Slavery

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As we look back in history, we can see many of the events that have brought a curse upon African Americans. One of which was the trading of slaves. Slaves in the 1800's were taken from Africa, or many times, sold to the slave traders by rival tribes, and brought to America. Once they arrived in America, if they arrived in America, which brings out the point of the horrible conditions in which they were shipped to America, they were put up on display at the slave auctions. At this time, slave owners, or those wishing to purchase them, would make bid's on them, as if they were just property. Slaves were not only purchased for money, but were also bartered for rum. The slave traders would sail from the Caribbean, where they got the rum, to the coast of West Africa, and they would then give the natives there bottles of rum, in return for the slaves. How many slaved were braught like this is hard to tell but according to

"The Atlantic slave trade operated from the 1500s to the mid-1800s. No one knows how many Africans were enslaved during this period. The most reliable estimates suggest about 10 million blacks" .

Along with the trading of the African slaves, came the denial of two of the founding promises of our nation. That was the denial of freedom, and the denial of equal rights. Slaves were not free; they were just property, owned by the plantation owners and private families. It didn't matter that there were more of them, because they were looked upon as dumb. They were never seen as equals; therefore they were never given equal rights. In the time of slavery, slaves weren't allowed to learn to read, or write. They weren't allowed to live there own lives. It was this lack of freedom, which also brought about the denial of their chance for equal rights. And even with the abolition of slavery, it still took many years, of hardships, and trials to even begin receiving their equal rights for which many Americans take for granted.

The economy of the early American Colonies was primarily agricultural. Particularly in the south were plantation were constructed to yield large amounts of tobacco, rice, and sugar all which had a high demand in England. These plantation were worked by English indentured servants, however toward the end of the1600s there was a big push to use African slaves. This change was brought on by a combination of rebellious English workers, affordable African slaves, and African slaves farming abilities. Fist of all, the problem the plantation owners had with English indentured servants was they were not slaves. After a specified amount of time they were to be set free and given land. During the 1600s thousands of indentured servants flocked to these plantation with the hope of acquiring a piece of land. When they found that their was not land to be given they started to revolt. Nathaniel Bacon led one of the most famous of these revolts.

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In 1676 Bacon and a thousand other frustrated indentured servants led a revolt in Jamestown. They attacked the Indians and chased the governor, William Berkeley, out of Jamestown. Although Bacon died and the revolt failed, they cause fear to the colony plantation owners. Plantation owners in didn't want to bring more indentured servant to their colony to led a bigger revolt. This caused them to look towards Africa as a means of getting a less threatening workforce.

Another major factor that contributed to the growing slave trade with Africa was the Royal African Company losing its African slave trade monopoly in 168. This allowed anyone to enter into the profitable slave trading business. Slave prices were dramatically lowered do to this new competition. Also with the increase of slave traders came the increase in the number of African slaves brought to America. In the decade after 1700 over ten thousand Africa slaves were imported to the American colonies.

Lastly, one of the most profitable crops grown in the southern American colonies, especially Carolina was rice. The English colonists were inexperienced in rice cultivations; however they found that West Africans had been growing rice in Africa for hundreds of years. Colonists in Carolina would pay a lot of money for an African slave experienced in growing rice.

Not only did African slaves know how the grow rice they also had the rare ability to be able to work in the fields. However, rice is grown in large swampy fields prone to mosquitoes carrying malaria. The African slaves were native to a similar climate they developed immunities to the disease. This made them better able rice growers, which were vigorous sought after by the colonial plantations.

Once the slaves started having children, the demand for slaves dropped while the market for selling slaves and their children went up. This was another way they kept slaves in slavery. If a person was born to a slave, he or she was automatically born into a life of slavery. The owners would also keep their slaves ignorant. Slavery is one of this country's most debated topics. In America's history slavery and economics go hand in hand? The issue of slavery has been debated between the North and South since before the colonization of the thirteen colonies.

The debate over the economic advantages of slavery in the South has raged ever since the first slaves began working in the cotton fields of the Southern States. The economic systems that dominated slavery reflected the transitions in Americas economic system. Initially, mercantilist views characterized the conduct of the slave trade. Between 1774 and 1804 all the northern states undertook to abolish slavery. At the outbreak of the Revolution, the United States contained about half a million slaves. Between the North and the South, on the eve of the Civil War the country held almost 4 million slaves, confined entirely to the South.

Southern slaves were viewed in economic terms of labor to capital. While the ownership of slaves was a source of pride in plantation owners, this interdependence created a vicious cycle of rashness that caused slave owners to become irrational.

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Evaliation Essay

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ISDN vs. Cable

The Internet is a network of networks that interconnects computers around the world, supporting both business and residential users. In 14, a multimedia Internet application known as the World Wide Web became popular. The higher bandwidth needs of this application have highlighted the limited Internet access speeds available to residential users. Even at 56 Kilobits per second (Kbps)the fastest residential access commonly available at the time of this writingthe transfer of graphical images can be frustratingly slow. My paper examines two enhancements to existing residential communications infrastructure Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and cable television networks upgraded to pass bi-directional digital traffic (Cable Modems). It analyzes the potential of each enhancement to deliver Internet access to residential users. It validates the hypothesis that upgraded cable networks can deliver residential Internet access more cost-effectively, while offering a broader range of services.

When a home is connected to the Internet, residential communications infrastructure serves as the last mile of the connection between the home computer and the rest of the computers on the Internet. This paper describes the Internet technology involved in that connection. This paper does not discuss other aspects of Internet technology in detail. Rather, it focuses on the services that need to be provided for home computer users to connect to the Internet.

ISDN and upgraded cable networks will each provide different functionality (e.g. type and speed of access) and cost profiles for Internet connections. It might seem simple enough to figure out which option can provide the needed level of service for the least cost, and declare that option better. A key problem with this approach is that it is difficult to define exactly the needed level of service for an Internet connection. The requirements depend on the applications being run over the connection, but these applications are constantly changing. As a result, so are the costs of meeting the applications requirements.

Until about twenty years ago, human conversation was by far the dominant application running on the telephone network. The network was consequently optimized to provide the type and quality of service needed for conversation. Telephone traffic engineers measured aggregate statistical conversational patterns and sized telephone networks accordingly. Telephonys well-defined and stable service requirements are reflected in the -- rule of thumb relied on by traffic engineers the average voice call lasts three minutes, the user makes an average of three call attempts during the peak busy hour, and the call travels over a bidirectional KHz channel.

In contrast, data communications are far more difficult to characterize. Data transmissions are generated by computer applications. Not only do existing applications change frequently (e.g. because of software upgrades), but entirely new categoriessuch as Web browserscome into being quickly, adding different levels and patterns of load to existing networks. Researchers can barely measure these patterns as quickly as they are generated, let alone plan future network capacity based on them.

The one generalization that does emerge from studies of both local and wide-

area data traffic over the years is that computer traffic is bursty. It does not flow in constant streams; rather, the level of traffic varies widely over almost any measurement time scale. Dynamic bandwidth allocations are therefore preferred for data traffic, since static allocations waste unused resources and limit the flexibility to absorb bursts of traffic.

This requirement addresses traffic patterns, but it says nothing about the absolute level of load. How can we evaluate a system when we never know how much capacity is enough? In the personal computing industry, this problem is solved by defining enough to be however much I can afford today, and relying on continuous price-performance improvements in digital technology to increase that level in the near future. Since both of the infrastructure upgrade options rely heavily on digital technology, another criteria for evaluation is the extent to which rapidly advancing technology can be immediately reflected in improved service offerings. Cable networks satisfy these evaluation criteria more effectively than telephone networks because

• Coaxial cable is a higher quality transmission medium than twisted copper wire pairs of the same length. Therefore, fewer wires, and consequently fewer pieces of associated equipment, need to be installed and maintained to provide the same level of aggregate bandwidth to a neighborhood. The result should be cost savings and easier upgrades.

• Cables shared bandwidth approach is more flexible at allocating any particular level of bandwidth among a group of subscribers. Since it does not need to rely as much on forecasts of which subscribers will sign up for the service, the cable architecture can adapt more readily to the actual demand that materializes.

• Telephonys dedication of bandwidth to individual customers limits the peak (i.e. burst) data rate that can be provided cost-effectively. In contrast, the dynamic sharing enabled by cables bus architecture can, if the statistical aggregation properties of neighborhood traffic cooperate, give a customer access to a faster peak data rate than the expected average data rate.

The key question in providing residential Internet access is what kind of network technology to use to connect the customer to the Internet for residential Internet delivered over the cable plant; the answer is broadband LAN technology. This technology allows transmission of digital data over one or more of the 6 MHz channels of a CAT 5 cable. Since video and audio signals can also be transmitted over other channels of the same cable, broadband LAN technology can co-exist with currently existing services.

The speed of a cable LAN is described by the bit rate of the modems used to send data over it. As this technology improves, cable LAN speeds may change, but at the time of this writing, cable modems range in speed from 500 Kbps to 10 Mbps, or roughly 17 to 40 times the bit rate of the familiar 56 Kbps telephone modem. This speed represents the peak rate at which a subscriber can send and receive data, during the periods of time when the medium is allocated to that subscriber. It does not imply that every subscriber can transfer data at that rate simultaneously. The effective average bandwidth seen by each subscriber depends on how busy the LAN is. Therefore, a cable LAN

will appear to provide a variable bandwidth connection to the Internet Full-time connections.

Cable LAN bandwidth is allocated dynamically to a subscriber only when he has traffic to send. When he is not transferring traffic, he does not consume transmission resources. Consequently, he can always be connected to the Internet Point of Presence without requiring an expensive dedication of transmission resources.

In contrast to the shared-bus architecture of a cable LAN, the telephone network requires the residential Internet provider to maintain multiple connection ports in order to serve multiple customers simultaneously. Thus, the residential Internet provider faces problems of multiplexing and concentration of individual subscriber lines very similar to those faced in telephone Central Offices.

The point-to-point telephone network gives the residential Internet provider an architecture to work with that is fundamentally different from the cable plant. Instead of multiplexing the use of LAN transmission bandwidth as it is needed, subscribers multiplex the use of dedicated connections to the Internet provider over much longer time intervals. As with ordinary phone calls, subscribers are allocated fixed amounts of bandwidth for the duration of the connection. Each subscriber that succeeds in becoming active (i.e. getting connected to the residential Internet provider instead of getting a busy signal) is guaranteed a particular level of bandwidth until hanging up the call.

Although the predictability of this connection-oriented approach is appealing, its major disadvantage is the limited level of bandwidth that can be economically dedicated to each customer. At most, an ISDN line can deliver 144 Kbps to a subscriber, roughly four times the bandwidth available with POTS. This rate is both the average and the peak data rate. A subscriber needing to burst data quickly, for example to transfer a large file or engage in a video conference, may prefer a shared-bandwidth architecture, such as a cable LAN, that allows a higher peak data rate for each individual subscriber. A subscriber who needs a full-time connection requires a dedicated port on a terminal server. This is an expensive waste of resources when the subscriber is connected but not transferring data.

Cable-based Internet access can provide the same average bandwidth and higher peak bandwidth more economically than ISDN. For example, 500 Kbps Internet access over cable can provide the same average bandwidth and four times the peak bandwidth of ISDN access for less than half the cost per subscriber. In the technology reference model of the case study, the 4 Mbps cable service is targeted at organizations. According to recent benchmarks, the 4 Mbps cable service can provide the same average bandwidth and thirty-two times the peak bandwidth of ISDN for only 0% more cost per subscriber. When this reference model is altered to target 4 Mbps service to individuals instead of organizations at 4 Mbps cable access costs 40% less per subscriber than ISDN. The economy of the cable-based approach is most evident when comparing the per-subscriber cost per bit of peak bandwidth $0.0 for Individual 4 Mbps, $0.60 for Organizational 4 Mbps, and $ for the 500 Kbps cable servicesversus close to $16 for ISDN. However, the potential penetration of cable- based access is constrained in many cases (especially for the 500 Kbps service) by limited upstream channel bandwidth. While the penetration limits are quite sensitive to several of the input parameter assumptions, the cost per subscriber is surprisingly less.

The paragraph above breaks down the costs of each approach into their separate components, they also provide insight into the match between what follows naturally from the technology and how existing business entities are organized. For example, the prices show that subscriber equipment is the most significant component of average cost. When subscribers are willing to pay for their own equipment, the access providers capital costs are low. This business model has been successfully adopted by SBC, but it is foreign to the cable industry. The resulting closed market structure for cable subscriber equipment has not been as effective as the open market for ISDN equipment at fostering the development of needed technology. In addition, commercial development of both cable and ISDN Internet access has been hindered by monopoly control of the needed infrastructurewhether manifest as high ISDN tariffs or simple lack of interest from cable operators.

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Gwen Harwood and the creation of Krote

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Gwen Harwood (nee Foster) was born into a feminist family tradition in Queensland, Australia. Her education was Christian, musical and political. She was classically-trained in piano and organ but had her career aspirations dashed by what she saw as male-chauvinist attitudes.

Having married and moved from Brisbane to Tasmania when her husband was appointed to the University, she began to write poetry while bringing up her four children. Reverting to male noms de plumes to get published hardened her attitude to male-controlled Australian society of the 150s. Her growing awareness of the treatment of aboriginal people caused her to feel shame as a white Australian. White Australia policy regarding immigration led her to create a character for a set of poems where she explores the plight of a gifted, lonely Austrian musician, Krote (toad, in German). In various poems, she critices Australian society for its prejudiced narrow-mindedness ( Monday ), its pretentious and false artistic appreciation (At the Arts Club), its lack of compassion (Hospital Evening) and the way in which Australian children are carrying the prejudices of their parents into a new generation (Monday and Music lesson ). Krote is not portrayed overly sympathetically. Indeed, he is short-tempered and drunk much of the time. However, he delights in reversing the power in society by playing his music badly while nobody is cultured enough to notice and by retreating increasingly into a preferable dream existence to escape the stultifying, complacent Aussie Ocker world that he encounters.

Harwoods sense of mischief is readily apparent in these poems as is her desire to change attitudes to make Australia a more cultured, accommodating place where difference can be celebrated and a genuine polyglot created.

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Should Tobacco Advertising be Banned ?

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The issue of whether we should ban tobacco advertising had been widely debated in our community recently. It is an important issue because it concerns the way that we deal with the health and social questions related to tobacco. A variety of different arguments have been put forward. After considering both the advantages and disadvantages of banning tobacco advertising, I conclude that tobacco advertising should not be banned.

First of all, the question regarding the banning of tobacco advertising is what do people really want to ban? Is it tobacco or tobacco advertising? Each ban should have its own purpose and particular objective. Obviously, the aim of banning tobacco advertising is to reduce smoking because tobacco is made from poisonous materials and it is harmful to health. For this purpose we can see, the objective of the ban should be tobacco but not tobacco advertising. In any case tobacco advertising is just a promotional conduct, it would not damage society and people's health directly. Strangely, on the one hand people allow tobacco companies to continue to sell their products, on the other hand people are planning to ban tobacco advertising even though they know that tobacco advertising exists for tobacco but tobacco does not exist for tobacco advertising. It seems that tobacco advertising has become a victim of people's infirmity of purpose in banning tobacco. ( good point )

A frequently heard objection to tobacco advertising is that the tobacco advertising is probably a major cause of the large number of adolescent smokers. Since adolescents are in the phase when they are curious for novelties, there is a slight possibility that tobacco advertising might have been a small factor in the increasing number of adolescent smokers. However, it should also be noticed that a movie star smoking in a popular movie has more effects on adolescents than any other advertising. What is more, it cannot explain the increasing number of adult smokers. They are supposed to be aware of their conduct. Tobacco advertising is not able to influence them much. A survey conducted in 11 shows a significant contrast between Norway where tobacco advertising had been banned and Britain where tobacco advertising still continued. The result was interesting in a similar period the smoking rate increase in Norway was higher than that in Britain. It is obvious that a ban on tobacco advertising does not reduce smoking sufficiently. The more important reasons for tobacco consumption are " peer pressure, curiosity, parental example and other socio-economic circumstances". Tobacco advertising can be repressed but people's desire can not be suppressed. The restriction on tobacco advertising will never succeed until other related social and living problems are solved.

Another argument against banning tobacco advertising is that the restriction is a "threat to freedom of speech and freedom to trade". It will stifle the free competition among different industries. Similar to other businesses, the tobacco industry obeys all the trade regulations and has fulfilled all its obligations. The only reason it is blamed is because the tobacco may cause some diseases. However, the automobiles also cause accidents. Should we get rid of automobiles? The chemical industry is also a major cause of pollution; should we close all these factories? It is arbitrary that people restrict the development of the tobacco industry yet other industries are expanding. In addition, each product exists in the market for its own reasons. Tobacco satisfies people's demands and people need it to release stress or for other reasons. Banning tobacco advertising could generate other products tailored to people's desires. These could be more harmful and more indirect. The free market has its own competitive regulations and it should not be forced to change.Cheap University Papers on Should Tobacco Advertising be Banned ?

What is more, there is a very serious economic problem that may result from the ban on tobacco advertising. As everyone knows, tobacco companies are one of the major customers of journals. It has been predicted that the proposed bans and restrictions would lose between £ million and £4 million advertising revenues of British newspapers. Magazines and advertising posters would also be hit so hard that "it would take companies more than five years to win sufficient business to make up the loss and replace the lost revenues". Some supporters of bans contend that other businesses would replace tobacco companies and the lost revenues would be gained back. The question is if those businesses are really able to compensate the loss, where are they right now? ( good point ) Furthermore, the taxes on tobacco and the media are two of the main financial sources of a nation. When these two industries' revenues are reduced, there would also be a resultant decrease in national finances. Thus, it is doubtful whether an ineffective restriction is worth the huge financial loss.

Finally, the tobacco consumer's rights should also be considered. Those people have paid extra tax for their consumption. To be fair they should have the same rights as other consumers. Since the government permit tobacco to be sold, tobacco products are the same as other common products. The tobacco consumers are the same as other consumers. After tobacco consumers paying exorbitant duties, they have the right to watch tobacco advertising and to receive information about tobacco products.

In conclusion, for all of the reasons above, tobacco advertising should not be banned. However, the objection to banning tobacco advertising does not mean supporting tobacco industry. Undoubtedly, tobacco is harmful to people's health. To deal with this problem we should be patient to put forward an ideal solution but not through a simple ban……..

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My heartbreak

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My pain, wish and future

I know I shouldn't but I do, I miss you. I see now that I had different expectations than what has happened. I don't know why I cry because you were never with me, we had an elusive delusional relationshipo and so now it is my time ti wake up from the dream and see the truth, face reality, how harsh it is. There is apart of me that believed that somehow some way we would be together. I now see that is impossible and after all the hurt, all the tears, all the pain, I don't think I would want it.

I know it has to hurt, for me to heal and heal I will, I will wake up and not remember that you exist. I look for ward to that day, the day, when I no longer hurt or long for what long was. My tears, so many I have shed, and you don't even know, it really is not worth it. I cry for what?? One or two nights of hot, fast love? A few rushed kisses and goodbyes and hours and days of wanting you, needing you close and you are far away, happy and oblivious to my sorrow. Why wouldi want that? Funny how sadistic I am.

You taught me a new level of gut wrenching, blood bursting pain, something no one can imagine, I lerant atht you can cry a thousand ways, until fast, hot vomit comes erupting from your stomach. I learnt that you never sacrifice yourself for someone to which you are only a convenience.

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You have made me faer the rain, I fear everytime I see dark stormy clouds and hear the thunder, I cry and become fetal like inside a cold imaginary womb and bawl myself sick, waiting, wishing and hoping that you will wrap me in the warmth of your presence. But you were never there, never will be……… this pain I feel,,, will slowly dissipate with the falling of my tears and the movement of time,

A new day will come, when the sun is bright and birds sing as I bathe gently at the shore and my heart, mind and soul will ne free pf you, I will smile slowly and sweetly at the wind lulling my pure, sweet name and as I am carried away by pure unconditional love you, you DANNY will be nothing more than a faded memory, something long forgotten.

Please note that this sample paper on my heartbreak is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on my heartbreak, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on my heartbreak will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Jefferson Pilot Corporation

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After thoughtful consideration of the various problems that plague this corporation, the main problem that stands out is their distribution channel, that is the company's sales force. To be more specific, their career-based agents are not trained to perform at their utmost efficiency. Though this problem can be categorized as long-term, it can still have drastic effects on the firm's present revenues.

This problem along with other problems creates a vicious circle that the company is presently entangled in. Meaning that since the new recruits are not trained to perform efficiently, they prefer to sell more disability income and annuities than life insurance because consumers can understand these policies better and the agents find them easier to explain. This problem coupled with low premiums per policy, results in an overall reduction in the annualized premium income, which according to the firm's executives is the most immediate concern.

Strengths

Custom Essays on Jefferson Pilot Corporation

Under the auspices of Roger Soles, Jefferson Pilot Corporation has earned a reputation of selling quality insurance products since the past 5 years. Looking at some of the core competencies, Jefferson Pilot has an excellent core of field and home office people. This company has a big market share in its industry compared to its competitors. This is evident from its strong financial condition that acts as a competitive advantage.

Decision-making and management had a top down focus and a high level of control has always been exercised.

Weaknesses

In the long term, the decreasing efficiency of Jefferson Pilot's sales force is a serious issue that demands immediate attention. Looking at Exhibit (), compared to the target group and the managerial peers, Jefferson's career agents go for the easy sale, that is they sell less of life insurance policies and more of disability income and annuities.

A further weakness lays in Jefferson's concentration in the southeast; where the standard of living of the people, so to speak their incomes are generally lower than in the Northeast. Many of the competitors have a strong presence in the Northeast and hence due to the level of incomes being higher there, their premiums are typically higher than Jefferson's.

An important negative aspect of the product offerings by Jefferson Pilot is that they do not have a variety of products as compared to its competitors and also there is little or almost no effort towards New Product Development. The work force also feels that the company is not market oriented. These facts are evident from the survey taken by the consultants.

Stemming from this problem is the retention of the company's sales force problem. In 11, recruits represented 48% of the base sales force, as compared to % and 8% of the two peer groups. Furthermore, Jefferson's sales force kept declining where as the two peer groups remained more or less stable. Likewise, only 5% of Jefferson's sales force had been with them for 5 years as compared to 40% and 45% of the other two peer groups. Hence they had a very high turnover rates as compared to the peer groups.

Lower productivity of Jefferson's agents versus the peers has also been a serious issue besides the above listed. The reason for this is low production standards compared to the peers' standards. Even the agents feel that the validation requirements, so to speak the performance standards that first year agents must meet, 6% believed them to be too low or modest.

Jefferson Pilot's marketing costs are in line with the managerial group but are a little above the target group, which is mainly due to the company being smaller than many of the target group companies. There are certain fixed costs that they have to incur which costs them about $1.65 for every $1.00 premium income in the first year as compared to $1.45 for the target group.

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Carol Gilligan

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Carol Gilligans basic definition for male morality is that we have basic rights, and you must value those rights of others. In her accounts, males believe morality forms restrictions on what to do. To illustrate this point in one instance, she brings to light the Druggist experiment, conducted by Kohlberg. This is one in which a scenario is brought forth to an eleven-year- old child named Jake. This situation is about a loving husband by the name of Heinz married to a sickly woman. The wife is in need of a medicine that only the town color can provide. The price of the drug exceeds the funds of the loving and he attempts to convey the severity of the situation to the doctor. He attempted to get the price of the medicine lowered and was refused. The question of whether stealing the drug was morally right was asked. Young Jake believed Heinz should in fact steal the medicine because in his eyes a human life is worth more than money. Furthermore even with the varied theoretical element of love not being present in the relationship, the answer was the same. Under the cirsumstances, though an unlawful action was taken, it was justified in his eyes. As a male internally the perception is that he is capable of logical decisions. In saying that, he adapts a self-goverened mentality in which he believes that as long as the action is taken preserved a basic right, it is justified. There is a clear difference in his mind between law and what is morally right, the goal to be attained. A point brought forward by young Jake is that the doctor will get money from many other sources and the loss is not a make or break issue. From another male perspective this same belief applies in the works of an author by the name Rod Van Mechlen in a publication entitled Morality. In this work there are clear declarations of the what attributing factors that are comprised in a males moral fiber. That is that

The purpose of morality is to provide the framework for optimum survival. What behaviors will optimize human survival? How can we survive best as human beings? In this respect, morality is not entirely absolute

This implies the very point reiterated by Gilligan throughout the book. When negative circumstance is identified, morality is compromised. Its pursuit quite often steers notice from what Gilligan calls the consequence of choice.

Female morality is defined by Gilligan in so many words as that people have responsibilities towards one another. Kohleberg conducted the same interview on a female by the name of Amy. Her response was completely different than Jakes response. Amy felt that there might be other ways besides stealing and If he stole the drug, he might save his wife, then if he did he might have to go to jail and then his wife might get sicker again…. Stealing is not regarded as an opinion though a life of a loved one is evolved. The doctors money was even considered. Furthermore the death within itself wouldnt be the core travesty but it hurts a lot of people and hurts her. Dilemmas are solved in her mind through the realm of exhange of opinions. It is assumed that a tie will be made and there would be a mutual understanding. Care is the basis of action for her. Gilligan believes not that her response was not inferior as Kohlberg did when the experiment was executed, she just thinks that other things are being considered by Amy. She sought a solution within the confines of the law. When an action is taken, there is more regard for consequence and rather than have the situation erupt in a manner that could hurt people, an alternative is presented.Buy cheap Carol Gilligan term paper

As the book nears a concrete divide between male and female morality a parallel is made with Jean Piagets and Kohlberg.s ideas of moral development. Kohlbergs adapted a set of stages of moral development based on the theories of Piaget in which the Preoperational, Concrete and Formal stages of cognitive development were created. The underlying belief of Piaget was that when children begin their lives they are very self-centered beings that think very concretely (Piaget, 165). As logic is formed by age and experience, concerns go beyond internal need and they begin to decenter themselves. Although concrete thought is still present in children, experience can allow a child to eventually look at things from a theoretical point of view. Kohlbergs adaptation of his stages of moral development were similar in some ways. Broken into three stages of preconventional, conventional and postconventional (Weitan, 000) they furthered the beliefs of accululative layers to establish ethics. The preconventional says that self-centeredness is very abundant is this stage and morals are dealt with in the same way. The conventional states that morals transcend from internally to the ones of their elders. The last stage is postconventional is when ethics are established from the persons values. Gilligans take on these was similar in that the skeleton of this was fairly accurate but lacked the knowledge to be a gender universal system. It was reported in both scales (Gilligan and Piaget) the majority of the time that females always scored less. The reason being in her eyes was the measure of moral development was not applicable to the female perspective. As a result a scale was created by Gilligan called the Stages of the ethic of care. This differed from the male theorists was male scales of moral development focused on cognitive ability.

a.Preconventional- survival

b.Conventional- liberation in self sacrifice .Self sacrifice is right

c.Postconventional- nonviolence. No pain should be inflicted upon others or self

The changes in stages in her scale dealt with transitions in the idea of self. To prove her point about her belief in her adapted version of the stages of ethic care, a real issue was brought to forefront and applied to the stages. A group of pregnant females of varying ages were either thinking about or are allowing for an abortion.

1. Preconventional- Abortion was seen as a way out for themselves. Most didnt look beyond their own motives. An example of a female by the name of Susans first reaction when notified was that

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