Psychology: Skinner

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Skinner makes few assumptions about human nature, but he does grant that each person inherits a genetic structure that yields both general characteristics of the human species an unique characteristics of the individual. In this topic we will discuss in comparison the theories associated withe Freud, Skinner, and Rogers. Their approaches to their theories and their relevance to modern society.

Freuds psychoanalytic approach, Skinners radical behaviorism, and Rogers humanistic views which actually constitute three different psychologies.

Psychoanalysis, it will be seen, emphasizes inconcious personality dynamics. Freud concentrated on unraveling what he believed to be at the core of human personality the hidden forces and conflicts that are buried deep within the psyche.

In contrast to Freud, B. F. Skinner avoids going inside the person to explain behavior. Whereas Freuds ideas were influenced by his interactions with troubled patients, Skinners basic assumptions were derived from studies of laboratory animals and were then extended to the human level. The behavioral psychology that Skinner developed is radical in its emphasis on external conditions as causes of behaviour. While ageeing that our thoughts and feelins are important to us personally, he does not believe that these internal states determine what we do.

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Carl Rogers humanistic psychology, the third approach to be considered, differs from psychanalysis and radical behaviourism in significant ways. Rogers, for example, disagrees with Freuds view that humans are motivated primarily by sexual and aggressive drives. He asserts that fully functioning persons want to fulfill and enhance all their potentialities and that it is pessimistic and limiting to assume that sex and aggression are the most basic forces within us.

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No More Tests

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Schools should spend less money on standardized tests. There are many other things that need improvement. I think they are just wasting money on these tests because in some case students never get the results back. What good is taking the test when they don't know how they did? I mean some tests are good; although, the time limit should be removed. Some students don't even get done with their test and towards the end just starts marking answers, and some students get done with thirty minutes still left in the exam. The states are getting the wrong statistics when these people don't have enough time to complete the tests because theyre just guessing on the answers to basically get done. School system should get rid of the standardized testing and focus more on actually helping students learn.

Schools should spend more money on more teachers and more experienced teachers. The more teachers schools have the smaller the classes will be and the students can get more individual attention that they need throughout the school year. The experienced teachers can recognize where the students need the most help in and work from there. Most teachers have an agenda that they follow throughout the year, but all the students may not be caught up that far and tend to get left behind. All students do not learn the same material in the same time period; therefore, there should be more classrooms, so students get put in appropriate classes they need to help them move on. Also this way students cant slide by in school without having to do the same work everyone else had.

Schools can also start a progress program where it tracks every individual as they progress in school. Every school should give their own tests that way each school and student knows how they are doing and what could be done better on the next test, instead of the Iowa or Stanford Test in which most people don't even find out how they scored and on which part they need to improve. This way all the preceding teachers have all the information on each of their students and they immediately know where to start from on everyone one. Its like a police record of someone; it shows what each student has accomplished throughout the previous years and how he or she did.

Most schools need more computers also. Cutting back on some of the tests will provide more money for the districts to buy additional computers. These computers can be used for testing. It will eliminate the whole writing process and the hassle of grading the work. Taking the tests on computers could improve a student's ability to learn. The computers can provide images and voice capabilities to guide the students through the process, and makes it easier for them to learn. The computers could also take the time restrictions of the tests, so the students wouldn't have as much pressure on them while taking it, and also as Botstein mentioned in his essay, " Computers also make it possible to measure the rate of change for each pupil."(1)

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I didn't have any of this when I went to high school and I think I missed out on some of the learning experiences. My teachers just assigned the class some pages to read and answer a few questions in the back of the chapter. Most of the time the only test I ever took were those standardized test and even those I never received the results or any comments in return to help me figure out which parts I needed improvement on. Hopefully in the future someone realizes all the faults in the system and makes use the technologies we now have and make these changes.

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How and why did abstract art in the early twentieth century draw upon Universalist spiritual beliefs?

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Evolving after photography abstract art conveyed all that could not be captured through eye of a camera lens. It abandoned the stultifying constraints of representational art and embraced a new found freedom from conventional concerns and restraints, which allowed for unobstructed expressiveness and an innovative means of communicating emotions. This innovative means of expression which abandoned the representation of any physical form or object, drew clear parallels to the universalist spiritual beliefs that rejected material associations and embraced the journey from the physical to the transcendental.

Throughout history the primary purpose of painting had been to paint perfectly reproduced images rather than to evoke emotion. It was not until the late 1800's that expressive art had begun to surface and later still, at the turn of the twentieth century that abstract art evolved into a practice concerned with representing the phenomenally unconscious feelings associated with mystical thought and theosophical belief. The turn of the twentieth century faced a revolution of artistic practice and beliefs, which were, induced by various political and social influences. The most influential changes being the emergence of Freud's psychoanalysis, Marx's analysis of historical changes, and the revolutions occurring in the modern scientific view of physical reality. Two things in particular shattered man's view of the physical world, the discovery of nuclear fission and the new hypothesis of the space-time continuum. Both discoveries implied that the scientific view of the world could no longer be discerned in terms of representable geometry but in algebraic formulas, which could not be represented.1 Due to this many artists sought inspiration in occult thought and anarchistic attitudes, they wanted to find the underlying unifying force that would emerge after the structures of society were removed. These artists believed that when the world was stripped bare of its material assets all that remained was colour sound and feeling. Due to this, abstract art turned to the sanctuary of spiritualism, which abandoned earthly attachments in favour of pure expressionism and self-emancipation on a universal scale.

Universalist spiritual beliefs rejected the common secular penchant for materialism and commercialism in favour of a deeper study of religion, philosophy and science. Based on the notion of a united brotherhood, this movement inspired much of abstract art in the early twentieth century. These artists were primarily protesting against the restrictions of an industrialized society. This rejection of authoritarian beliefs was expressed through their art, which rejected all representational forms and required one to 'search for meaning' to be understood, synonymous to the universalist spiritualists, mystics and theosophists who also subscribed to the notion of such a search.

A culmination of spirituality and idealism, theosophy embodies ideas of a cosmic truth beyond material understanding. Indeed such a philosophy is critical of those that draw metaphors from the outside world to find meaning. Theosophy was primarily influenced by the mystical writings and beliefs of Madame Blavatsky, Edouard Schure, Jakob Bohme, and Emmanuel Swedenborg, whose life works transcribed these ideals of a universal brotherhood based on the study of ancient and modern religions, philosophies and sciences, and the investigation of the unexplained laws of nature and the physical powers latent in humankind and urged artists to seek truth beyond material realms.4 These ideas had an overwhelming influence on the founding fathers of the abstract movement, Wassily Kandinsky, Frantisek Kupka, Piet Mondrian and Kazimer Malevich wherein abstract art became the visible manifestation of these united beliefs.

All four artists began their artistic practice engaged in a symbolist style. Their earlier works expressing cosmic ideals expressed through semi-representational forms. However the iconography of symbolism only limited their ability to express the universal concepts they so reverently believed in. Having experienced the extent of the symbolist voice, they began to dig deeper into their theosophical ideals and surfaced new modes of artistic recourse to express themselves.5

This revolution of the artistic realm altered the very aims and intentions of artisans, transforming the general practice of representational art into an art, which sought to portray "human inwardness without recourse to metaphors drawn from the outside world".6

These Artists aimed at abandoning their attachment to the material world and sought to align themselves with the depths of their psyche, to the journey of spiritual truth, a journey they accepted as multi-dimensional, problematic and perpetually never ending. The objective of abstract art had become fixated with the desire to transform the spectators' perception and psychic experience of viewing art. It was colour, stripped of all its associations, at its purist and most plastic that served to communicate these beliefs about the fundamental, underlying laws of the universe.7

Wassily Kandinsky, regarded by many as the godfather of pure abstract art, was the first artist of his time to appreciate the intensity of pure colour. It was Kandinsky's fascination with colour, which provided the immediate impetus for his move into abstraction. Kandinsky was also a prolific writer and heavily subscribed to the Universalist spiritual beliefs in his book On the spiritual in art. In his book he explains his pre-occupation with colour and how it can be employed as a tool for expression of the spiritual, imagining it as a kind of intermediary between the viewer and the spiritual world.8 As in Theosophy Kandinsky believed in a certain universal harmony underlying the apparent chaos of the natural world, and he felt that someone with a higher consciousness could tap into this. His comprehension of colour was fundamentally dynamic, he felt that each colour had an inherent character defined by its relationship to its opposing colour, for example plus/minus, warm/cool, active/passive, female/male, and believed that these characteristics, on a intuitive level and in certain combinations, could project an emotion or idea to the person looking at the them.

Kandinsky also subscribed to the possibility of combining painting, music, architecture and poetic prose in a Gesamtkunstwerk (total work of art.) He agrees with both Goethe and Blanc that there exists a grammar of colour analogous to the grammar of music. Inspired by one of Wagner's musical compositions he attempted to recreate the emotions he experienced listening to the music through the harmonizing of colour and form.10 Wagner also had an affinity with the philosophy of Schopenhauer, who considered music to be of central importance in mans emotional life, which paralleled Universalist spiritual beliefs and developed Kandinsky's aims of production in his visual art.11 In liberating the symbol and elevating the status of colour, Kandinsky created a new movement that drew upon the Universalist spiritual beliefs of spiritual emancipation through the harmonizing of colour, line and form in art.

The use of colour to depict music is effectively illustrated in Kandinsky's symphonic composition Impression III (111, Oil on Canvas, 5x 46, Private Collection). The painting is a direct illustration of one of Schonbergs concerts and in the painting, looking at the work one is able to identify the auditorium on the left side of the painting, whilst the right side is enveloped in a blanket of yellow. Kandinsky's described this yellow as disquieting to the spectator, pitching him, stimulating him giving one a sense of the dynamism of the music and spiritual affinity within the arts.

These Universalist spiritual beliefs also united artists Kandinsky, Marc, Macke, Klee and Jawlensky to form the unofficial group 'der Blaue Reiter'.1 Under the guidance of Kandinsky these artists 'felt themselves to be harbingers of a new spiritual culture, rooted in the manifestations of the naïve soul'.1 They all produced art that reacted against the current direction of society and embraced the idea of awakening the spiritual in all mankind.

Franz marc explained that the entire aesthetic of the Blaue Reiter is dominated by the striving to perceive the "inner mystical construction"14 of the world. In his questioning of creation, he strove to find forms and colours offering a metaphoric correspondence to the knowledge, buried deep within us, of a secret order of the world the Franciscan 'ordo caritatis'.15

Ultimately Abstract art in the early twentieth century drew upon Universalist spiritual beliefs in protest against a society overly occupied with material wealth. Invalidating representational art as authoritarian and political, the embodiment of this spiritual school of thought allowed for the expression of the idea that consumerism and industrialization brings decline. The change towards spirituality was inevitable, because as the world moves towards the commercial, humanity, removed from its material environment requires a spiritual outlet. However abstract artists were guided by a passion beyond merely providing an outlet. Abstract artists drew their inspirations from Universalist spiritual beliefs overall because they held the belief that moving away from capitalism would regenerate humanity and allow for the theosophical ideal of a utopia where all mankind would live in harmony and love.

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Essays on nothing

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this is an essay on nothing it has nothing to so with anything it is nothing it means nothing there is nothing to this nothing essay. this nothing essay is coming to an end and now i have decided to end this nothing essay on nothing thanks for reading and this is not goin to get you a grade so dunt take jus read for your delight thanks and have a nice day. i need to make this essay about nothing be come 50 words long so i must extend this by almost 150 words. ive said this is on nothing so lets make it about my life... my life means nothing in fact it is nothing i have to do a report and i decided to join this website. it seems to me that theres many good essays here so ive decided to get one for my project in school. my school is a peice. it is barely staying together in fact my old school in 8th grade is shutting down becuase noone pays tution and noone is goin to the school no more. this school used to be a great at one time haveing well over 500 students and now it is down to 1. in fact there is only 1 kids in the first grade. this is pretty terible even though i went there for one year. in my school there is several things or ways people look it at you. your either rich or poor, black r white,public or catholic. alot of the kids in this shitty school are racist, i am not. i did go to public school, i am catholic, i am white, and i am from a poor neighborhood. kids talk so much trash becuase of where im from, see my school has a bunch of spoiled little rich punks and on top of that most fo them are racist. im not in fact i basically grew up with black people. people ask me if im proud of where i am fromn and i am, im glad i could make it somehwere will most people cant like them spoiled rich kids who would have no idea what to do if they were in my situtaion......... post a followup if you think you got a response or somehting to say name it nothin

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Essay Report - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

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1. Name of Book?

The name of the Book is Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

. Author of Book?

The author is Robert Louis Stevenson.

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. Setting?

The setting took place in London England in the year (1885 and 1886).

4. Identify the theme of your Book.

According to the author every person has good and bad inside of him. There is a continuous battle between the two forces, when the bad force won Dr. Jekyll committed suicide which is a lesson for us to keep the good force always on the outside and inside of us to live in harmony and peacefully.

5. Story.

This book is about a man called Dr. Henry Jekyll he is a rich man who lived in the city of London in 1885. He was a strange character, who was conducting experiments on him self by taking drugs and shifting into another character. He called this character Mr. Hyde thus living with two different personalities to an extent where he wrote a will leaving all his belongings to his other character in case he shifts to the other personality permanently. This confused his friend the lawyer Mr. Utterson who started investigating with common friends about the mystery of the will as Dr. Jekyll did not even introduce him to this unknown heir. At first Mr. Utterson discussed Dr. Jekylls character with Mr. Enfield. Mr. Enfield told him about the most unusual story of a man who tripped over a little girl without realizing his fault and just stood there silently with out any reaction for his bad deed, while people gathered around to help the crying girl. The girls father came shouting for the police. The strange man finally spoke asking them not to call the police offering a 100 pounds. They accepted the offer and went with him to a house where he brought out a Checkbook in the name of Dr. Jekyll and signed as Mr. Hyde. Mr. Enfield took Mr. Utterson and showed him the door to that house. A new clue is added to Mr. Uttersons knowledge. To follow the mystery Mr. Utterson started to get more suspicious because Dr. jekyll never mentioned Mr. Hydes name to him. He then went to visit Dr. Lanyon, a very close friend of Dr. Jekyll, to ask him about Mr. Hyde. Though Dr. Lanyon knew Dr. Jekyll but he had no idea about Edward Hyde. Thereafter Mr. Utterson kept watching the old black door night after night, finally at the third night he saw a little man wearing large clothes approaching the door. He stepped up to him and addressed him by the name of Mr. Hyde. The man answered back how do you know me. Mr. Utterson told him that Dr. Jekyll informed me about you because I am his lawyer. The man ignored Utterson and quickly unlocked the door, walked in and shut the door behind him. Furthermore Mr. Utterson went to Dr. Jekylls house and asked his servant, Poole, whether Dr. Jekyll is in the house or not. Poole said that he was out. Then he asked him if he knows a Mr. Hyde and the servant answered that he is a friend of Dr. Jekyll however he had never met him because he usually comes in through the back door of the laboratory.

To sum up Mr. Uttersons search for the true identity of Mr. Hyde, he investigated with all the mutual friends. He found through the letters send to him and the rest of the friends that Dr. Jekyll was involved in a Sirius experiment to control the evil part of his mind. Unfortunately, he was too late to save his friend Dr. Jekyll from his sad end.

Please note that this sample paper on Essay Report - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Essay Report - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde., we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Essay Report - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Science!

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Hello. I'm writing this tutorial shortly after finishing a module in AI at university. I'm basically gonna show u all the interesting bits I learned, I'm sure none of you have any interest in hearing the long debate about what intelligence actually is.

Before reading on, I would recommend that you make sure you are comfortable using the following…

Pointers to object, functions, and classes

Classes

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Linked Lists.

Creating objects using the 'new' keyword.

After you read through this, I would recommend you download the Zip that comes with the tutorial, as copying and pasting code almost never works with programs this large. In this tutorial, I'm going to use the single player game "eight puzzle" as an example. The rules of this game are as follows.

There is a by grid containing numbers 1 to 8 (with 1 blank square). Initially the numbers are arranged in no particular order. e.g.

CI Spider Version 1.0 is now available for a free, 60-day trial. CI Spider documentation is included in the trial version.

New releases will be available on this web site. We encourage your feedback and comments about product performance and bugs.

CI Spider Version 1.0 System Requirements

Microsoft Windows 5, 8, or NT on an Intel-compatible platform

Microsoft Internet Explorer (version 4 or higher)

Microsoft Java Virtual Machine

Minimum of 64 MBs of RAM and Pentium 166 MHz

CI Spider Version 1.0 is now available for a free, 60-day trial. CI Spider documentation is included in the trial version.

New releases will be available on this web site. We encourage your feedback and comments about product performance and bugs.

CI Spider Version 1.0 System Requirements

Microsoft Windows 5, 8, or NT on an Intel-compatible platform

Microsoft Internet Explorer (version 4 or higher)

Microsoft Java Virtual Machine

Minimum of 64 MBs of RAM and Pentium 166 MHz

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Big bang theory

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The big bang is an vital scientific theory about the origin of the universe. It occurred about 15 to 18 billion years ago. It marked the instantaneous creation of all matter in the universe. The explosion that took place was not a normal explosion; starting as a point of infinite density, thus called the "primordial nucleus". It expanded at speeds equal to and even greater then light. However, according to the Big Bang theory, the universe will continue to expand for billions of years. The galaxies do not expand. The galaxies will get farther apart and farther apart as time moves on. All forms of matter were formed during this time period. This theory impacted the scientific world and still is an integral part of the scientific world and in the formation of the universe. According to the Big Bang theory the universe should consist of approximately seventy five percent of hydrogen and twenty-five percent of helium. The universe for a short yet brief time was stuck in a "false vacuum". Then it from the state of being a "false vacuum" to a "true vacuum", the state the universe is in today.

As the universe has expanded, it has also cooled down 10 -5 seconds, the temperature was at 10 -7 degrees K. at this crucial temperature, the universe underwent what is called a "phase of transition", something like the process that happens when the liquid water freezes into ice. The strong nuclear force, which acts at a very short distances and holds the protons and neutrons together, separate to form the other forces. Physicists have named this process "symmetry breaking" and it released a tremendous amount of energy. Then, in an extraordinary instant theorists have labeled it "inflation", the universe expanded exponentially. Things slowed down a bit after the inflationary epoch. There were photons, quarks, neutrinos, and electrons, and then protons and neutrons condensed out all in less than one second after the Big Bang. Space expanded and cooled down a bit.

It was believed that the universe had no beginning or end and was truly infinite. The origin of the Big Bang Theory can be credited to Edwin Hubble. Hubble made the observations that the universe is constantly expanding from every direction. He discovered that a galaxy's velocity is propotional to its distance. Galaxies that are twice as far from the earth and move twice as fast. An additional consequence is that the universe is expanding in every direction. This means that has taken every galaxy the same amount of time to move from a common starting position . NASA's COBE satellite was able to detect cosmic micro-waves coming outer reaches of the universe. However, the satellite also discovered that as a universe began to cool down and was still expanding, small fluctuations began to exist due to temperature differences. These fluctuations verified prior calculations of possible cooling and development of the universe provided a more explicit description of the first moments after the Big Bang. As more observations are made and more research conducted, the Big Bang theory becomes more fully developed and our knowledge of the origins of the universe more tangible.

Immediatley after the Big Bang,as one might imagine, the universe was extremely hot resulting from the particles of both matter and anti- matter rushing apart in all directions. As the cooling started there was an almost equivalent and assymetrical amount of matter and anti-matter. Familiar particles started to form as the universe expanded further. The particles were baryons, including photons, neutrinos, electrons and quarks. These were the building blocks of matter and life. After the universe had cooled to about three thousand billion degrees Kelvin, a fundamental transition began, which, has been linked to the "phase transition".

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Consolidated particles such as , protons and neutrons, called hadrons, became the common state of matter after this transition. Although lighter partcles, called leptons, also existed, they were prohibited from reacting with the hadrons to form more complex states of matter. These leptons, which included electrons, neutrinos and photons, would soon be able to join their hadron kin union that would define present day common matter. After about one to three minutes had passed since the creation of the universe, protons, and neautrons began to react with each other to form deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. Most scientists believe that there was one helium nucleus for every ten protons within the first three minutes of the universe. After further cooling, these excesses proton would be able to capture an electron to create a common hydrogen.

Known as singularity, this is the moment before creation when space and time did not exist. Cosmology theorists combined with the observations of their astronomy colleagues have been able to reconstrust the primordial chronology of events known as the Big Bang. Quantum theory suggests that moments after the explosion at 10-4 seconds, the four forces of nature, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, and gravity were combined as a single "super force". Elementary particles known as quarks begin to bond in trios, forming photons, positions and neutrinos were created along with their anti- particles. At the time of this creation of particles the universe was going through a rate of expansion many times the speed of light. The universe at this instant was an ionized plasma where matter and radiation were inseparable. Also there was an equal amount of particles and anti-particles. Eventually. The remaining neutrons combine in pairs and form helium nuclei.

Please note that this sample paper on big bang theory is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on big bang theory, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on big bang theory will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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