Birth control

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on birth control. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality birth control paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in birth control, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your birth control paper at affordable prices!

Sex. It is all about making choices. There is a lot of controversy in many states about emergency contraceptives. People have different opinions about it. Some think it is almost like an abortion and others believe that it is just saving an innocent child from coming into a world with parents that are not responsible enough to have a child. Emergency contraceptives help by stopping the implantation of an egg into the uterus. They should be taken anywhere from 7 to 10 hours after unprotected sex. Some states do not allow one to obtain the emergency contraceptive pill and today, there is legislation that is trying to get passed to change that law.

These pills consist of small doses of birth control taken after unprotected sex. The pills delay ovulation, preventing implantation of an egg. This contraception consists of two doses of estradiol that need to be taken 1 hours apart (Walling). There are side effects that follow this 1 hour process. The most common is nausea. Vomiting occurs in some women. If a woman were to vomit, the effectiveness of the pill would drop to zero.

Emergency birth control is in major controversy in many states. It is used by 4 to 5 percent of women ages 18-44. There are only three states that allow one to get emergency contraceptives over the counter. Most states make a person get a physical exam before they are able to take the pills. In 00 fourteen states are considering legislation to change the laws of the over the counter emergency contraceptives (Stryker). This way it is more confidential and women are able to obtain the pills easier. There are only a few different emergency pills that women can take if they participate in unprotected sex. There are other ways besides emergency contraception that women are able to use in order to prevent pregnancy. Some women choose to have an abortion. Condoms are a great way to prevent pregnancy as long as they are put on correctly.

Emergency contraceptives are argued because some physicians and patients believe the process depends on preventing implantation of the egg. This is considered unacceptable because it is very similar to an abortion (Walling). It isn't close enough to an abortion because it is not actually killing a breathing baby, it is just destroying the egg that gets implanted in the uterus. It doesn't kill the egg once it is already there. Once the egg has been implanted, the pill does not affect or cause any birth defects to the implantation of a fertilized egg (Reitman).

Do my essay on birth control CHEAP !

The emergency contraceptive used to have to be taken within 7 hours of unprotected intercourse for it to be effective. Recently, there have been studies showing that the pill lasts more than 7 hours. There have been several tests run on the pill and showed that it can pass the 7 hour time frame and can last up to 10 hours. Emergency contraceptives are helpful for women who have unprotected sex on the weekend and aren't able to get into their physician's office (Reitman). The study showed that at the end of the 7 hours, the effectiveness of the emergency contraceptive doesn't drop completely. The effectiveness rate drops more and more the longer one waits (Reitman). It has been proven that the contraceptive stays effective two days longer than originally said when it was first introduced. There was a test taken at a clinic of 1,00 women who took the pill after the 7 hour time frame and out of the 1,00, only 65 pregnancies occurred (Walling). Very few side effects in emergency contraceptives occur today compared to when they first came out.

There were over ,000 unintended pregnancies that occurred from raped women in the year 000. The emergency contraceptive is available to those rape victims if they go to the emergency room but is not available to irresponsible women over the counter in most states. One has to have a check up and answer a lot of questions before they are able to obtain the pills. It is more expensive and harder to get than day to day birth control so women don't count on it as a main form of emergency birth control. It's only a backup (Reitman).

Please note that this sample paper on birth control is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on birth control, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on birth control will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Sample marketing questionaire

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on sample marketing questionaire. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality sample marketing questionaire paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in sample marketing questionaire, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your sample marketing questionaire paper at affordable prices!

1. Please circle your gender

Male Female

. Please circle the age category that applies

Under 18 1-0 1-45 46-60 60 or olderOrder Custom Essay on sample marketing questionaire

. Please circle all that apply

I travel into/through the city for

School Business Leisure/Entertainment Legal/Health Services

4. On average, how often do you travel into/through the city?

1- days per week 4 or more days a week A few times per month Rarely

5. How do you commute to Boston?

By car By MBTA By commuter rail By bus

„h If public transportation applies please skip to question # 8

6. On average when do you experience the most traffic?

6-10 am 11am- pm 4pm to 7 pm after 7 pm

7. On average, how long do you spend sitting in traffic?

10-15 min 15-0 min 0 minutes to 1 hour over 1 hour

8. I feel well informed regarding the reasons for implementing the construction project known as ¡§The Big Dig¡¨

Strongly disagree 1 4 5 Strongly agree

. How familiar are you with the expected/intended results of the project?

Very familiar somewhat familiar not familiar at all

10. I feel confident that the construction will have a positive impact on the flow of traffic

through the city

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

11. How important is public open space in the downtown area?

Critically important Important Somewhat important Not important at all

1. Would you be willing to pay more in taxes to develop and maintain parks on the site of the

Central Artery?

Yes No Unsure

1. Which of the following potential uses for portions of a redeveloped Central Artery site most appeals to you?

Please check box

á An arboretum and well-maintained lawns

á Playgrounds, skating rinks, or other recreational facilities

á Cultural facilities for concerts and art exhibitions

á Housing, shops and restaurants

á Office space

Please note that this sample paper on sample marketing questionaire is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on sample marketing questionaire, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on sample marketing questionaire will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

A Doll's House

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on A Doll's House. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality A Doll's House paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in A Doll's House, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your A Doll's House paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service!

"Good literature substitutes for an experience which we have not ourselves lived through" is a quote stated by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. This quote is properly interpreted as that literature is used as a leeway for people to feel and go through experiences to which they are restricted to in their lives. This is an areeable quote because there are so many things in life that are within limit, and good literature helps pacify those yearnings for going somewhere and experiencing things beyond unyielding bounds. Two good works of literature that relates to this quote precisely are Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare and A Doll's House by Hendrik Ibsen.

Being one of the most notorious masterpieces of Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet is a piece of literature which provides the reader great emotions and drama. Through the setting of this play, one can experience life in Italy during the fifteen hundreds. Also, through the characterization of Romeo and Juliet , the reader could get the feel of the complicated lived led by two love-stuck teenagers who's amour was threatened by the honor and pride of their feuding families. The ability to live so vicariously through these characters and to experience their thoughts and dreams is quite enthralling.

A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen is also an excellent example of a good piece of literature that dispenses the reader a different view of society and ways of life. The setting of this play was established in the 1800's in Norway, and that provides a certain comprehension about why the men flayed their power and women were submissive caretakers and mothers in this story. The reader cannot help but feel sympathy for the protagonist Nora, who, through characterization, is portrayed as a woman who had lived her whole life being controlled by first her father and then her husband. One would only feel her pain as she faces the final decision of either leaving her husband or swallowing her pride.

Through the above works, proof is visible that good literature provides an experience for those who have no access to such endeavors. It is that good literature that helps us overstep our bounds and take our imagination to new and broadened heights. Write my Essay on A Doll's House cheap

Please note that this sample paper on A Doll's House is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Doll's House, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on A Doll's House will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from cheap essay writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Work Community

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Work Community. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Work Community paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Work Community, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Work Community paper at affordable prices!

The "Keg" Restaurant Community

A community is a group of people who all come together both in an internal and external Order Custom Essay on Work Community

way with the same sort of common interest. The individuals in the community interact with one

another on a regular basis, and are all respectful and considerate to each other. If something goes

wrong within the community then the entire group is affected. Most importantly a community is

a family. Being a member of a family is a great way for people to grow, learn, and interact with

others. I am part of a community that behaves in this way. My work community consist of all

types of different people who come together with the same common goal of serving customers.

Everyone in this community has a different function. There are cooks, servers, host, bussers,

dishwashers, bartenders, cocktailers, salad tenders, and managers. We all work as a team to

provide our customers with satisfaction.

All the members of my work community must do their job so that the common goal is

met. The busser must clean and reset tables, the hostess must seat the tables, the servers must

wait on the guest, the cooks/salad tenders must prepare great tasting meals, the dishwashers must

keep our dishes clean, and the managers must make sure all of these things are getting done by

managing the restaurant. If for example, the busser doesn't clear the table, the table isn't ready

for the next customer, and our common goal of serving the customers isn't being met.

All of the personal relationships within the community strengthens our community. We

are all aware of others personal lives and accommodate their schedules. If someone has a sick

child, another "member of the community" will cover for them. If one person is having a bad

day then everyone does their best to make it better. If someone needs a shoulder to cry on then

there's always someone there for them. We also have different kinds of Keg events that bring us

closer together. Examples of such events include; softball tournaments, where we get to compete

against the other Kegs and bar Oscars, where the bar staff gets to dress up in fancy gowns and

receive awards for all their hard work.

We love having new members join our community. When a new member arrives we all

go out of our way to make them feel comfortable and welcomed. When members of the group

leave it's a sad day. Having to say goodbye to someone who've shared a great deal of your life

with is never easy. Usually we throw some kind of going away party where we can all gather to

say our goodbyes. Even when someone has left the community they still remain a part of the

community. We do are best to check up on them from time to time, and keep in touch.

Not only are the relationships that the staff share important in making our community

work, but also the relationships that the staff makes with the customers. In getting to know these

people we as a family grow. For, example there is this older woman that comes in every morning

for lunch. A few times while her car was in the shop we would all take turns picking her up and

dropping her back off. One day when she was late (and she was always the first person in the

restaurant) I drove over to her house to check on her. Her car was there but she didn't answer the

door. After a while I began to panic and started talking to her neighbors to see if maybe they had

seen her. Soon enough I began to worry the neighbors and we decided to call 11, and that was a

good thing because she was stuck in the bathtub and unable to pull herself out. These kinds of

things are what makes our restaurant community different from others.

I have been working in this community for over three years, and these people have

become my family. We all stick together and whenever someone from the community needs help

we are there for them. Overall, this working experience has brought joy to my life, and the lives

of others around me. All of these internal and external ways that we as a group come together to

accomplish our goal in making customers happy is what makes us a community.

Please note that this sample paper on Work Community is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Work Community, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Work Community will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

The Story of the Hour

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Story of the Hour. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Story of the Hour paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Story of the Hour, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Story of the Hour paper at affordable prices!

In the short story The Story of the Hour the main character, Mrs. Mallard, changes her attitude from hope to disappointment after she discovers her husband has died. The author, Kate Chopin, illustrates this change through tone, diction, and imagery.

The tone of the story starts off sad with the news of a death. Mrs. Mallard's husband died in an accident. She weeps for him until the feeling of grief passed. Mrs. Mallard goes to her bedroom, where it is light from the open window, and she sits in a comfortable, roomy armchair. The tone suddenly lightens. She feels as if she is free from her husband now that he is dead. Then her sister goes to her bedroom and they walk downstairs where their friend, Richards, was waiting. At that moment the front door opens and Brently Mallard walks through the door. The tone changes, this time negatively when Mrs. Mallard sees her husband and she suddenly dies.

The way the main character is introduced, Mrs. Mallard, indicates that she belongs to her husband. It's not until later in the story when you find out her first name, Louise. This contributes to her feeling "free" from Mr. Mallard. Later when she is in her room she feels something coming to her. She is waiting for "it" but she doesn't know what "it" is. Then she finally realizes what "it" is. She is free from her husband. Her sister, Josephine thinks that Louise will make herself ill. Instead, she feels as if she is drinking an elixir of life. Once she has opened the door there was a "feverish triumph in her eyes". This oxymoron foreshadows that she will be sick. Once she sees her husband, the doctors say she died from "heart disease", but if she had heart disease, she would have died earlier when her pulse beat faster and the blood flowing through her body warmed and relaxed her.

When Mrs. Mallard goes to her room the imagery is optimistic. The window is open and she is sitting in a comfortable armchair. Out of the window she sees new spring life, smells the rain that was in the air, and hears sparrows singing. In the sky there are patches of blue, which means knowledge and understanding. She has an understanding of what is in her future without her husband. These images help form the hopeful tone to the story.

Please note that this sample paper on The Story of the Hour is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Story of the Hour, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Story of the Hour will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Terrorism in the United States

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Terrorism in the United States. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Terrorism in the United States paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Terrorism in the United States, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Terrorism in the United States paper at affordable prices!

Terrorism in the United States

Terrorism has been a growing threat in the United States over the past eight to ten years. However, the government has always seemed to be able to protect United States citizens from harm caused by terrorists. Yet, on September 11, 001, the United States was attacked by a group of Islamic terrorists, lead by Osama bin Laden, known as Al-Qaeda. The terrorist group hijacked and crashed two airplanes into The World Trade Center in New York City. They also hijacked and crashed a plane into The Pentagon in Washington, D.C. The last attempt on an attack was a plane that was hijacked and it was apparently headed to the White House. Fortunately, the people on the airplane tried their hardest to fight the hijackers and the plane crashed in Pennsylvania. Many innocent people were killed in America and its people have done nothing to deserve this attack on our country.

Osama bin Laden is one of the one of America's most wanted criminals. He has said that everything bad that falls upon the United States is a blessing. He has also stated that the end of the United States is drawing much nearer. As previously stated, he is the man behind all of the attacks that occurred on September 11. After the attacks on America, the government retaliated and attacked bin Laden's homeland of Afghanistan. America bombed Afghanistan continuously and then proceeded to help the citizens by spending many tax dollars to repair and rebuild everything the innocent citizens had lost in all of the bombings throughout the night.

It seems that when you look back in history, the United States has always been involved with other countries, trying to make peace and show them that they can have freedom in their homeland. At the time of the attacks on September 11, the United States government had

approximately five thousand troops in Saudi Arabia. The reason that the troops were there in the first place was to stand guard and make sure that Iraq was following the rules and not entering Saudi Arabia and flying in the no-fly zones, which is off limits to them. Apparently, Osama Bin Laden, who is the leader of the Al-Qaeda network, did not think this was a legitimate reason for the United States to be in Saudi Arabia. He absolutely despises America and wants his revenge on it.

The Al-Qaeda network looks at the United States Foreign Policy as being part of a campaign to repress the Muslim world. Supporters believe that the Muslim people are the victims of international terrorism lead and caused by America and the United Nations.

America has always supported repressive Arab regimes. Osama bin Laden believes that these regimes are oppressive and corrupt. He has said that the regimes are completely the opposite of humanity, justice, and peace. Because of these reasons, he also hates the United States, the American Armed Forces, and the American Government. America in no way wants to be in wars with other countries, but the government also does not want to sit by and watch terrible things happen to innocent people in other countries because of horrific leaders who like to kill, rape, and dictate.

Although it was said that Saddam Hussein had nothing to do with the terrible attacks, there is always suspicion that Hussein was involved. Hussein hates America for many reasons, beginning with the Gulf War. In August 10, the United States has put many economic sanctions on Iraq including trade on all goods except medicine and humanitarian food aid, banning all international flights to and from Iraq, and most other financial transactions. Then in April 11, the Security Council passed Resolution 687, which stated that the United States

would keep all the sanctions active until Iraq met conditions that the American government had set. Since then, America has watched closely over Iraq and Hussein. It was said that he might have had chemical weapons hidden in his country that he planned to use against America. Hussein has always been wrong to the people in his country. He dictates over them in a rude manner. All America has ever wanted to do is to try to help the Iraqi people to understand freedom and democracy, because America believes that all countries should be under that sort of government.

Many people believe that America always interferes with other countries problems. It is said that the United States is always brought into someone else's civil war because of its help to foreigners. It seems that the government is always spending millions of dollars in aiding other countries with things such as medicine, medical aid, and food. For example, hours after we first attacked and bombed Iraq, the United States government was already sending over rations of food and medicine to help aid the Iraqi citizens. It is under no circumstances that the United States government wants to deliberately injure innocent people, but when America is in danger of being attacked, the government has to react in a way to keep all of its citizens safe and feeling secure. Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden both threatened America's safety as a nation and President George Bush went with the only option that seemed possible, which was to bomb Iraq and Afghanistan where it was believed that Hussein and bin Laden were staying. As of now, the whereabouts of Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden are unknown. America is helping to provide a democratic government in Iraq at the present time.

World poverty has always an underlying problem to the entire world. Many people believe that poverty all over the world contributed somewhat to the attacks. Because bin Laden

4

comes from a very wealthy family, which is rare in the Middle East, he can easily have influence over other people with money. He tried and succeeded in making people believe that all America wants to do is plunder the riches of other countries, including the Arabian Peninsula. It is also said that the United Nations economic sanctions are the cause of such low living standards and civilian misery in Iraq. For a very long time, many people in the Middle East believed that it was America's fault and no blame was pointed in the direction of Hussein, who had continuously robbed many people in his country of freedom, money and other important necessities in life.

In conclusion, September 11, was a very sad day in American history. It will always be remembered and the innocent people who were murdered in such a horrible way will always be in the hearts and pride of the United States. America did not deserve this attack and the future of the United States lies in the patriotic pride of its citizens.

Please note that this sample paper on Terrorism in the United States is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Terrorism in the United States, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Terrorism in the United States will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Optical character recognition

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on optical character recognition. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality optical character recognition paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in optical character recognition, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your optical character recognition paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service!

Optical Character Recognition

From

To

Course

Order custom research paper on optical character recognition

Date

Table of Contents

Executive summary ______________________________________________

Introduction ____________________________________________________4

History ________________________________________________________6

Hardware ______________________________________________________7

Software _______________________________________________________

Conclusion ____________________________________________________11

Biography _____________________________________________________1

Executive Summary

This paper covers the history of Optical Character Recognition. Followed by that is an explanation on how the hardware component works. Software is covered then going into a conclusion of the relevance of this technology to our modern day workplace as well as possible future developments.

Introduction

Technology has advanced with great speed and stride in the last century. It has

become essential to our daily tasks and in being so, allowed us to save a great amount of

time and enhanced our productivity. Not only has technology made our lives easier, it

now open doors for us to help those of us whom we have not effectively helped in the

past, the blind. However, those days are behind us, and technology is making yet another step, with it, we are able to help those with special needs integrate into our workplaces and allowing them the freedom they demand. This is all happening thanks to OCR.

OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition. This term is typically used for general character recognition which includes the transformation of anything humanly readable to machine manipulatable representation . Simply put, OCR translates what we have on paper, to what a computer can understand.

History of OCR

The history of OCR dates back to 180 when the first patents for reading devieces to aid the blind were granted. By 11, Emmanuel Goldberg invented the first system to read printed characters and convert them to electrical code representations of the characters. His machine could translate typed characters into standard telegraph code. As well, the machine could read typed messages and convert them to paper tape, which would be used to transmit the message by the telegraphy. Two years later, the first handheld OCR scanner would be invented by Fournier D'Albe. Albe's 'optophone was a device made to aid the blind. It would emitt a 'meaniful audio output' when moved across a printed page. Each tone produced had its individual unique character. Thus, the blind would be able to read by concentrating to the tones.

Through out the years, many others machines would be realized, howver, modern OCR systems originated on Friday, April 7, 151 in a home outside Washington, D,C. On that date, a 7 year old researcher working at the Deparment of Defence, created a machine capable of reading typewritten text, Morse code and musical notes. The inventor, David Shepard claimed that his machine, called GISMO, could even read back outloud letter by letter, and scanned documents. Shepard founded Intelligent Machines Reasearch Corporation(IMR) and recived a patent by 15. Around the same time, one Jacob Rabinow, founder of Rabinow Engineering, produced an OCR prototype in 15, that could identify characters at the rate of one character per minute. His company would be known for its accomplishments in OCR technologies. Up until 160, many OCR machines would be custom built and very expensive. The OCR community would also have a problem as there was no standard font for the readers. This lasted until the March of that year when the American National Standards Institute(ANSI) took on the job to find a standard font. By 166, OCR-A was pronounced the first standard font. By the mid-60's , reader's that could read different styles and sizes were developed. Starting from 16, font training was introduced to allow for reader's to learn unknown fonts. One year later, the Input 80 page reader was introduced by Recognition Equipment that could read 00 large pages of text per hour, equivslent to 500 houra of manual key entry. In 17, Sear aquired a hand held OCR wand to read merchandise tags at their electronic cash registers. However, at this point in time, we haven't even reached the real beginning to modern OCR page readers. It would be in 174 when the Kurzwell Computer Products developed a reader to scan pages of text and speak the words aloud, it was called the Reading Machine. This was for the blind. By 178 this would evolve into the first intelligent character recognition system, capable of reading typeset text and was the first with sophisticated intelligence built into the reader. In 18, Dest Corporation developed the WorkLess Station which could read up to 50 pages per hour at the price of aroun $15,000. !85 brought on new trends as the Cobra 500 was the first OCR made to work alongside a personal PC, for $000. From the mid-80's to today, OCR development has come hand in hand with microcomputer systems. OCR are made to us the intelligence of the computer rather than stand alone. OCR of todays includes an optical scanner, interface board that plugs into an existing microcomputer and software to do the actual translations.

Hardware

Using OCR nowadays is simple enough, using a scanning device, one would scan a document and it would appear on a monitor of some sorts. Let us look more in detail the input device. OCR readers use image scanners to convert images of the characters to electrical signals that can be recognized as character by the computer. There are four types of images that can be produced by the scanner black and white bit maps, dithered halftone, grey scale image and color image. The scanner has a bright lamp that provides even light over the entire page of text. The reflected light from the page is focused using mirrors and lenses to an electrooptical sensor array, often an intergrated circuit. Each sensor of the arrayonly looks at a small portion or pixel from the array. After all pixels are read, the page opr array is moved to see a new section of the page image. This is repeated until the whole page is read.

In reading the page of text, there are three ways a scanner can accomplish this focal plane array scanning, moving mirror scanning and moving paper scanning. Focal plane scanning uses a two-dimensional array . This scanner has no moving parts, except for the automatic paper feeder. The array looks at the entire page image at once and the pixels are read out. This is limited to the resolution of the two-dimensional array. Moving mirror scanning is used in both flat and curved-platen scanners. Flate-platen scanner are used like a photocopying machine. A page is setfaced down onto the glass platen and a stepping motor moves or rotates the mirror in the optical path, moving the focal plane of the array across the page. The photosensitive array is usally one dimensional array. Due to the papper being fixed unto the platen, image distortion is reduced. However, resolution depends on the movement of the mirror and optical system. Moving paper scanning uses pinch rollers that capture the paper and guide it past the focal plane of a fixed optical system. This allows things to move faster and more smooth.But, if a roller is misaligned, problems will occur.

OCR Software

When a page of text is scanned into a PC, it is stored as an electronic file made up of tiny dots, or pixels; it is not seen by the computer as text, but rather, as a picture of text. Word processors are not capable of editing bitmap images. In order to turn the group of pixels into editable words, the image must go through OCR software.

One of the earliest OCR techniques was something called matrix, or pattern matching.. OCR programs, which use the pattern matching method, have bitmaps stored for every character of each of the different font and type sizes. By comparing a database of stored bitmaps distributed to the bitmaps of the scanned letters the program attempts to recognize the letters. This early system was only really successful using non-proportional fonts, where letters are spaced regularly and are easier to identify. This system is limited to fonts and sizes stored in its database.

Feature extraction is the next technique. This method would attempt to recognize characters by identifying their universal features. If all characters could be identified using rules defining the way that loops and lines join each other, then individual letters could be identified regardless of their typeface. However, this method would be flawed, because if the original page had extra marks on the page, or stains in the paper, it would have a dramatic effect on accuracy. Some OCR programs fix this by using spell checking on the unrecognized letters.

Predictive Optical Word Recognition (POWR) is a newer method. Instead of just trying to identify individual characters, it can identify whole words. It enables the computer to sift through the thousands or millions of different ways that dots in a word can be assembled into characters. Each possible interpretation is then assigned a probability, and the highest one is selected. POWR uses sophisticated mathematical algorithms that allow the computer to hone in on the best interpretation without examining each possible version individually. When probabilities are assigned to individual words, all kinds of contextual information and evidence is taken into account. These involve extensive use of experts algorithms set up to be specialists in various areas of character recognition. Expert knowledge about font styles, dictionary information, the degradation caused by faxes is combined into expert systems. After going through the expert system it generates an initial set of general hypotheses. The evidence for and against each hypothesis is weighed and a probability assigned to each hypothesis. The investigation continues until a clear and compelling answer emerges. At each stage in the investigation, a new set of experts is selected based on the relevance of their areas of expertise to the particular situation and their histories of success in similar situations. In the end the most probable interpretation is then selected.

Conclusion

In the modern workplace where a company can process up to a million pages of information a day, we see the importance of OCR growing each day. However, with new technology come new problems. How can a company deal with so much information and provide service in a timely manner without spending too much money?

This problem materialized itself to CIGNA, an American health insurance company, which turned to Microsystems Technologys OCR for Forms. This provided a solution similar to a conveyor belt, where analysts check each form, if fields are entered correctly then sent to the computers to process the rest. In the end, humans are still vital to any technology.

Throughout the development of OCR from the beginning till today, people have seen the potential it has to helping the blind. And it has, a blind person, as well as other jobs that need data entry can fill out any secretary job. Added to that note, OCR technology has also help children that have difficulty learning how to read. The future seems promising with OCR. Maybe it will develop into a cybernetic eye for those who are blind.

Bibliography

Books

1 Sourcebook of automatic identification and data collection

Adams, Russell E.

Van Nostrand Reinhold, 10

.Automatic Identification making it pay Sharp, Kevin R

Van Nostrand Reinhold, 10

.Automatic identification and data collection systems

Cohen, Johnathan

Mcgraw-Hill, 14

4. Optical character recognition

Mori, Shunji

J.Wiley, 1

Journals

1.Scanners OCR technology makes typing a thing of the past

Elizabeth Greenfield

The Journal (Technological Horizons In Education), Vol. 1, 11

. OCR Scanning System Saves Time and Money, Insures Good First Impression

Health Management Technology, June 1 v0 i5 p4.

Newspaper

1. Scanner-keyboard provides glimpse of better desktop

Mark Kellner

The Washington Times, July , 16

Magazines

1. Affordable Gear for the wired professional

Abhijeet Chavan, Chrus Steins

Planning, Vol. 66, July 000

Please note that this sample paper on optical character recognition is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on optical character recognition, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on optical character recognition will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from cheap custom writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!