Alesson before Dying Essay

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A Lesson Before Dying Writing Sample

Throughout the story A Lesson Before Dying, the term hog is used in a cruel manner to describe Jefferson. The term hog was first used with intention of possibly reducing his sentence of death. He was being charged for the murder of Mr. Grope the storeowner. It was not uncommon at the time for African Americans to be belittled by being called a hog. Jefferson's lawyer was referring to him as a hog as an excuse that seemed practical at the time of post-civil war reconstruction era of the time. It was thought in the south that African Americans were inferior to whites at the time, and Jefferson committing murder was just his inability to make proper distinction between right and wrong.

Prior to the verdict being announced both sides the defense and prosecution both had closing statements that had permanent effects upon the story. The prosecution accused Jefferson of being the last man standing after the robbery that went wrong; then stuffing money into his pockets and celebrating the event by drinking over there still-bleeding bodies. This proposal was not even close to true proceedings that happened on that day when Jefferson was cheated into being apart of such an unintelligent plan of robbing a liquor store. The defenses attorney persisted to maintain his innocence throughout the case, but Jefferson's lawyer was unable to have any kind of an effect upon the all white jury who thought of Jefferson as just a hog who has stepped out of line and should be slaughtered. His lawyer said, "A cornered animal to strike out of fear, a trait inherited from his ancestors in the deepest jungle of the blackest Africa," this leads up to his lawyer making him almost capable of such a crime before he said, "this skull here olds no plans. What you see here acts upon command, a thing to handle your plow and thing to load your bales of cotton. This is what you see here, but you do not see anything capable of planning a robbery and murder." At this point in the frenzied courtroom the lawyer said, "What justice would there be to take this life?" He says this as if Jefferson is not even a human being, as though he did not even deserve the electric chair. Write my Essay on Alesson before Dying Essay for me

After the judgment had been decided along with the evitable fate of Jefferson his godmother was broken down that court could not spare his life. Miss Emma had always taken care of Jefferson. She was his mama, grandmother, and godmother his everything. Miss Emma had worked all her life and was now in her early or mid seventies she had lived a not so fortunate life. The way Jefferson's lawyer put it, "Take this away from her, and she has no reason to go on living. We may see him as not much, but he's her reason for existence." This statement just reiterates the importance of Jefferson to Miss Emma whom is just a wreck. Miss Emma, his godmother was afraid that he would die a hog and have lived a meaningless life. She wanted him Not to crawl to the white man, but to get up and walk to him at the end. Now that there is not much anybody can do to spare his life she is looking for a way to restore his decency by letting him die like a man. The only rational approach she can come up with is trying to convince the school teacher Grant Wiggins to teach him basic skills necessary to become and die like a man. Miss Emma tells Grant, "I don't want them to kill no hog," she said. "I want a man to go to that chair, on his own two feet." This statement is very important to the story because it leads up to the beginning of the end. The statement also lets the reader know how important it is to Miss Emma that her son dies a man. It is also essential that in the process of proving that Jefferson is far from a hog, as well as him proving it to himself.

In conclusion the author efficiently controls the reader's sense of imagery by using sensory detail, such as referring to Jefferson as a hog. When Jefferson is first called a hog it has a lasting effect throughout the story. This effect is not only felt by Jefferson but the whole quarter which he lives. He serves as a symbol of hope to everybody. He is proving that just because he is black he is not a rudimentary hog like everyone may believe he is. Jefferson stands for all the people who have never had a chance to prove that they are more than dumb hogs; that they are just as equal as the whites are.

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How is the Eucharist lived in daily life?

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The Eucharist is lived in daily life by those of us who take it out into the world according to Jesus' teaching and the conscious of the reign of God. These men and women preach to all people who care to listen, and are encouraged by the Holy Spirit. They take time from their lives to help others in need. People who have lived by the Eucharist in their daily lives are Archbishop Oscar Romero, Mother Theresa, Fred Hyde and Tony.

Romero lived a 'eucharistic life'. He protested against the killing of innocent men and women, who had voiced their concerns about justice and liberty. He condemned all forms of violence and pleaded for peace. As Jesus taught, "Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God" (Mt 5). This Beatitude perfectly Romero. Romero also implored the poor not to seek personal vengeance, but to forgive the soldiers. In other words Romero was teaching the people, "But I tell you, Do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also" (Mt 5).

Mother Teresa is a quite extraordinary and dedicated woman. She moved to Calcutta where she helped provide food for the needy and operate hospitals, schools, orphanages, youth centres and shelters for lepers and the dying poor. Through the compassion she has shown to others, she teaches us about the Beatitude, "Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy" (Mt 57).

Fred Hyde has greatly helped the people of _________ Island, off the coast of Bangladesh. He has set up numerous free schools for children who otherwise couldn't afford to go to school. Fred shows us how one man can do a great deal to help others. He also teaches us the Beatitude, "Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God" (Mt 58). For he never asks for anything in return, and has no other motive but to help the needy.

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Tony shows great values for a man integrity, compassion, familial love, celebration of life, sense of support towards the community, and a way of seeing the best in people. For the last 17 years, Tony has run a local pizzeria. He has been helping out the needy by giving them 'all the free pizza they can eat', anytime they are hungry. Tony teaches us that it is better to give than receive, for to show mercy is a great gift.

All these people have lived the Eucharist in their daily lives by going out and putting into practice the true meaning of Jesus' teachings

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Deforestation

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Deforestation

Introduction

Deforestation is the removal of trees and other plants from forest areas more quickly than they can be replanted or regenerated naturally. It is a problem because of the parts that the trees have to play in stabilising the climate, atmospheric composition and soil structure.

Reasons for Deforestation

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There is a large variety of reasons for why people choose to clear forests

· Agricultural purposes Grazing cattle or planting crops. Poor farmers in developing countries chop down a small area of trees and burn them, which provide nutrients for the soil (know as the 'Slash-and-Burn' technique). This supply is quickly exhausted so the farmers move on to a fresh area, and the cycle starts again. This occurs on a much larger scale for intensive or modern agriculture e.g. large cattle pastures often replace rain forest to grow beef .

· Commercial logging the cutting down of trees for sale as timber or pulp. In the developed world, there are increasing demands for hardwoods such as mahogany and ebony. The rate at which trees are felled is increasing to meet these demands. People in third world countries need the timber for firewood, as it's practically the only source of fuel available to people living there. The heavy machinery used (e.g. bulldozers) is just as damaging to a forest overall as the chainsaws are to individual trees

· Construction of towns or dams, which flood large areas. People who live in shanty towns in areas like Brazil are being encouraged to move to rural areas, so more land has to be cleared to accommodate these people.

· Roads they're built through the forest to allow easier access to underground resources like iron and aluminium. Trees also have to be removed to mine these resources.

Effects of Deforestation

· The Greenhouse Effect During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen is given out. Deforestation removes the carbon 'sinks', and coupled with the carbon dioxide emitted from the burning of fossil, the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase. The carbon dioxide forms a blanket around the earth and traps heat from solar radiation. This is called the greenhouse effect, and causes the average temperature of the earth to rise. If this continues, the polar ice caps could melt and cause flooding.

· Soil Erosion The trees and shrubs in a forest cover the ground and protect the soil from the rain. Tree leaves intercept the rain fall, and shrubs and leaf litter protects the soil from water dripping off the leaves. With this protection removed, the rain falls directly onto the bare soil and erodes it. The rain also leaches the soil of important nutrients, making it less fertile.

· Disruption of the Hydrological Cycle Deforestation can effect the local climate of an area by reducing the evaporative cooling that takes place from the soil and plants. Because the amount of evapotranspiration has been reduced, the formation of clouds and therefore precipitation is also reduced. This threatens the existence of the remaining plants in the forest. Deforestation can also cause flooding. In forested areas, flood water is absorbed into the soil and taken up by the tree roots. The water is then transpired through aerial parts of the plant and into the atmosphere, where it forms clouds. In deforested areas, the flood water runs across the area and is not stopped by vegetation. The top layer of soil is eroded in this process and gets transported into rivers where it causes the level of silt to rise. This rise in the river level causes floods to occur more frequently. Less evaporation also means that more of the sun's energy is used to warm the surface and consequently the air above, leading to a rise in temperatures.

· Reduction in Biodiversity Tropical rainforests consist of around half of the total amount of species of plants and animals on Earth. Without the rainforest as a habitat for these organisms, they will not be able to survive. Biologists are worried that a vast number of species will become extinct before they can be catalogued and examined. There are many species there that have provided us with cures for illnesses, and with the rainforests being destroyed, many other cures could be lost. The extinction of various species will also disrupt the food web they are in, possibly leading to the extinction of species which depended on them for survival.

· Spreading of Disease the mosquito, anopheles darlingi, which spreads malaria parasites, breeds in pools of water that are created in deforested land and on eroded land. Deforestation therefore favours a population explosion of this species.

After Deforestation

What happens after a forest is cut is very important in the regeneration of that forest.

In a tropical rain forest, nearly all the life-sustaining nutrients are found in the plants and trees and not in the ground, like northern or temperate forests. When the plants and trees are cut down for agricultural purposes for the poor people, the tree trunks are usually burnt to release nutrients into the soil. Rain leaches the soil, and after around three years, the ground is no longer capable of supporting crops. The farmers will abandon this area and it will be left to grow back to a rainforest. As the soil is very low in nutrient content, the forest will grow back very slowly. It may take up to fifty years to grow back.

Shade agriculture, where a lot of the original forest trees are left to provide shade for shade-loving crops e.g. coffee and chocolate. When this type of farm is abandoned, the forest grows back very quickly (in around twenty years), as most of it was left unharmed in the first place.

Intensive agricultural systems use a lot of pesticides and fertilisers. The chemicals kill a lot of living organisms in the area and weaken the ecosystem's health. Plantations that use irrigation systems change the water balance of the land. After the abandonment of this kind of system, it can take many centuries for a forest to re-grow.

Solutions to Deforestation

· Reforesting this is especially popular in Vietnam, where most of their forests were destroyed during the war. Now, every pupil has to plant a tree and look after it.

· Bans generally, people want a ban on the logging of 'ancient-growth' forests and possibly compensating companies for not logging certain areas.

· Sustainable Forests using forest and the animals and plants that live in them in ways that do not permanently damage them. This could mean taking only as much timber or other products as the forests can support so that they will continue to be productive in future years.

· Recycling an option for the wealthier countries in the world to cut down on their consumption of forest products in general.

· Protected Areas environmental organisations like WWF and Friend of the Earth can offer legal protection for certain areas by campaigning and informing governments over the necessity to protect a proportion of the world forests from destruction.

· Produce an increase in demand for products which have their origin in tropical rainforests e.g. body creams, bath oils, sweets, fruits and nuts, would make the forests more secure, as a large number of trees are needed to produce a large yield.

Conclusion

Deforestation is a threat to life worldwide. It has an effect on the global climate and causes the extinction of thousands of species annually. Simple solutions are not the answer as many factors have to be thought of. Deforestation mainly occurs in LEDC's, where they need the money that the products of deforestation earn them. Long term solutions would have to be thought of to offer the countries an economically viable alternative, before the ecological loss increases.

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Design and Manufacturing in Industries

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Whenever I think of the classes which I took in my undergraduate engineering education, there is one class which always almost jumps into my mind - ME 588 - Design and Manufacturing in Industries. I can say that this particular class was the most interesting class I have every taken. This class was different from all other classes in several ways. It was unique in itself.

First and the foremost, Dr. John Wood, the advisor for this class is my most favorite professor. He is the director of Manufacturing Engineering Program here at University of New Mexico. He is one of the most knowledgeable persons I have ever seen. He holds a Ph.D. degree from MIT. His style of teaching is very good and he always makes his classes more and more interactive.

The second reason is the nature of this particular class. This class was different from all other classes. The class was held only once a week, on Fridays. The interesting thing was that the class was out of the classroom! Every Friday, we had to visit one local industry and that was it. Though not a very good industrial town, Albuquerque has quite a good number of industries. During the semester, we visited many industries such as Intel Corporation, GE, Albuquerque publishing company, American Gypsum, Elastimold and so many. The class was very practical and I got a very good exposure to different manufacturing processes. There was tremendous variety in manufacturing operations in different companies. I got knowledge about job-order manufacturing, batch manufacturing and continuous manufacturing processes.

When I visited Intel, it was totally a new experience. Semiconductor manufacturing is far different from other conventional manufacturing processes. The clean room in which they manufacture chips was 1000 times cleaner than a surgical room!Write my Essay on Design and Manufacturing in Industries

Another important thing about the class was we had only one project assignment and one final presentation due at the end of the semester. The project assignment was a detailed design project. It gave us exposure to different engineering aspects such as engineering design, customer-focus in design, quality function deployment, manufacturing, design for manufacturability, market survey, engineering economics and return on investment study.

In short, I liked this class the most due to its practical nature, industrial visits, the course advisor and the design project assignment. It was a unique experience to take a class under the most renowned professor in our department and not only me but my friends also enjoyed this class very much.

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The Paintings that Made Caravaggio

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The Paintings that Made Caravaggio

Caravaggio was born Michelangelo Merisi in 1571 in Lombardy most likely in Caravaggio. When he was thirteen Caravaggio was apprenticed in Milan to a painter named Simone Peterzano who was a pupil of Titian. Titian, who famous works are displayed at Capodimonte. During this time Caravaggio was able to develop his version of mannerism. In 150 he went to Rome ready to use his practices and skills. At this time the prevailing artistic style in Italy was mannerism which refers to most sixteenth-century art.

Mannerism is recognized for its concern with developing and varying styles of Raphael, Michelangelo and other masters of the 1500's into a style that shows everyday events as spectacular and important. An example is the Accademia of the Carracci which helped to strengthen the connection with Raphael in order to continue to reinforce a classical style that would adapt to the taste of the wealthy or those with lofty tastes. The artists that followed these ideas were called Emilian and included Domenichino, Giocanni Lanfranco, Guercino, Guido Reni, and of course Annibale Carracci. This style was widely accepted and desired in Rome.

Caravaggio's painting style also arose as a reaction to mannerism. It was very contradictory to the mannerism as Caravaggio went in the direction of naturalism. Caravaggio was able to create a new path for other artists. It is important to note however that the influence of Raphael and Michelangelo are very visible in Caravaggio's work and that he did not disdain or criticize the current style. Other influence on Caravaggio's style was his training in Lombardy where he had as a model Lombard art along with late gothic art which is distinguished by a particular attention to nature. In terms of traditional techniques Caravaggio used the relation between objects and natural and artificial light and the ability of color to construct and define. The genius in his work I believe rests in his ability to master the effect of light so well that the objects in his painting appear lifelike.

Caravaggio's works are commonly separated into four periods. The Milanese period which reflects the training of Peterzano and the influence of Savoldo, Moretto and Lotto. Next comes the first Roman years consisting of his works completed from 15 to 15. During this time he generally painted small pictures until he caught the attention of Francesco del Monte who bought some of his paintings and later in 15 gave Caravaggio his first commission. This was the paintings in the Contarelli Chapel of Saint Luigi de' Francesi. These include the Calling of Saint Matthew (which is one of my favorites), the Martyrdom of Saint Matthew, and Saint Matthew and the Angel. His third period is noted for the extravagant commissions he received from the Roman churches. This period ended abruptly due to his flight from Rome in 1606. Afterwards the last 4 years of his life were very hectic while he moved from place to place. He painted mostly for churches before dying in 1610 of malaria on his way back to Rome.

When he was just over twenty he went to Rome where he worked for Cavalier d'Arpino. There he painted primarily still life of flower and fruit. His first famous independent works are done before 155 which include the Sick Bacchus and the Still-Life with Flowers and Fruit both of which are now at the Borghese Gallery. The Sick Bacchus is portrait he painted of himself. The first aspect that is apparent of the painting is the unmodified and objectively painted boy. His characteristics are in no way improved or altered by Caravaggio. Secondly, the fruits and leaves on the window ledge and in the boys hand show incredible realism in their surface texture. Similarly in his Youth with Flower Basket the same technique to portray texture can be seen. What I believe makes this painting even more amazing is his ability to accurately portray the gaze of the young boy. Similarly in Youth Bitten by a green Lizard, in the Longhi Collection in Florence, we see the vivid reaction of the boy. What is most interesting and beautiful about this work is the glass vase in front of the boy. The light inside the vase looks like an actually photograph accompanied by the reflection of the window inside the vase.

With these paintings Caravaggio was able to create his reputation and attract the attention of Cardinal Francesco Maria Del Monte. Del Monte had eight paintings of Caravaggio, of which five are dated from his second period which shows that he was revered at an early age by famous collectors. His Basket of Fruit which is in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana in Milan displays his ability to paint the different textures of fresh and old fruit. Similarly in the same painting he contrasts green and browning leaves. The interpretation that I take from this painting is that life is cyclical and that nature is at different stages of life. Some of the fruit are ripe while others are only a few days away, versus those that are past their prime. Another wonderful display of texture can be seen in the Bacchus. The way the wine glass is painted with the ripples towards the sides allows me to think that the boy might have indulged a bit too much of wine that he cannot keep a steady hand.

Aside from this style of painting, in 155 Caravaggio for the first time took on religious subjects which were most popular at the time and genre scenes which he would help popularize. Saint Francis in Ecstasy which is located in Wadsworth Atheneum is a very religious painting which shows traces of Peterzano's influence and that of Lombard. In addition some of his brushstrokes visible in this painting were learned by studying Venetian paintings. What Caravaggio focused a great deal on is the conception of color as a structural element which goes back to texture and how he was able to portray it by changing the tint of the color.

Martha and Mary Magdalen where she is being scolded for her vanity shows Caravaggio's preference to illustrate a specific moment instead of event. The expressions of the two women are captured in an instance and does not appear as a long drawn out conversation.

Another characteristic of Caravaggio is to paint genre scenes. One of his favorites is that of cards, a subject that he is very familiar with, which can be seen in I Bari. The other theme shown in two similar paintings which were painted only a few years apart shows a Gypsy reading the palm of a youth while removing the ring from his finger. Both are called the Fortune Teller but one is found in the Louvre and the other in Musei Capitolini. What I think is noteworthy is the way Caravaggio painted the Gypsy's intent on her face. You can just barely make out the slight smirk that she is trying to hold inside from the young man. Caravaggio was also very reluctant to focus on subject matter of the past. He believed that the subject matter of painting should not be drawn from ancient or modern history. Furthermore it shouldn't be celebrative or commemorative. A painting shouldn't have moral lessons or set up an example. An artist should not study old masters in order copy a certain style. Caravaggio claimed that his lessons are not drawn from history but from his own life. According to his conception, the painter must be a careful observer of what exits around him and not a student of preexisting technical and cultural traditions. At first this approach was not accepted very well. However Caravaggio's outlook became increasingly overpowering and it eventually influenced every artistic trend in Europe. Bellori, a writer who was most critical of Caravaggio's writes "Merisi knew no master other than the model."

In the last years of the sixteenth century, Caravaggio was gradually gaining acceptance among a select audience which translated in the improvement of his social and economical position. During this time he made some of his most fascinating creations such as Mary Magdalen which is in the Galleria Doria Phamphili in Rome. Bellori says "he painted a girl on a chair with her hand in her lap, drying her hair; he painted her in an interior and by adding an ointment jar and jewelry he imagined her as Magdalen." What this quote reveals is that painting was not planned from the beginning as an exemplary description of Magdalen, but how the identification is almost made afterward at the moment when Caravaggio added the ointment jar and jewelry. The way that I interpret Caravaggio's intention in Mary Magdalen (taking in consideration the fact that he claimed to not paint history) is that his painting is not of Mary Magdalen. His painting is in fact of a women that would be recognized by the observer as Mary Magdalen.

Saint Catherine of Alexandria part of the Von Thyssen Collection is of a female figure just as in Mary Magdalena in an interior without any architectural illusions. The image appears as a blend of royalty and nobility (seen in the clothes) with the face of a common Roman woman. The detail of the cloth on the woman is part of the centerpiece of the painting. Many followers of Caravaggio have attempted to copy this style but had little success.

In the Rest During the Flight into Egypt in the Galeria Doria Pamphili in Rome the atmosphere that is seen is that of relaxation and gentleness. To this I like to credit the orangish tint that covers the whole painting. Added to this is the calm eye of the donkey, the patient expression on Joseph's face and the understanding concentration of the angel. All of this is done to help put the baby to sleep. In the background it can be seen the landscape that Caravaggio chose to include, again standing firm to his naturalism. What I also notice is the variation in the seasonality of the plants. Some leaves are already brown while others are still green. Again this shows his understanding of seasonality and time.

The exact opposite of feelings is created in Judith that is located in the Barberini Palace in Rome. Instead of relaxation I see tension and instead of serenity there is anger. The tension is visible on Magdalen as she musters all her energy to slice with her sword. Even more apparent is the release of tension vivid on the expression of Magdalen's husband. The malice and anger is seen on the old woman's evil stare of approval. The realness of the painting is best described by a passing English traveler. She says "This picture is too well done; it struck me directly, that it must have been taken from life. The idea threw me into a trembling, and made me very sick; producing the same effects on me, that perhaps I might have experienced from the presents of [a] real execution. This is Caravaggio's most brutal display of aggression. The key in achieving such a vivid display lies in the extremity of all aspects of the painting, the redness of the blood, the sharpness of the sword, the wide opening of the mouth, and the dark stair of the servant.

The Abraham and Isaac in the Uffizi which is dated around the close of the sixteenth century due to its similar style to that of The Rest During the Flight into Egypt. It has the similar yellowish tint along with the inclusion of a detailed landscape. This episode draws a parallel with the son of Abraham and the Son of God both who are innocent victims. Although this can be said what I noticed first is that the son of Abraham is struggling as opposed to Christ who did not. What is most important to note about this painting is the way the distant objects in the purposely-blurry landscape fade or melt into each other.

The reason I have mentioned The Abraham and Isaac and Mary Magdalen is to talk about the aesthetic of exclamation by which Caravaggio is able to create a violent atmosphere full of energy and tension. Another painting that uses the same approach is the famous Head of Medusa in the Uffizi gallery. The most amazing part of this painting is the representation of the hair as snakes. Additionally it should be noted the originality of the screaming head as it is stuck on an ancient shield.

The majority of Caravaggio's works include at most three figures with a background that seems to be of little interest to the figures that prominently stand out. In contrast the Calling of Saint Matthew has seven figures while the Martyrdom of Saint Matthew has thirteen. Despite there numbers the figures are considerable smaller in size allowing for the display of the background. Another novelty is that of echelons that have never been present in Caravaggio's works previously. The manner with which he achieves this is not through the architecture of the setting but from the arrangement of the figures. I find it very interesting to learn that Caravaggio was not set on the final version of the painting immediately as he begun it despite their appearance as if time was stopped. With the use of X-ray analysis it has been proven that Caravaggio among other artists sketched on their canvas a different idea. After changing their mind they simply painted over their original idea and created their current masterpieces. For example in the calling of Saint Matthew originally the figure of Christ stood alone and was not covered as is in the final version, by that of Saint Peter. The addition of Saint Peter served in showing that he is the mediator between God and man. As Christ is raising his hand so is Saint Peter but without the same power of command. This is also to remind that Saint Peter would be the first pope. What is different about this painting when compared to the Counter Reformation is that this important event is represented as an ordinary day event. It shows two people that have just come in and asked to speak to someone that is inside. Saint Matthew is simply pointing to himself asking, is it me you want to speak to.

In the Martyrdom of Saint Matthew we see the complexity that Caravaggio is capable of. This is one of the few times where the painting is extremely busy. With the help of X-ray analysis it is shown that originally there were only three figures in the entire painting compared to the current thirteen. The multitude of figures shows Raphael influence on Caravaggio. With the same technology it was discovered that Caravaggio changed his mind rather quickly of the fate of the painting and made changes directly on the canvas without redrawing his plans on paper. This painting is also known for its innovation and its numerous explicit and implicit symbols and meanings. Looking at the echelons we see the three partially nude figures in the foreground. There are six figures on the left in the background that show different state of minds and are also grouped in couples. Then there is the angel on top with the boy underneath him. Matthew is on the floor while the killer is on top.

The middle piece of the three Saint Matthew paintings is Saint Matthew and the Angel. The original was first rejected because it made Saint Matthew appear to be learning how to write. As a result Vincenzo Giustiniani offered to acquire it even thought it was later destroyed during the Second World War. The second version that Caravaggio completed featured the Angel hanging down from a cloud while counting on his fingers the arguments that he is telling Saint Matthew to write and develop.

After the competition of the three wall paintings for San Luigi dei Francesi Caravaggio was commissioned for two more paintings; the Crucifixion of Saint Peter and the Conversion of Saint Paul by Monsignor Tiberio Cerasi for their chapel in the Santa Maria del Popolo. In the Crucifixion of Saint Peter there are three men and Saint Peter but without a landscape. What I take from this is that Caravaggio does not want to give to much importance to the event as it is a sad one. Comparing this to Lady Magdalena, both are deaths but Saint Peter's is not taken to extremity. The colors of the painting are subdued, Peter's mouth is not wide open, the amount of blood is limited and the expressions of the men are hidden as to not glorify the moment and maybe to show that they are simply carrying out their duty.

One of my other favorite works is Conversion on the Way to Damascus which is also found in Santa Maria del Popolo. Here you can see the use of light as it is used to draw your attention to Saul. It is coming from the upper right corner where the rays are visible. The servant and the horse are more in the background. I understand this as his are reaching up towards God accepting His will. If it was not known otherwise it would be thought this is simply a man that fell of his horse while the servant is calming the horse down and taking it back to its stall. The use of hand gestures as is seen in the Conversion on the Way to Damascus is also present in Supper in Emmaus. Here is the moment of the disciple's recognition of Christ. Their hands are away from their body as if they were about to move.

As many of Caravaggio's works, Madonna dei Pellegrini in Sant'Agostino in Rome was criticized and taken down days after it was mounted. One of the "problems" of the painting was the pilgrims dirty feet. The size of the barely noticeable halos was also not approved along with the fact that the Child and the Madonna were looking down at the pilgrims. It is also enough to mention that the model for the Madonna was also a lover of Caravaggio's among others.

It is only best to end with the only mural painting by Caravaggio. This is the ceiling painted in oils for the alchemy room of Cardinal del Monte which we saw in the Villa Boncompagni Ludovisi. It was probably created between 157 and 1600. What is special about this fresco is that it is done in oil. Caravaggio probably did not like much to fresco because it took away from his ability to change what he had painted previously. With the use of oil however he was able to come to a compromise and create this masterpiece.

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Early Settlements in the New World

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Early settlements in the new world were not as easy or as profitable as people had first thought. After the discovery of the new world in 1607, many people in England thought that they would be able to make great wealth by moving to the new World. Settlers found that they were problems in both Virginia and in Masseusetts Bay. Both areas had many promising features and they both had many serious challenges.

In Virginia settlers found that the resources were great, "Planters in early seventeenth-century Virginia had bountiful amounts of land and a profitable crop in tobacco"(1). In addition to this wonderful opportunity they realized quickly that labor was needed to work this land. As slavery had not yet taken root, the English decided that the best route war to use the system of indentured servants. In addition to this the natives were not subdued to assist with this labor problem, "They faced resistance from the local Indian people and were unable to enslave People would sign a contract in return for their trip to Virginia. This would last from anywhere from 4 to 7 years. The end of this time they would be free to establish their own livelihood. However, indentured servants soon found that this was a hard life. There were many hardships during the voyage and upon their arrival, "Two thirds of his fellow shipmates had died since their arrival. Those without capital suffered particularly precarious situations with the lack of supplies and loss of leaders"(1).

One such account was by Richard Frethorne, "Frethorne pleaded with his parents to redeem (buy out) his indenture"(1). In his account Frethorne expresses his situation, "by reason of this country, [which is such that it caused much sickness, [such] as the scurvy and the bloody flux and diverse other diseases, which makes the body very poor and weak]"(1). He discovered early on that life was difficult beyond bearing. He implored his parents to help him. Frethorne under went much trial and had to adjust to his present situation. He was not allowed to hunt for food, "There is indeed some fowl, but we are not allowed to go and get it, but must work hared both early and late for a mess of water gruel and a mouthful of bread and beef. A mouthful of bread for a penny loaf mush serve for fow men which is most pitiful"(1,). He suffered great fear from the local natives, should an attack occur, "and yet we are but to fight against ,000 if they should come"(). He felt that there was no true kindness there. His health had greatly declined, "But I am not half [of] a quarter so strong as I was in England"(). He asked for assistance from his parents but above all else he asked them to relieve him of his indenture, "I will send it over and beg the profit to redeem me; and if I die before it come"().Cheap University Papers on Early Settlements in the New World

In comparison life in Masseusetts had its own unique problems even though there were many who migrated from England. They soon found that their dreams of easy farming were not as available as first thought. Once such account is from a farmer by the last name Pond, who corresponded with his father, William Pond, in England. Pond's regulation of the local natives is not flattering, "They are a crafty people and they will [cozen] and cheat, and they are a subtle people"(1). His discovery of the land and its ability to produce crops was better, "the country very rocky and hilly and some champion ground and the soil is very [fruitful] and here is some good ground and marsh ground"(). Pond also is forced to ask for assistance from his family due to the lack of ready supply's, "Therefore, loving father, I would entreat you would send me a firkin of butter and a hogshead of mal unground, for we drink nothing but water, and a coarse clothe of four pound price so it be thick"(). He states how they cannot survive without shipments from home, "So here we may live if we have supplies every year from old England, otherwise we can not subsist"().

It is evident from both accounts that life was greatly depended upon support from England. Virginia's system of indentured servants was a hard and brutal life for anyone. They lived substandard existences and could not even have enough time to hunt for food. Life in New England was equally hard, as they constantly needed supplies and live stock from England as well.

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Thinking Geographically Equals a Successful Reality Show!

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Thinking Geographically Equals a Successful Reality Show

Imagine that you are chosen to live for thirty-nine days with sixteen strangers either on a remote island in the South Pacific, in the wilds of the Australian Outback, the hot dry plains in Africa, or even in the dangerous Amazon Rain Forest. Once placed at this location, you are expected to build a community, depending on only the natural resources of the land for food, water, shelter, and safety. Now add into the mix, television crews, a host for the reality show, and a goal of one million dollars for the one person, who can outwit, outplay, and outlast the other fifteen people to claim the title of sole survivor.

As more than twenty million Americans, tune into CBS every Thursday night for the latest episode of Survivor, theyre watching geography at its finest- human interaction with each other, the land, and the environment. In order to make this show successful and appealing to viewers, the producers used the five key issues of geography- space, place, region, scale, and connections.

When thinking about space, geographers observe regularities across the earth. The arrangement of a feature in space is its distribution and can be identified through the three properties of density, concentration, and pattern. The producers of Survivor used the property of arithmetic density, which is the total number of objects in an area most commonly used to compare the distribution of population in different countries, to find an area that was, for the most part, uninhabited by large populations of people. Once this area was found, the producers

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wanted to make sure that the two separate tribes of eights concentration, which is the extent of a features spread over space, were relatively far apart or dispersed on the area. This was done to ensure that neither tribe could interact with one another.

When thinking about place, geographers describe the unique location of everything on earth, identified through the place name, site, situation, and mathematical location. The producers of the hit reality show choose location names that are unknown to most people in the world, adding an exotic twist to perk the curiosity of viewers. The first season, producers chose a tiny island off the coast of Borneo, Pulau Tiga at 5degrees 44 North and 115 degrees East, which was essentially unknown to the world until it became the location of the first season of Survivor, making it now a household name in the United States. Important site characteristics, which are the physical characters of a place, such as climate, water sources, soil, and vegetation were also important to producers when choosing the location of the ecosystem. They wanted an ecosystem that had the characteristics of harsh climates and weather, ranging from hot and dry, to wet and cold, a total shock to the participants from where they came from, making survival in this site challenging from day to day. Different ecosystems have been chosen for each season to add to the fascination of viewers watching these different groups of castaways survive in different climates and weather.

When thinking about region, geographers identify areas of the world formed by distinctive combinations of features, such as cultural features including language and religion, economic features such as agriculture, and physical features such as climate and vegetation. Using the concept of culture, the producers of Survivor intrigue viewers to understand the uniqueness of the location chosen. During reward challenges, in which the castaways earn food

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and a luxury item to make their stay easier at the location, the show brings to light the first element of culture- what people care about. Most of the challenges use the customary beliefs, food, and language distinctive to the culture in that particular place. Eating insects, which is a delicacy in certain cultures and remembering stories passed through generations of that culture, is usually the norm for gaining the reward at the end of the challenge. The second element of cultural interest used in the show is the production of material wealth, such as food, clothing, and shelter that humans need in order to survive. Either the castaways need to find food by fishing, hunting, or gathering and build a shelter from the natural resources surrounding them, from trees or palm leaves. For example, during the third season taking place in Africa, the castaways not only needed to build shelter, but were also required to build a perimeter surrounding the shelter to keep them safe from the animals on the African plains. Most importantly, the show is a perfect example of possibilism, which states that the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment. These castaways use all of the resources available to them in their surroundings in order to keep themselves hydrated, nourished and protected from the harsh climate and weather.

When thinking about scale, geographers understand how each place is unique yet at the same time similar to other places. This is an increasingly important concept because of globalization, which is a force that involves that entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope. The television show Survivor has contributed to globalization in terms of tourism and knowledge of remote locations and unknown cultures. Due to the popularity of this show, American curiosity about the cultures of Pulau Tiga, Australia, Africa, Thailand, and South America has increased, as well as making these destinations, desirable vacation spots.

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When thinking about connections, geographers explain relationships among places and regions across space. Spatial interactions can take place through networks, such as CBS, which broadcasts Survivor, allowing chains of communication that connects places by simultaneously broadcasting the same program around the world. This allows the reality show to become a phenomenon in Fort Myers, Florida, as well as in Tokyo, Japan broadening the scope of different people that watch the show. Another way to look at the program Survivor, concerning connections, is through diffusion, which is the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time. The hit reality show is an example of stimulus diffusion, which is the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself fails to diffuse. Throughout the world, the concept of reality television is not a new idea; even the premise for the basis of Survivor began in England. The producers of the American version took the underlying principle of the show and added features like the exotic locations, the integrations of the culture of the region chosen, the scale at which the show was broadcasted, and even the reward of one million dollars to attract candidates participation in the show.

Reality television has become one of the most popular global level ideas, due in part to the American revision of Survivor. On a global level reality based television program is popping up all over with shows such as Big Brother, Fear Factor, and American Idol to mention a few. The success of Survivor relies on the fascination of viewers about the cultural geography of the world in terms of space, place, region, scale, and connections. Thinking geographically does equal a successful reality show!

Please note that this sample paper on Thinking Geographically Equals a Successful Reality Show! is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Thinking Geographically Equals a Successful Reality Show!, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Thinking Geographically Equals a Successful Reality Show! will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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