The Johari Window

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THE JOHARI WINDOW

The Johari Window is a graphical model with four quadrants designed to increase effective relationships within a group in terms of awareness. It is simple to visualize what each quadrant represents and is seen by many people as the communication window. An individual is able to view what is known to self and others and what is not known to self and others, by observing how one presents and receives information through the panes. The Johari Window enables an individual to describe, evaluate, and predict the aspects of interpersonal communication in their own life by exploring what is seen in each window. The information is portrayed in many different forms including verbal and nonverbal, fact and opinion, feelings and thoughts, as well as perceptions. The model addresses a real life situation that enables an individual to improve communication skills, build trust within a group, and develop self-esteem. The framework of the Johari Window enables people to see themselves as others see them, and is a very unique way of looking at relationships and the communication process.

The first pane in the Johari Window is known as the Arena and represents the degree of self-disclosure in relationships. It contains personal information that is known to others and ourselves. Increasing self-disclosure implies trust in others, self-acceptance, and reduces the need for defensiveness. By revealing something about you encourages others to reveal something about themselves in return. Self-disclosure is beneficial because it leads to a more stable self-image increasing self-esteem. The Arena is that part of our conscious self such as our attitudes, behavior, motivation, values, and way of life of which we are aware and which is known to others. It is a window that might describe a relationship with a close friend. In a relationship with a manager, there are various limitations on self-disclosure, but the Arena can be increased if personally relevant information is shared that each party finds useful. My relationship with my manager is very honest and open and our environment at work is like a second home. There was a time when I needed to take a week off to finish my college papers, because there were a lot of personal family situations that had come up in our family that kept me from completing my papers. I had planned to finish my papers in December, but my only nephew was in the hospital and was very near death at the age of 5. Eventually, he was stabilized enough to go home but was diagnosed with a fatal disease and only given six months to one year to live. Even though I had only started my job in November, I explained the situation to my manager and she was very understanding. I was afraid that my manager would tell me that I couldn't take that many days off from work, but she let me have a week off to finish up my homework, and appreciated my honesty. By sharing my personal experiences with my manager, my reason for taking off was entirely acceptable. It also relieved me from an enormous amount of stress and I was very thankful my manager was that considerate.

The second pane in the Johari Window is the Blind Spot that represents those aspects about myself that I am unaware of that may be communicated to others in the form of verbal cues, mannerisms, the tone of voice used, or the style of relating to others. Awareness of these behaviors is needed to avoid interpersonal conflicts. An individual needs to be more sensitive to what is being communicated to others. There was a time when my tone of voice used was mistaken for being unappreciative toward a research associate at work. Unfortunately, I had a headache and wasn't feeling very well and I was taken by surprise when my coworker was offended. The situation was embarrassing and I had to apologize and explain why I sounded so irritated.

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The third pane in the Johari Window is the Façade that represents characteristics known about ourselves but unwilling to reveal to others. It may be matters that we have sensitive feelings about and we may fear how others will react, or it may be that we feel like we do not have the necessary support to share the information. When I first started my job, I was working very fast and I was eager to learn everything that I could about my new job. Then the research associate that I mentioned about earlier, accused me of talking to the manager about a mistake that was made on a test and also of trying to make him look bad. My coworker also warned me not to bother the manager with this kind of problem. I assured my coworker that I never discussed any test results with anyone, but he was very skeptical. I thought about talking to the manager to clear the air, but didn't want to be in any conflicts because I was new, and since someone did talk to the manager about the test results, I thought it would be best not to inflate the problem.

The last pane in the Johari window represents unknown information that neither the individual nor others are aware of regarding certain behaviors or motives. We can only assume they exist because some of these behaviors and motives influence relationships. Some of this information may never be known and may be latent potentialities learned during early childhood experiences. Unknown information may surface through an exchange of feedback in a supportive setting. There are many new things that I have learned about myself after going to college. One of the most important things I discovered about myself was how to take a new approach to life whether I was in a stable or unstable position. Reflecting on my past during a class exercise enabled me to move on to a new chapter in my life. Even though I was struggling with what I felt like were failures in my past, I was able to reorganize my priorities and found the future revitalizing after the decision to change my way of looking at my situation. I realized that by changing my goals that life itself had become an adventure and I no longer felt trapped or guiltridden. Moving on to a new chapter in my life put me in control of my own destiny.

The Johari Window can offer many insights to individuals about their own style of communicating. Self-disclosure involves taking risks and putting your trust in others and by doing so, you'll get to know yourself. Getting feedback will help us increase our Arena that in return may help us gain insight to the potential within us represented by the unknown. Others cannot know our hidden areas unless we share it. The degree to which we share with others is the degree that others will know us.

Please note that this sample paper on The Johari Window is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Johari Window, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Johari Window will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Charles dickens and his great expectations

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Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 188 in Portsmouth England. His first few years he was ill, but to make him feel better his parents and his nurse told him many exciting stories. When Dickens was twelve, his father was imprisoned for debts that he could not pay; at this time his family was living in London. At the age of twelve, since his father was imprisoned, Dickens himself had to go to work to support his family. Dickens went to work in a bootblack factory putting labels on bottles. Throughout his childhood Dickens always had the feeling of abandonment, especially when compared to his sister who was studying at the Royal Academy of Music where she was winning many awards (World). Dickens dreamed of something else, something better. This time of his life looks like it is reflected in Great Expectations when Pip was working with his uncle Joe the blacksmith.

In 186 Dickens married Catherine Hogarth, the daughter of a newspaper editor. Their marriage produced ten children, but ended in separation in 1858. By 1860 Dickens had found himself a mistress by the name of Ellen Teran, an actress he had met when he started an interest in theater. Thought his relationship with Teran he lived in a separate household with her. Teran happened to be twenty-seven years younger than Dickens, which resembles the age difference between Joe and Biddy in Great Expectations (World). This age difference was not reveled until after Dickens' death. Dickens protected his privacy because he was worried about his creditability as a respected writer, and editor of Household Words, a family magazine.

Dickens died in June 1870, of a brain aneurysm. He was buried in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abby, London (Classic).

Great Expectations was written during the heart of the Victorian era. The queen had been on the throne since 187, and for another forty years after. At this same time London was leading the Industrial Revolution and was controlling a large colonial empire (Pink). When London was in a period of stability, in America the civil war had just begun. Also, Darwin's Origin of Species was published in 185.

Great Expectations took place between Christmas Eve 181, and the winter of 1840. In 181, King George III was England's monarch, but his madness had hastened a transfer of power to the Prince Regent (Classic). The Regency period lasted from 1810 until George III's death in 180; afterwards, the Regent became George IV. George IV died in 180 and was replaced by King William, who was in turn succeeded by Queen Victoria in 187 (Classic). This was also right at the time of the Industrial Revolution began. It was a period of significant technological development. The invention of steam power changed transportation, and using steam power in steamboats and railroads permanently changed London's landscape. Steamboats began running on the Thames River in 1815, and passenger railroads spread all over England in the late 180's and early 1840's (Classic). These inventions were present in Great Expectations, when Pip is in London. It was the 180's at this time in the book. Steamships were mentioned, but Pip had left London before the railroads cam through.

The 180's had been not only a period of growing industrialization, but also a period of political and social agitation (Classic). The first Reform Bill, in 18, extended suffrage, initiating progressive social measures; and Queen Victoria was crowned in 187 (Pink). Pip returns to England in 1840, to find a new England, an England that had been thoroughly industrialized, socially progressive, and Victorian.

Works Citied

Humphrey House, The Dickens World, nd edition, Oxford University Press, 14

"Great Expectations." Pink Monkey. 0 December 1 www.pinkmonkey.com

Robert Alexander. "Great Expectations Two Historical Moments" www.classicreader.com

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The Price of Individuality in Modern America

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America is freedom. As the melting pot of many races, religions, traditions and ideologies, we are responsible for keeping the opportunities available that were promised by our forefathers. Individualism is a large part of freedom, which makes it challenging to appropriately discuss the concept of the individual in American Literature among such a diverse audience. It is interesting to note how two completely singular authorsAllen Ginsberg and Walt Whitman-- from two totally distant eras, address the concept of the individual in American literature and have very similar conclusions to form on the issue. Both of these great poets, as individuals in American literature, have incorporated current events into their work , broken out of the ordinary, and been open to new ideas, while standing up for their beliefs in order to become true individuals.

The individual of American literature is self-reliant in that he/she draws on their own experiences to influence, and sometimes manipulate their work. Whitman's Drum-Taps, which was very much similar to his diary during the American Civil War, reflected the historical situation of that time (Walt Whitman). Because this particular piece goes from a patriotic war fever to a realization of the horror and reality of war, we really get a rare glimpse at this conscious transition in his mind and not only his physical deterioration

Aroused and angry,

I thought to beat the alarum, and urge relentless war; Help with essay on The Price of Individuality in Modern America

But soon my fingers fail'd me, my face droop'd, and I resign'd myself,

To sit by the wounded and soothe them, or silently watch the dead.

. . .

War! an arm'd race is advancing!the welcome for

battleno

turning away;

War! be it weeks, months, or yearsan arm'd race is advancing to

welcome it.

Meanwhile, Ginsberg from "The Beat Generation" was a familiar bushy-bearded figure at protests against the Vietnam War. His ability to state his controversial views in public was an important factor in the development of the state of mind that America developed during the 160s (Widmer, 158).

America you dont really want to go to war.

America its them bad Russians.

Them Russians them Russians and them Chinamen.

And them Russians.

The Russia wants to eat us alive. The Russias power

mad. She wants to take our cars from out our

garages.

Her wants to grab Chicago. Her needs a Red Readers

Digest. Her wants our auto plants in Siberia.

Him big bureaucracy running our fillingsta-

tions.

. . .

America this is quite serious.

America this is the impression I get from looking in

the television set.

America is this correct?

Id better get right down to the job.

Its true I dont want to join the Army or turn lathes

in precision parts factories, Im nearsighted and

psychopathic anyway.

America Im putting my queer shoulder to the wheel.

Ginsberg's individuality was further reinforced by his obstinate poetry, which was so strong and straightforward that his talent could not be denied. His refusal to be embarrassed or to deny himself was yet another characterization of his individuality.

Individuality is what ultimately characterizes these two American literature individuals whose work both redefine and worship the America they write about. A major difference between Whitman and Ginsberg is that Whitmans use of language is pretty obvious while Ginsbergs use of simple words as Geoffrey suggests, sometimes develops complex thoughts and meanings, which are easily misunderstood(Geoffrey, 177). Although we can still see the influence of Whitman in Ginsberg's "America", Ginsberg is much less optimistic and positive than Whitman himself. He actually sees the irony in American life and addresses it quite frankly. Ginsberg utilizes typical statements and phrases of the time to twist them in a way to show the irony and self-contradictions that underly almost anything. For example, in the section from "America" quoted earlier, rather than putting their shoulder to the wheel, Ginsbergs addition of queer, (meaning homosexual) makes the saying take on a different meaning (Geoffrey, 177). Whitman's poetry, on the other hand, although very straightforward is also susceptible to different interpretations. For example, Whitman's exploration of the self in his poetry and his use of the word I can easily imply certain egotistical qualities on his behalf. Or the more popular interpretation given by Miller, is that he was referring to a universal self that connects all people to each other and to nature(Miller, 145).

I celebrate myself,

And what I assume you shall assume,

For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.

I loafe and invite my soul,

I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.

My tongue, every atom of my blood, formed from this soil, this air,

Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents

the same,

I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,

Hoping to cease not till death.

Creeds and schools in abeyance,

Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten,

I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard,

Nature without check with original energy.

An additional suggestion of the individualism amidst these two seemingly analogous poets is that Howl seems to be the antithesis to Walt Whitmans Song of Myself. The poems are discussed in relationship to their depiction of individuality and freedom. Both poets portray their subjects in different ways, while still maintaining a few similarities. Both see these issues as illustrating the connected nature of humanity, whether spiritually or not. One speaks of hopelessness and the other of beauty and God. Whitman finds joy and wonder in all things great and small, and identifies with all types of people. While Ginsberg also deals with a variety of actions more than people, he constantly finds desolation rather than joy. His connection with the people he speaks of is not the result of "insight or divine communication"(Atlas, 14) as in Whitman, but instead a clear declaration of utter hopelessness

I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked,

dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix,

angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night,

The people he speaks of wander around and around at midnight in the railroad yard, wondering where to go, and went, leaving no broken hearts. There are no broken hearts because there are no expectations of connection, which is absolutely contradictory to everything Whitman writes about. Whitman is delighted to learn new things every day, but Ginsbergs subjects demand instantaneous lobotomy. The final and most obvious example of Ginsbergs divergence from Whitman is in the title; where Whitman sings, Ginsberg howls.

A major feature in sustaining your individuality in American literature stems from the ability to stand up for what you believe in, while being open to new ideas. Ginsberg's mother was a Communist and extremely paranoid, often trusting her son while scared of her family and the rest of society. Ginsberg struggled through family conflicts and homosexuality throughout his adolescence (Sullivan). However this never hindered his poetic accomplishments, instead it gave him more to write about. Allen Ginsberg became the signature of the hippie subculture in addition to that of the 'Beatniks' (Widmer,166). Additionally, being a famous American poet, he took advantage of the chances to meet important political figures and express to them his radical "left-wing views" (Moramarco,15). Ginsberg expressed feelings of irritation with the U.S. government, not only in terms of the Vietnam War, but also especially with the drug enforcement laws. The drug culture is one in which Ginsberg was deeply involved as a poet, a person, and a 'Beatnik'. Some of Ginsberg's favorite topics to write about included the American landscape, the Vietnam War, as well as the Jewish and Buddhist religions. Coincidentally -- or not -- religion and landscape as well as democracy are usually the main ingredients of Whitman's poetry as well. This clearly suggests that Ginsberg's work was definitely influenced by Whitman. This is not to say that Ginsberg's work was merely a reflection of Whitman's prose and poetry, although many times they had the same ideas. Ginsberg chose Walt Whitman as a hero and guide because he is a poet of everything; Whitman loves diversity. Whitman too is a very well rounded person who drew from his past experiences to help him create some of his masterpieces. His participation in the Civil War took a dramatic turn in his poetry, which during the war was primarily prose. An example of such a work is that of Drum Taps. 'Song of Myself' is practically a great celebration of the experience of being an American. Most of Whitmans poetry illustrates what can be "accurately and appropriately described as that of a shared identity"(Miller, 14) but 'Song of Myself' makes the most proper connection between humanity, God, and country.

Although very distinct in their approach, Both Whitman and Ginsberg have fulfilled their obligation in adequately discussing the concept of the individual in American literature throughout their poetry (and prose). These two authors suggest that any individual in American literature must basically be an overachiever ready for anything in order to be achieve true individual status. Whitman writes in a very careful and expansive manner compared to Ginsberg's concise and sometimes mocking poetry. It even appears that Ginsberg tries to go against everything Whitman would have done in his time only to avoid the likely comparison of his work to Whitman's. Yet this effort on his behalf is almost pitiful along with his constant idolizing references to Whitman himself, within his poetry. Essentially these two authors strive for the approval of their audience on this delicate subject matter. Whitman's smooth indirect approach definitely worked for him because I still have not yet come across one negative comment about Whitman's ideas on Americanism. In fact I have only noticed how so many people tend to follow in his footsteps, such as Ginsberg. Now Ginsberg on the other hand, has been scolded over and over again about his narrow mindedness on certain issues. Because Ginsberg is so fearless in his work, he is able to get his point across fast without worrying about his audience's approval. Many people do not approve of this method because they might feel that they are more deserving of what individualism and Americanism truly are.

The individual expectations of each of the authors are based on their personal experience, recognition of new ideas, acknowledgement of their own beliefs, and how each saw his solution to the complexity of his personal existence. As time goes on, this is a nation in which it has become increasingly difficult to find a suitable "ethnic identity"(Atlas, 1). In reality, both of these authors go to the extremes if the intention of their work was to adequately represent the concept of the individual in American literature as reality. Whitman is extremely too modest in his kind representation of the American individual and America itself. While Ginsberg's work on the other hand, does a better job at connecting his concept of the individual in his work to the reality, perhaps he does so a little too much. However, if they were to even attempt to depict true reality, or true individuals in their work, it would probably be unexciting, and definitely not as fulfilling as the concept actually is. The truth is that the idea of individuality is so omnipotent, but in reality an individual person is just thatany individual person. Although, as Americans we tend to go for the 'juicier' of the two, the one that is more flattering to our egos. So we have a tendency to digress on the concept rather than the plain reality.

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An analysis of Juvenal's "On the City of Rome"

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An Analysis of Juvenal's "On the City of Rome"

Decimus Junius Juvenalis' Third Satire is a poem describing the negative aspects of life in Rome. As all satire is written with an intent to reform, this poem is written in such a way that it lists a host of negative features about the city of Rome, as reasons why Juvenal's friend Umbricius is leaving the city to live in the country as a farmer. Juvenal's choice to write satire instead of using direct language demonstrates that some degree of censorship was exercised at the time the work was written (early 1st and late nd Century CE). From Juvenal's descriptions, one can deduce that costs of living were high, poverty was wide-spread, class prejudice was largely visible, there was limited to no policing in the streets of Rome, and citizens discharged their waste onto the street from their windows. It also shows the reader that satire was a popular form of writing, that there was a strong literary tradition whereby the writers thought they could influence the lives of people.

Juvenal provides us with a picture of the poor having "food/[r]otting undigested in their burning guts" and unable to fall sleep. He asks "when does sleep come to rented rooms?" These lines suggest that the commoners of Rome can afford only rotten food, and struggle to pay their rent. Furthermore the noise made from construction at night, and the fact that some of the commoners work on loading and off-loading building equipments at night, suggest that these people get very little rest at nights. Later on the poet contrasts this image of poverty and misery with the life of the affluent. The following passage describes the passing of a litter in the street "When duty demands it, crowds fall back to allow/ [t]he wealthy to pass… while on the way/ [t]hey read or write or even take a nap

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The Fall of the House of Usher

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The Fall of the House of Usher

"The Fall of the House of Usher", by Edgar Allen Poe, is a compelling story that is defiantly worth having on the reading in high schools today. The first time through the talk of Roderick Usher may seem a little difficult to understand but after a couple times the reader can begin to comprehend the deep psychological messages within the text. Throughout the story, Poe uses three very common but affective literary elements to carry out his horror theme, and make reading it worthwhile.

The most important part to any story or novel is the description. Description, with vivid words, is used to create a particular mood or atmosphere. Poe begins his story with a very clear visual image of the gloomy House of Usher

During the whole of a dull, cark, and soundless day Order Custom Essay on The Fall of the House of Usher

In the autumn of the year, when clouds had hung

Oppressively low in the heaven, I had been passing

Alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary

tract of country…as shades of evening drew on,

within view of the melancholy house of Usher. (pg. 64)

In reading the first paragraph the reader is immediately left with a sense of horror and suspense. Continuing on, Poe gives a glimpse on what life was really like inside the house. He describes the room in which Roderick Usher is found; "The windows were long, narrow, and pointed at so vast a distance from the black oaken floor as to be altogether in-accessible from within…An air of stern deep and irredeemable gloom hung over and pervaded all"(pg. 67). Without Poe's ability to vividly describe the situation and setting in which the characters find themselves, too much strain would be put on the readers to create this in their own mind.

Characterization is the second important element used to create the mystery in the house. The sense of confusion that surrounds Roderick keeps the reader involved. Is he just a crazy man who is deeply saddened about his sister's illness or is it something psychological? Perhaps it was a bi-polar disorder or maybe he suffered from schizophrenia. Although Poe never directly comes out and tells what is wrong, the reader can put together symptoms described by the narrator. The following excerpt can lead the reader to believe that Roderick Usher is conceivably a manic-depressive

His action was alternately vivacious and sudden. His voice

varied rapidly from a tremulous indecision…to that species

of energetic conclusion…his peculiar gloom…could be traced

to more natural origin-the dissolution of his sister. (pg. 68)

Throughout the story he varies from sad and depressed to lively and happy. This leaves the reader constantly on their toes trying to identify his character.

Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of the short story is it's double meaning, or allegory. "The Fall of the House of Usher" can be taken two ways; the literal, physical collapse of the house, and the symbolic deterioration of Roderick's mind. In a way the house is the embodiment of Roderick. Every detail and explanation must have been well thought out before writing to allow fro the symbolisms to show through. For example, in the first few paragraph's the narrator describes a crack running down the outside of the complex. While this describes the obvious physical fact that there is a crack in the house it would also be interrupted for the fundamental split in the twin personalities of Roderick and Madeline.

Although today "The Fall of the House of Usher" is recognized as a great literary piece, at the time of it's publishing, was not given the same praise. It truly was ahead of its time. Back then the story of the inner works of the human mind and dangers within was too much for the audience to handle. In today's society, with all of the horror movies and reality TV, it is easier to understand what Poes message was. By modern standards, "The Fall of the House of Usher" is a true masterpiece in the horror genre.

Please note that this sample paper on The Fall of the House of Usher is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Fall of the House of Usher, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Fall of the House of Usher will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Aetan Lit

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Aetan Lit. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Aetan Lit paper right on time.

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Literary Arts

Aeta literary arts include riddles, folk narratives, legends, and myths

preserved through

oral tradition. Help with essay on Aetan Lit Riddles recorded among the Aeta of northern Cagayan province usually come in two

lines with assonantal rhyme (Whittle and Lusted 170)

Muminuddukam

A ningngijjitam. (Pinnia)

It wears a crown but isn't a queen

It has scales but isn't a fish. (Pineapple)

Assini nga pinasco ni Apu

Nga magismagel yu ulu na? (Simu)

There is a cave with a bolo in it

Full of bones it isn't a grave. (Mouth)

Ajjar tangapakking nga niuk

Awayya ipagalliuk. (Danum)

When you cut it

It is mended without a scar. (Water)

There is an Aeta creation legend which is also known to the Mangyan In the

beginning,

there was no earth, only a vast ocean. A winged king named Manaul escaped from

captivity under his bitter enemy Tubluck Lawi. After the daring escape, he

needed a

place to rest. Tired of flying continuously, King Manaul became angry against

the sky

and the ocean, who in turn retaliated with gigantic waves and ferocious winds.

But the

sky and ocean failed to punish Manaul because he was very light and agile. The

fighting raged on for years until all parties grew weary and gave in. King

Manaul then

asked for light, which was granted in the form of thousands of fireflies. He

asked for

counselors and was given all types of birds. Because of his hunger, Manaul ate

the

chicks, then the small birds. The remaining large birds, in turn, ate all the

fireflies.

Manaul felt insulted by the actions of his large birds and gave vent to his fury

against

the owls. He replaced their eyes with huge ones and obliged them to stay awake

all

night as punishment. Meanwhile, the king of the airangered by Manaul's

gluttony

in eating his counselorsreleased his wrath by stamping his feet and vomiting

lightning, thunderbolts, and winds. King Captan of the Higuecinas, the genius

among

the people of the sea, threw from the sky huge rocks and stones to crush Manaul,

but

missed. Thus land was formed (Eugenio 188-).

There are myths about the moon and the sun among several Aeta groups. The Aeta

of

Aparri, Cagayan look upon the moon as a deity and the companion of the star.

The

Mamanua also consider the moon sacred, and reduce bright fires while the moon is

rising. They make a lot of noise in order to frighten the serpent which is

believed to

have swallowed the moon or the sun during an eclipse. To recover the moon

during an

eclipse, the Aeta of Zambales also make a lot of noise.

According to the Mamanua, there was only one kind of people in the beginning.

Then

lightning struck the earth and set it on fire. Those who were singed black

became the

Mamanua. The Aeta of Capiz, Panay believe that their ancestor was the eldest of

three sons who was cursed because he laughed at his sleeping father. The sun's

heat

turned his skin black and his hair kinky. The Aeta of Bulacan tell the story of

a large

ape who stole fire from the supreme being named Kadai and set the world on fire.

The people who fled downstream became the Malays and those who were singed

became the Negrito (Maceda 164114, 11-10).

Performing Arts

Some of the musical instruments found (Kroeber 11) among the Aeta are the

flute,

the jew's harp made of a sliver of slit bamboo, a traded bronze gong, and the

bamboo

violin.

Instruments were documented in 11 by Norberto Romualdez (17) among the Aeta

groups. The kullibaw of the Aeta is a jews harp made of bamboo. The bansik

of the

Aeta of Zambales is a four-hole flute made of mountain cane. The kabungbung of

the

Aeta of Bataan is a guitar made of one closed node of bamboo, from which two

cords

are slit loose from the outer skin of the bamboo and given tension by brides. A

hole is

cut into the bamboo under the two cords for resonance. The gurimbaw of the Aeta

of

Tayabas has a bow called busog, a bamboo joint called bias, a string called gaka

made

from fibers of the lukmong vine, and a coconut resonator called kuhitan. The

aydluing

of the Mamanua is a long guitar with several strings, similar to the kudyapi of

other

Mindanao groups.

Garvan (16414) found flutes, the bamboo guitar, and jew's harp in

southwestern

Zambales; the long bamboo drums in western Pampanga; the nose flute in Tayabas,

Camarines, and Bataan; a bow-shaped instrument in northern Camarines; and a

bamboo

lute in midwestern Camarines.

The Agta of Peñablanca, Cagayan Valley in northeastern Luzon play several

instruments during weddings and festivities. The gassa are flat bronze gongs

which

may be replaced by metal plates or basins. These are struck by the hand and

usually

accompanied by bamboo instruments like the patagong, a quill-shaped bamboo tube

with a length of 4.5 centimeters and a diameter of 5 to 7.5 centimeters at the

node. At

the center of the bamboo tube, more than half of the bamboo is sliced away

according

to the vertical grain. The remaining section gradually narrows at the tip,

forming a

quill shape. The tapered tip shaped like a tongue is struck against two

patagong held

by the same player. It has a hole in its handle where the finger is placed to

change

pitch and timbre. The patagong is played along with the tongtong, a long and

slender

stamping tube, measuring 7.5 to 50 centimeters long and 5 to 7.5 centimeters in

diameter. Its bottom is closed by a node and the top is left open. It is

played by

striking the base on a hard surface (wood, stone, or cement flooring) to produce

a

hollow sound (Musical Instruments 1864-11).

To express sadness or lessen it , the Peñablanca Agta play the timawa, a 4.5-

centimeter-long musical bow made of a mature reed known as bikal. Its two

strings

come from a vine they call lanut. One end of the bow is placed in the player's

mouth

while he/she continuously strums the strings. The mouth serves as a resonator

for the

instrument. The player may also produce different pitches by changing the shape

of

the mouth or by blowing through the timawa.

In Palanan, Isabela, near Peñablanca, the Agta or Dumagat have a huge hunting

bow

called the busog which also functions as a musical instrument. Its body is 1.5

meters

long, made of a palm tree trunk called sakon, while the string is from a vine

called

dappig. To play the busog, one end of the instrument is attached to a winnower

laid

upside down on the ground serving as resonator. A tin or porcelain plate is

placed

between the string and the bow at the end, which is attached to the winnower.

The

player holds the bow 15 centimeters from the anchored end, while the thumb of

the

other hand strums the string rapidly.

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Motivational or confrontational interviewing

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Systematic Practice and Process

Should those working with offenders motivate or confront?

The following essay intends to discuss whether a person working with offenders should motivate or confront the service user. In order to this the author will discuss the differences between motivational and confrontational interviewing.

Stephen Rollnick and William Miller first introduced motivational interviewing in the 10's. The intentions of motivational interviewing were to enable a person to make changes in their behaviour without causing confrontation. Using this technique a person can develop a safe environment in order to help another person recognise the need for a change in their behaviour. If motivational interviewing is carried out effectively a person will start to examine their behaviour for themselves. Those using motivational interviewing techniques believe that the service user is the one who iniates the change and realises their ability to motivate themselves. It is believed that the counsellor will encourage the service user to become fully aware of their inner ability to change.

Cheap Custom Essays on motivational or confrontational interviewing

" The counsellor's task is to release that potential and to facilitate the natural change process that are already inherent in the individual…. It is a way of being with people, which is likely to be quite different from how others may have treated them in the past." (Miller and Rollnick 00. P41.)

Miller and Rollnick believe motivation to be something that is or is not possessed by an individual and that if an individual shows an interest in changing their behaviour then they are motivated. If however no interest was shown the service user would be seen as unmotivated. Miller and Rollnick (11) also so suggest the belief that motivation stems from the personality is not strictly true. They suggest that it is the individual and their surroundings that encourage whether a person will change or not. In order to prove this they carried out a study on David, who was a drinker and two different approaches, they are as follows…

a) David drinks heavily and this is not helped by the fact that all of his friends also drink large amounts and tell him that passing out is all part of the fun. His boss also so drinks and does not take action when David phones in sick because of too much to drink; instead he gives him permission to take the day off. David's wife has to struggle with the home and the family on her own because she fears that if she complains it may upset David.

b) David's friends are getting more and more concerned about his drinking so they approach him about it in a caring manner. It has become noticeable in his work also and his boss approaches him and explains that if he does not change he will have to leave the job. His boss also offers him support if he needs it. His wife has also told David that even though she loves him she will leave him if he does not get help. She offers to go to counselling with David so that he can do something about his drinking. (Miller and Rollnick 11. P 4-5)

As shown in these examples it would appear that the motivation that David needs comes from his interaction with his surroundings. In the first example David will not realise that he may have a problem because his drinking is part of his life, all of his friends and his boss do it so it would appear to be normal. His wife is not helping matters because she is allowing it to go unnoticed and allows it to carry on because she wants a quiet life. In the second scenario by David's friends telling him in an approachable manner that they are concerned it gives David the opportunity to think about his drinking. His boss reinforces this by showing his concerns and using a supportive approach again shows David there is a problem with his drinking. Because his wife shows that she still loves him and will be there for him even go to the counselling with him she again is giving him the option to make the change. It would appear that the second scenario shows how the environment does have an effect on how people perceive their problems.

The following section will discuss the techniques used in motivational interviewing. As suggested above it is important to have the right surroundings to enable a person to want to change. According to Miller and Rollnick in motivational interviewing (00) there are four steps that need to be addressed for motivational interviewing to be a success. The first area is the need for empathy, show acceptance of the service user and of their problems. Being able to understand their problem and being non-judgemental will create a positive atmosphere. The use of reflective listening will also encourage the service user to discuss issues surrounding their problems. The second stage is to introduce discrepancy. During this stage the service user should be encouraged to reflect on where they are now, where they want to be eventually. This should be done through internal questioning not external influences. The overall intention is for the service user to be the one who presents the reason for change and not the counsellor. The third stage is the roll with resistance stage; service users can make excuses for their behaviour so the counsellor needs to redirect the question back to the service user because it is the service user who has to make the choices to want to change. The final stage is to support self-efficacy; the service user needs to believe in his or herself, but also needs to believe that the counsellor believes in him or her.

Miller and Rollnick also based their work on a theory developed by Prochaska and DiClemente known as " A model of change." This theory is based on a cycle of change and consists of a series of stages that a service user will go through. The first stage is pre contemplation, during this stage a person will not be considering changing. The next stage of the cycle is the contemplation during this stage the person will be considering the need for change. The next stage is the action stage this is where the person takes it upon him or herself and accepts actions need to be taken to change. Then there is the maintenance stage where the person has to continue the change in behaviour. The next stage is the lapse stage, during this stage a person will fail to maintain the change and will need to begin the cycle again. Acceptance of lapsing is important to the person because it encourages and gives him or her the determination to try and try again. It is thought that a person will go around the cycle of change a number of times before it eventually proves successful. According to this model it is believed it can take a smoker between -7 attempts at change before they actually succeed. (Prochaska and DiClemente 1)

The following section of this essay intends to discuss challenging and confrontational interviewing, it will begin by introducing what is meant by this term. According to the Oxford English Dictionary to challenge is "a summons to a fight, a calling into question; an exception taken". Confronting is to "meet face to face, stand facing, be opposite to, face in hostility or defiance".

It is often thought that when working with service users it is a voluntary agreement between the service user and counsellor. This is often not the case and service users dont even want to be in the same room as the counsellor and this may present difficulties to the relationship. Some service user even express that he or she does not need help and become unwilling to participate in the sessions. There is also the possibility that the service will try and convince the counsellor that he or she has no problems. When working with involuntary service users challenging and confrontational interviewing may be the technique to use. (Lishman 14, p.11) states "Challenging describes a low level, gentle yet firm invitation to face service users with contradictions, distortions, inconsistencies or discrepancies and inviting or stimulating them to reconsider and resolve the contradictions." In doing this the counsellor is the one who is making most of the contribution to the relationship. The counsellor is pointing out the behaviour and why their needs to be changes made by the service user. The counsellor will point out the consequences of the service user problem in hope that it may alter his or her ways. For example the kill your speed not a child campaign on television, by showing this it is hoped a person will confront his or her behaviour and challenge the belief that their behaviour is acceptable.

(Egan, 14) states "Challenge is an invitation to examine internal or external behaviour that seems to be self-defeating, harmful to others, or both-and to change that behaviour." Egan (14) suggests that by using this technique it would confront a person's blind spot and enable that person to accept new ideas and take different actions. There is little evidence to prove that these techniques are successful,

(Lloyd 15) carried out a study into the effectiveness of these approaches; the study was based on working with young offenders using scare tactics with regards to the consequences of their behaviour. The outcome showed that these techniques had little or no effect on the juveniles.

Egan also believed that if challenging of confrontational interviewing was to work there has to be a supportive relationship to begin with other wise the service user will be unrespondant. Effective confrontation needs to have guidelines set and they need to be reached at all times. Below are some of the guidelines that need to be in use.

1) Goals should be kept in mind.

) Self-change should always be encouraged.

) Earn the right to challenge.

4) Challenge tentatively.

5) Build on success; encourage the service user not to put unreasonable demands on themselves.

6) Be specific, focus on the task at hand and explain things.

7) Respect clients; do not enforce your values on the service user.

8) Deal with defensiveness.

) Use common sense, these are guidelines and are there mainly to do just that guide. It does not mean that you can not be more flexible to accommodate each service user.

In conclusion to this essay it would appear that that aims behind motivational, confrontational and challenging interviewing is to change difficult behaviour. It would appear that these techniques address behaviour from different angles but intend the same outcome. The main one is to address the behaviour and encourage the service user to question and develop their thinking in order to change their ways.

By using motivational interviewing the counsellor respects the service user's rights and believes it is the service user who has to make the decision to change. The service user has to identify the need for change and then must be the one to take action, self-motivation is the answer. Because challenging and confrontational interviewing takes a more direct approach it is often best used with certain service users. Confrontational interviewing can be seen as an aggressive approach where as challenging is less aggressive than encouraging. There is also the possibility that the counsellor may transfer his or her own feelings and opinions about the service users behaviour and force the change rather than encourage it.

So to answer the question set it would appear that motivational interviewing is probably the best form of interviewing technique because it takes a less aggressive form and enables the service user to have the option to make choices in his or her life.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Egan, E 14 The Skilled Helper Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

Jones, R.A 177 Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Social, Psychological and Physiological Effects of Expectancies. Hillside

Lishman, J 14 Communication in Social Work Macmillian

Miller, W. R & Rollnick, S 00 Motivational Interviewing Preparing people for change New York Guilford Press

Please note that this sample paper on motivational or confrontational interviewing is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on motivational or confrontational interviewing, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on motivational or confrontational interviewing will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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