Machivellian interpretation of humanism

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Machiavelli's work The Prince is a contradiction of the political philosophy of his time. Machiavelli's philosophy is to put all political power in the hands of a single person, who would make decisions for all of society, while above all serving in the best interests of himself. These interests included gaining, maintaining, and expanding his political power. Machiavelli promotes a secular society where morality is unnecessary, and stood in the way of an effectively governed principality. Although Machiavelli's theories seem very authoritarian and against representative government it is important to note that during his lifetime in Italy there was a very unstable and deteriorating political state of affairs. His solution seems harsh and very risky; however he describes this Prince as a savior from the turmoil of his times.

During Machiavelli's time in Florence, Italy was politically divided into a number of city states; these states were given greater allegiance by their citizens than the country as a whole. The governments of these city-states often changed

between dictatorships and republics, and this is illustrated by the history of Florence, where tyrannical rule was exercised by the Medici family from the middle to late lth century before the restoration of democracy by Savonarola. The divisions which existed between these states were further aggravated by the frequent presence of foreign military forces such as France and Spain, who helped many factions gain power against their rivals. In particular, it was the Spanish who returned the Medici family to power in 151 after invading Florence.

Although humanists of his time believed that an individual had many attributes to offer the state, Machiavelli was quick to disregard and even mock human nature. He generally distrusted citizens, stating in The Prince that "…in times of adversity, when the state is in need of its citizens there are few to be found". Machevelli even had doubts about the loyalty of citizens, explaining that these people would not keep their word. Nevertheless, Machevelli insisted that the Prince never mistreat the citizens of the principality, based on the notion that this would also be in the Prince's best interests. Furthermore, if a Prince can not be feared and loved at the same time, it is better to be feared, because according to human nature men are "...ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit…". Machevelli believes men are self-centered and not willing to act in the best interest of the state and when the Prince "...is in danger they turn against him…" To win honor from the citizens Machevelli believes that the Prince must deceive them. By encouraging and honoring professionals these people would mind their own business while silently "...increas[ing] the prosperity of their state". Through this deception, the Prince would achieve and maintain honor and trust amongst the citizens, especially those that were in the best position to oppose him. The Prince must also deceive those who attempt to flatter him with their political ideas, while pretending to take many opinions into account, the Prince realizes that men are only out for self-interests; therefore the Prince must act on his own accord, and none other.Order Custom Machivellian interpretation of humanism paper

Machiavelli believed a secular form of government would be the most realistic in benefiting the Prince while maintaining power and serving his own purposes. The Prince was Machiavelli'a only solution to Italy's unstable government. Although it was the cultural, intellectual and artistic center of the Renaissance, Machiavelli did not believe these qualities would secure Italy's political future. Accordingly, Italy required a leader that could command complete control over citizens and institutions. A secular government would achieve these ends, because, according to Machiavelli, men generally worked for their best interests and not the well being of society. This being the case, there was no room for them in politics. Machiavelli doubted that this form of government could outlast tyrannical rule, nevertheless, it was established years after his had penned The Prince, thus Machiavelli must be regarded as the founder of modern day secular government.

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Critical Commentary on "Crow" by A. MacLean and "Hawk Roosting" by T. Hughes

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Indre Kunigelyte

September 0, 00

Critical Commentary on "Crow" by A. MacLean and "Hawk Roosting" by T. Hughes

The first of the two poems "Crow" by A. MacLean has six stanzas of unusual three lines each. "Hawk Roosting" by T.Hughes also has the same number of stanzas, however they consist of four lines of about the same length. Help with essay on Critical Commentary on "Crow" by A. MacLean and "Hawk Roosting" by T. Hughes The first poem has an odd rhyme structure ABA. The lines are generally of the same length. Short sentences, in which it is written, help to emphasise the content.

"Crow" is a descriptive poem in which the bird crow is described. It starts with the repetition "Crow, crow, crow" introducing the subject and the image of the very first day of the Earth, in which the bird is already flying around, suggesting that it had been there before anything else. The second and the third stanzas describe the physical appearance of the crow. The fourth and the fifth talk more about its mental characteristics. In the last stanza we are told about only one kill of the bird. The voice of the poem is a third person, which is describing the bird with a certain tone. The tone is admiration and awe since the bird is regarded as a very strong animal. Descriptions like "Knocks limpets off rocks", "Cracks lobster claws" show this narrator's attitude towards the subject. Such language used in the poem is powerful because it powerfully creates an image of the crow to the reader. It is not complicated, but the adjectives and verbs used are very carefully picked to give the right impression. For example, "Roars with laughter" gives a stronger impression it is more than just a simple laughter of the crow.

One of the main figures of speech used in the poem is personification, for example, "can tell a shotgun from a walking stick", "knows a trick", which help to create the image of the crow being a clever bird. This characterization is very similar one as of a human. The poet uses metaphors such as "a sort of airborne vacuum-cleaner" or "could use a dead crow for a pickaxe" to complement and to reinforce the image of the bird.

The key subject of the poem the crow is described as a creature that had been on the Earth before anything else and had not evolved since then.

"Did not evolve. Started off this way."

This says that the bird stayed the way it was, which means that it is already perfect as it is. However, it is not the most pleasant creature -

"Gets fatter as the world gets leaner"

That is, it feeds off the others. It also lives on dead flesh, adders and frogs, therefore the narrator calls the bird "airborne vacuum-cleaner", that is, removes all the animals and remains that are unpleasant or dangerous. The crow is said to be very strong physically-

"Bill is the hardest substance known.

You could use a dead crow for a pickaxe."

The metaphors suggest that the bird has the strongest bill and the whole body. But not only is it well-built, it is also mentally very powerful. The following quote suggests what a cruel animal it is

"Takes the eyes from a sheep in labour"

The crow is unemotional and serious, it doesn't care about anything else in the world but itself, and it doesn't gratify to anyone. With these features one "would do well in the City", as the narrator suggests, that is, would outlive in the corrupt society. The crow is also a clever bird

"Won't come near an armed man.

Can tell a shotgun from a walking stick"

Namely it can tell the differences and so recognize possible danger to itself. In this way it is as almost immortal, since there has been only one "ancient kill" ever, and a feather of the bird is kept as an heirloom. These given characteristics are mostly human therefore the crow could be regarded as a symbol for a certain type of people strong, impassive, detached and egoistic, living off others ("gets fatter as the world gets leaner"). Like the crow in the poem, they do not evolve, they are born like this and they stay so all the time therefore with confidence presenting themselves as perfect.

In contrast, "Hawk Roosting" by T. Hughes is a longer poem without any regular rhyme structure with longer sentences. Here, a hawk talks from its point of view.

In the first stanza we are introduced to the setting, which is the nest in the top of the woods from where the hawk talks about himself. It is high in the trees, higher than everyone else and therefore with much more power. In first, second, third and fourth stanzas it introduces to itself and usual activities resting in the trees inactively, "rehearsing perfect kills" and eat, or flying slowly around and killing.

The tone of the hawk, in contrast with the one in "Crow", is rather arrogant and the hawk sounds very confident just like the crow in the first poem. As in "Crow", in this poem the author also uses personifications which give the subject many human features, for example, "I sit in the top", "my eyes closed", "I am going to keep things like this".

The main subject of the poem, also the bird as in "Crow", is high up in the trees above the Earth, higher than everyone else, real killer resting quietly.

"The convenience of the high trees!

The air's buoyancy and the sun's ray

Are of advantage to me;

And the earth's face upward for my inspection "

The stanza suggests that the whole earth is under its control, and that the bird uses it as it pleases for they are convenient to him. The hawk regards himself as a perfect creature when it says

"It took a whole of Creation

To produce my foot, my each feather"

Which suggests that it took many efforts to finally create it, but the hawk doesn't feel neither thankful nor inferior at all, in opposite, he now has all under control. However, he admits being a non-sophisticated creature by saying

"There is no sophistry in my body"

It sees himself as a killer who has all the powers and who is perfect in what it is doing. The hawk regards the present situation as a perfect one and it wouldn't allow any change, it wants to keep its power. Like the crow, the hawk is both physically and mentally very strong, that is self confident, nonetheless it is much more straight-forward than the crow

"My manners are tearing off heads"

This shows that the hawk is much more rude and primitive than the crow however it is still very powerful. The hawk is as if an authoritarian ruler who does not allow any changes and does not tolerate different from its ideas.

Both "Crow" and "Hawk Roosting" are poems in which style reflects the content. Figures of speech, of which personification is the most common one, help to convey the characteristics of the two subjects. In both poems the tone is important, and although it is different, it still creates similar impression of awe. The two poems have powerful imagery and language, which work well and successfully convey the ideas intended by both authors.

Please note that this sample paper on Critical Commentary on "Crow" by A. MacLean and "Hawk Roosting" by T. Hughes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Critical Commentary on "Crow" by A. MacLean and "Hawk Roosting" by T. Hughes, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Critical Commentary on "Crow" by A. MacLean and "Hawk Roosting" by T. Hughes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Management analysis

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My chosen managers are named

1. Dave Smith Logcom

. Andy Thournburrow Freespirt

Dave Smith

Dave is the office manager of a company called logcom. Here he runs the location. The company has lots of offices with it main head office being in London. It is a distributor of computer soft and hardware.

Andy Thournburrow -

Andy is the store manager of a clothing store called Freespirit in Enfield, which is in London. It sells brands such as roxy, quicksilver and billabong. It is part of the major company called 'blacks out door wear'.

I have decided to use both these managers companies as one is a distributor who deals with the manufacturing and the other is in retail, which deals with the public. Therefore I have two sides of the cycle. I can compare the problems they face and try to make valid comments.

Also I decided to use these managers as I knew them quiet well and I knew they would give me up font and onist answer. Also they will be a reliable source. I will be easy to contact and be able to give me the correct information whenever I need it.

The problems

These are these basic questions, in individual substances I build on the anwsers. I asked

What Level of management are you?

Who are you in control of? Who is incharge of you?

Describe your industry. E.g. Retail etc

Where are you based?

What are the major problems you face being a manager?

. Is there a lack of respect?

. Are executive decisions hard for you?

. Is it hard to please everyone?

. Is it hard to delegate responsibility?

. Have you got a committed workforce?

. What do you look for in a person when hiring them?

. Are reliable and committed staff hard to find?

. Do you have any staffing difficulties?

. Are there any other problems with being a manager that you would like to share?

Results from Andy Thornburrow- Freespirit

Andy told us that the is a store manager in Enfield Town.

It is in retail

Head office in Northampton

No work ethics

Problems- He has to stick to a wage budget. He is only allowed a certain amount of hours to work from to give to staff. However extra staff is allowed if needed for example large delivery.

Paperwork is a bit of a hassle but does it all in work hours. Nothing is on computers. Its all on paper.

Tries to make executive decisions to please everyone, but sometimes that cannot be the case.

He delegates authority to the supervisors and the branch out to the workers.

When hiring look for initiative, common sense, work history and an interest in what is being sold.

Other problems are with sickness and holiday. Hard to get people to cover. Left short staffed.

Sometimes get over staffed in some cases and hours have to be cut, adjusting contracts.

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Letter from a Birmingham Jail

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In a "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", Martin Luther King Jr. writes to eight Alabama clergymen. This letter was written in response to a comment made by these clergymen to Martin Luther King Jr. while he was confined in a Birmingham Jail for parading without a permit. The clergymen suggested that the civil rights demonstrations that were held in Birmingham should come to an end, and that they were "unwise and untimely" (Birmingham, 1).

King Jr. felt a need to write to these men even though he usually didn't answer his criticisms. He believed that they were generally good people inside, and that their criticisms were genuinely presented. Martin Luther King Jr. wanted these men, and others to understand the struggle of his people. He wanted the clergymen to know that they have done all that they could to make their point without protests, but now this was the only option left. Martin Luther King Jr. wanted all people to be brothers and sisters, and for segregation to no longer be an issue.

Martin Luther King Jr. was considered an extremist because of the measures he took to show people the injustices put upon the African American. King Jr. pointed out that oppression is something that no one can be happy with, and that nonviolent protest is a great outlet for it. Martin also went on to say that many of the great men of our nation were considered extremists in some right, and that if you are the right kind of extremist then it is a noble thing to be. He stated that he was an extremist for love and justice, not for hate.

During the time that Martin Luther King Jr. wrote this letter racial oppression was a huge issue. Black people could not go into most of the establishments that white people were allowed to go. White people were given the better bus seats, and even water fountains. Police brutality was often inflicted upon African Americans, and they were treated as an underclass. It was not a good time in America to be an African American, or even anyone of color. Especially someone such as Martin Luther King Jr. who was trying to rise above the oppressions put upon him and his people.

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Martin Luther King Jr. considered time neutral. His reasoning for this was because he believed that time could be used either constructively or destructively. "I am beginning to feel that people of ill will have used time much more effectively than the people of good will." (Birmingham, ) King Jr. believed that we had to work hard on making things right with the world, and that time is always willing to do what is right. He thought that it was up to us if we wanted to make changes.

Martin Luther King Jr. stated that there were four steps to civil disobedience. The first was to collect facts to determine whether injustices are alive. The second step was negotiation. The third step was self-purification. And finally, the fourth step was direct action. King Jr. tells the clergymen that they have gone through all of the steps in Birmingham, and that it was very clear the racial prejudices were overwhelming.

In comments about breaking the law, Martin Luther King pointed out that there were just laws and unjust laws. A just law is a law that agrees with moral law or the law of God, that uplifts human personality, and a code that a majority inflicts on a minority that is willing to follow it. An unjust law is out of sync with moral law, it is not rooted in eternal or natural law, degrades human personality, and a code that a majority inflicts upon a minority that is not binding on itself. King Jr. goes on to say that if you break an unjust law you must do it open and lovingly, and also be ready to accept the penalties involved.

I believe that the reason Martin Luther King Jr. wrote this letter was because he was tired of being considered less than others just because of his skin. He wanted to see a world without color, and just people. King Jr. was trying to make these clergymen understand why he took the actions he did. Unfortunately, the reason that he was pushed to this state was because of white society. It was only a matter of time before someone in the African American community took a stand the way Martin Luther King Jr. did. It is a shame that he can't see how America has progressed from those times.

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Friends

If you order your cheap term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on friends. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality friends paper right on time.

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world, would have been seen as a man of no merit because he didnt claim it (glory).

Parsons does not include any politicians in his pantheon because he believes Australians, rightly or wrongly, distrust their leaders. Only one might occupy a small space - John Curtin, the former PM who suffered from alcoholism, who led Australia through World War II only to die before it ended.

Judge says Australias distrust of politicians also stemmed from the nations dislike of grandeur.

There is latent resentment still in this century against Menzies, who was objectively Australias greatest leader. What was offensive was this grandeur that he conveyed, Judge said.Cheap University Papers on friends

Whitlam, in his own way, makes the same mistake ...although he was partly made a victim (through the dismissal) and he laughs at himself a bit.

Also absent from Parsons pantheon are artists, novelists, poets or educators, because Australia is an anti-intellectual society which distrusts what it thinks may be elitism.

There are no women. If there is a small place for them, it would probably be because of the link to their husbands, or because they excel in a masculine society. There are also no Aboriginal people.

And so how did Bradman and Phar Lap make it?

The horse is powerful, it is transport, it is sport, Parsons says.

Nations cannot always celebrate failure and given some of Australias failures we probably do not need any more heroes of this sort, Parsons said, explaining the Bradman phenomenon.

Better to turn to a horse and a man, both honest and honourable, both simple and (on the surface at least) uncomplicated and both excelling in what they did.

The theme for the 00/04 White Pages directory covers is 'Celebrating the Australian

Spirit', reflecting the role of the White Pages directory in 'bringing people together'. This

year the covers recognise and celebrate what makes the Australian spirit unique through

`the efforts of people working together to care for and help others in the community.

"The Australian spirit is a term that grew from the ANZAC tradition and now helps to define

our unique strength of character and pride that's reflected through the courageous and

selfless acts of Australians working 'behind the scenes' every day.

they know, famous or not, who achieves and contributes, someone who inspires them and makes them proud to be Australian.

Australian Values are an integral part of our national spirit. They highlight our thoughts and feelings on reflection and celebration, achievement and excellence, unity and togetherness, acceptance of difference, tolerance, pride, fun and citizenship to name a few. What does it mean to be Australian? Have our values changed over the years?

Please note that this sample paper on friends is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on friends, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on friends will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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GONORRHEAD

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Sexually transmitted diseases are infectious diseases that can be spread by sexual contact. Some can also be transmitted by non-sexual ways, but these make up a minority of the total number of cases. An estimated ten to twelve million Americans have sexually transmitted diseases. Sexually transmitted diseases in the United States affect both sexes, all races, and every economic stature. STDs come from different sources. Some are epidemic like gonorrhea, infections of the urethra, genital herpes, and genital warts. Some diseases are caused by a bacterium such as Chlamydia, and others are from protozoan or yeast. Many of these infections are transmitted largely by sexual contact with an infected person. The practice of anal and oral sex also lead to cases of anal and oral infections. Gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydial infections can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her infant, either in the uterus or during birth. Sexually transmitted diseases are very hard to control. Some public officials attribute the increase in many of these diseases to increasing sexual activity. Others say the replacement of the condom with birth control pills and diaphragms might also increase the risk of STDs. Many STDs are transmitted more efficiently from men to women than the reverse, perhaps because the vagina serves as a reservoir that prolongs exposure to infectious secretion (Handsfield ) The physical examination of patients with STD or at risk is a simple procedure. All patients require inspection of the entire skin surface. At a minimum they carefully inspect all skin surfaces that are uncovered or exposed during genital examination. This includes the face, head, hands, lower arms, lower trunk, pubic area, thighs, mouth and throat. Also checked in men are the genitals and the pubic and inguinal regions, the penis, urethra, urethral bulb, and the scrotum are checked for tenderness and other abnormalities. For homosexually active men, the anus and perineum are carefully inspected. The examination of women includes inspection of the pubis area, the external genitals, perineum and anus, speculum examination of the vaginal mucosa and cervix, and a bimanual pelvic examination (Handsfield 4). A way to avoid STDs and unwanted pregnancies is to use a condom. A condom is a sheath worn over the penis during oral, anal, and vaginal sexual contact (Virginia Tech Health Services). Condoms can be made of latex rubber or animal membrane. Animal membrane condoms prevent pregnancy but have large enough pores for tiny HIV viruses to pass through. Latex condoms are much better in forming a barrier against HIV. Polyurethane condoms havent been fully tested, so people should avoid using them. Do not use novelty condoms like the ones that glow in the dark, these are not FDA approved. Always check the expiration date. Never use a condom after the date stamped on the wrapper or on the seal. Do not use a condom that has been in a wallet for more than a month. Heat and pressure can damage it. Also, stay away from oil-based lubricants, like Vaseline, which can eat through the latex. And finally, do not open the packet with scissors or your teeth, the condom could rip. Nudge the condom away from the edge and gently tear the packet open. Next to abstinence, which is having no sexual relations at all, condoms are the best protection against STDs. When a condom is used correctly, they are about 0 percent effective in preventing pregnancy, and 5 percent effective when used with spermicide. Spermicide, also called Nonoxynol , has been found to be effective in killing the HIV virus in laboratory experiments when used at 5 percent strength. Spermicide immobilizes and kills sperm. It comes in jellies, creams, foams, suppositories, film, and as a coating on condoms. STDs can also be avoided by remaining monogamous. This means only having sex with one person whom only has sex with you. If you know that you are clean of all STDs and that your partner is also clean, then you both can avoid STDs by only being with each other. Chlamydia is a STD caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The bacterium is found in infected body fluids from the penis or vagina and it spreads through direct sexual contact and from mother to baby. Chlamydia is the most prevalent bacterial STD, about four million people will become infected with Chlamydia this year. Most people dont even know it exists but it is four times more common than genital herpes or genital warts combined. Up to 70 percent of women and 0 percent of men who are infected do not know that they are because they lack signs and symptoms. There are no symptoms for this disease so people are not aware that they have a problem until they develop complications. In women this includes pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and dangerous complications during pregnancy and birth. In men the testicles become inflamed. Some signs of Chlamydia for men and women are a discharge from the penis, vagina, or rectum, cramps in the lower abdomen, burning or itching around the opening of the penis, pain in the testicles, pain when urinating, unusual vaginal bleeding, and bleeding after sex. If a woman with Chlamydia is pregnant and she is not treated, her baby has a 50-50 chance of developing conjunctivitis, which is an inflammation of the eyes that threatens eyesight, and a 0 percent chance of pneumonia. Chlamydia can also lead to premature birth or low birth weight. Chlamydia is the easiest STD to treat. Doctors can prescribe a single dose of an antibiotic called Azithromycin, or they can prescribe Doxycycline for 7 days. Either of these antibiotics will cure this disease within a week. Every year up to one million Americans develop genital warts, and as many as 50 percent of all men and women are now infected. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the virus that causes genital warts. These warts grow on the genitals, in the urethra, in the anus, and rarely in the throat. They are soft to the touch and may look like miniature cauliflower florets. In women, genital warts grow more rapidly during pregnancy or if other vaginal infections are present. They often itch and if they are allowed to grow, in severe cases they can block the openings of the vagina, anus, or throat and become quite uncomfortable. (Handsfield 4) HPV infection is spread from person to person through direct skin contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has genital warts. Babies can get the virus if their mothers have genital warts at the time of delivery. Signs of genital warts occur six weeks to eight months after contact with someone with HPV. Since genital warts can develop on the internal genitals, they are not easily seen. Sometimes the infection doesnt cause any warts and many people with HPV do not know that they have it. Freezing the warts with liquid nitrogen, applying certain chemicals, using laser therapy, and using electrical heat can easily treat genital warts. Even though the warts will be removed, some of the virus may still stay alive in the skin and cause more warts. This means that more than one treatment may be needed to get rid of all the warts. The one thing not to do is use over the counter treatments for warts on sensitive genital skin. Genital warts can be avoided by being monogamous, by always using condoms, and by knowing the signs of HPV infection. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the destruction of the immune system resulting from infection with the Human immunodficiency virus (HIV). AIDS is a gradual weakening of the immune system, which allows severe infections and cancers to grow. It eventually leads to death from one of these illnesses. It may take six to ten years until the HIV infection becomes AIDS. This disease attacks the CD4 T-cell count, these are the major types of white blood cell lost during the HIV infection. The lower the persons CD4 T-cell count, the more advanced the person is into the disease. Within one to three weeks after infection with HIV, most people experience general flu like symptoms like fever, headache, skin rash, tender lymph nodes, and malaise. These symptoms last for about one to two weeks. During this time HIV reproduces to very high concentrations, it circulates through the blood, and creates infections all throughout the body, especially in the lymph nodes. The infected persons CD4 T-cell count falls briefly but then returns close to normal and the persons immune system responds to the infection and limits the spread of HIV. The next phase can last for up to ten years. The person stays healthy and his or her CD4 T cell level is between low and normal, which is 500 to 700 cells per mm. HIV continues to spread and reproduce causing more destruction to the immune system. Eventually the immune system declines and the persons T cell level drops dramatically from about 500 to 00 cells per mm. Infections then spread but they are not yet life threatening. Within the next couple of months or years the immune system is destroyed and serious illnesses set in. The infected person may have CD4 T-cell levels below 00 per mm. Next comes a stage of ongoing weight loss and fatigue. The immune system fails and the T-cell count is below 50 per mm, and death occurs within one to two years. HIV is most commonly spread by sexual contact with an infected person. The virus is present in the sexual secretions of men and women. HIV goes into the bloodstream of the uninfected person by getting into small abrasions or by sexual intercourse. Sharing needles or syringes that contain the blood of an infected individual also spreads HIV. Transmission through blood transfusions is now very rare and it occurs in less than one person in every 100,000. HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her baby, either before or during childbirth or through breast-feeding. Only about 0 percent of babies born to HIV-infected mothers actually become infected. The three anti-HIV drugs currently licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are all RT inhibitors AZT, ddl, and ddC. These drugs work as DNA-chain terminators. Because the drug appears to be a normal nucleotide base (the building block for DNA), the RT enzyme mistakenly inserts the drug into the growing viral DNA chain. Once the drug is inserted, no additional DNA bases can be added (Encarta). These drugs are not a cure for the HIV infection, scientists originally wanted them to slow the progression of AIDS, and they have extended the life of the infected individual by about six months. Syphilis is an infection that can be life threatening if it is not treated. It is caused by a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. This bacterium is found in sores and rashes that occur anywhere on the skin or inside the mouth or genitals. Syphilis is spread by sexual contact and from mother to baby during pregnancy. Without treatment the infection can lead to heart disease, nerve disorders, brain damage, mental disorders, blindness, and death. There are six symptoms that an infected person with syphilis may have. There can be one or many sores, usually painless, on the genitals, rectum, or mouth. Rashes anywhere on the body are another symptom. The rashes can be flat, scaly, round, or crater like. One may also develop headaches, sore throats, swollen glands, and hair will fall out in big patches. There are four stages of syphilis. First, there is a development of a red, painless sore. Within one to six weeks it will go away on its own. Second, development of the rash and flu-like symptoms. These symptoms can be mild and come and go for over two years. Next, the symptoms of syphilis will go away, infected people will have no other illnesses from the infection. Stage four is late stage syphilis. The infection begins to damage the heart, brain nerves, bones and other parts of the body. Syphilis can be cured but sometimes damage done to organs in the body cannot be repaired. Syphilis can be treated with antibiotics, mainly with penicillin. Other antibiotics can be prescribed if one is allergic to penicillin. This antibiotic kills the bacteria causing the infection. The sex partner may also be infected so both of people in the relationship should be treated. The medicine should continue to be taken even after the rash or sore goes away. Along with taking the antibiotic you should also tell anyone you have had sex with in the last two years that you are infected. Do not have sex again until your doctor gives an okay. You should get rechecked to make sure you are cured and also get checked for HIV. Gonorrhea is a disease caused by a bacterium called Neiserria gonorrhoeae. The bacteria that cause gonorrhea are found in the vagina, penis, throat, rectum, and in the semen or vaginal fluids. Gonorrhea is spread through sexual contact and from mother to baby during delivery. It is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease in the United States. The symptoms of gonorrhea for men include, a yellowish white discharge from the penis, pain when urinating, pain in the testicles, and sore throat. Women usually do not have symptoms. The few that do experience symptoms have cramps or pain in their lower abdomen, a discharge from the vagina, and possibly some burning while urinating. Symptoms can be noticed as early as two to seven days after having sex with an infected person, sometimes it can take as long as thirty days for symptoms to develop. The disease is diagnosed through tests done on penile or vaginal discharges to see if the bacterium is present. Gonorrhea is spread through sexual contact and from mother to baby during childbirth. Gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics. All strains of gonorrhea are curable, but this disease is becoming more and more resistant to many standard medications. Penicillin is one of the drugs that the bacterium is now resistant to. Presently the antibiotics ceftriaxone, cefixime, ciproloxacin, or ofloxacin are used. Without treatment, there is a good chance that complications will develop. Women could develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a painful condition that occurs when the infection spreads throughout the reproductive organs. PID can make women unable to have children or cause them to be at risk for ectopic pregnancy (Virginia Department of Health). Men experience a swelling of the testicles and penis. Both men and women may develop arthritis, skin problems and other infections that will spread throughout the body. All sexually active women under the age of 0, and those who have inflammation of the cervix should be tested, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Women less than age 4, who do not use barrier contraceptives consistently, or who have a new (or more than one) sex partner also should be tested along with their sex partners (Handsfield 5) There are many STD hotlines that can be reached for more information. The National STD Hotlines number is 800-7-8. You can also call Health on Demand at (607) 77-44. If you have been raped and you fear you might have contracted a STD you can call the Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network Hotline (RAINN) at 800-656-467. All hospitals and doctors offices also carry information on STDs. Always consult your physician if you think you could be in danger of having a STD. By writing this paper I realized that I was pretty naïve about how big of a problem STDs are. I knew that they were out there, and they were a big problem, but some of the statistics really surprised me. Like 50 percent of all men and women have genital warts. After learning so much about these diseases and what they can do to you, I really think we should have a unit in class dealing with STDs. I also think that the school should offer a STD course, and offer free condoms to students like some other schools have started to do. The usefulness of knowing all that I do about this topic can really help me out in the future. I will able to recognize whether something looks bad, and I also learned the best methods of protection. All in all, I am really happy that I chose to do this paper.

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Illiad notes

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The writings of Homer were a centerpiece of Greek culture for a thousand years, and were so powerful that, 700 years later, Alexander the Great coveted a reputation as a modern Achilles

Cattle and fat sheep can all be had for the raiding,

tripods all for the trading, and tawny-headed stallions.

But a mans life breath cannot come back againCheap University Papers on illiad notes

…

Mother tells me,

the immortal goddess Thetis with her glistening feet,

that two fates bear me on to the day of death.

If I hold out here and I lay siege to Troy,

my journey home is gone, but my glory never dies.

If I voyage back to the fatherland I love,

my pride, my glory dies….

Explanation for Quotation

With these words in Book , Achilles rejects the embassy of Achaean commanders come to win him back to the war effort. His response here shows that Agamemnons effronterywhich he discusses earlier in his speechdoes not constitute the sole reason for his refusal to fight. Achilles also fears the consequences in store for him if he remains in Troy. His mother, Thetis, has told him that fate has given him two optionseither live a short but glorious life in Troy or return to Phthia and live on in old age but obscurity. As he confronts this choice, the promise of gifts and plundercattle, fat sheep, stallionsdoesnt interest him at all. Such material gifts can be traded back and forth, or even taken away, as his prize Briseis was. In contrast, the truly precious things in the world are those that cannot be bought, sold, seized, or commodified in any way. These include glory and life itself.The choice that Achilles must make in this scene is between glory and life; it is not merely a matter of whether to accept the gifts or to continue protesting Agamemnons arrogance. At this point in the epic, Achilles has chosen life over glory, and he explains that he plans to return to Phthia. However, the allure of glory later proves irresistible when he finds a compelling occasion for itavenging the death of his beloved friend Patroclus.

We everlasting gods … Ah what chilling blows

we sufferthanks to our own conflicting wills

whenever we show these mortal men some kindness.

Explanation for Quotation

Ares voices this lament after being wounded by Diomedes in Book 5. His plaint concisely captures the Homeric relationship between gods and men and, perhaps, Homers attitude toward that relationship. Homeric gods frequently intervene in the mortal world out of some kind of emotional attachment to the object of that intervention. Here, Ares describes this emotion as simply a desire to do kindness, but kindness toward one mortal often translates into unkindness toward anotherhence Ares wound at the hands of Diomedes.Divine intervention in the Iliad causes conflicts not only in the mortal sphere but between the gods as well. Each god favors different men, and when these men are at war, divine wars often rage as well. Ares thus correctly attributes the gods chilling blows to their own conflicting wills.Ares whining does not make him unique among the gods. Homers immortals expect to govern according to their wills, which are in turn governed by self-interest. Correspondingly, they complain when they do not get their way. Ares melodramatic and self-pitying lament, which is greeted with scorn by Zeus a few lines later, probably implies some criticism of the gods by Homer. Ares appearance here as a kind of spoiled child provides just one example of Homers portrayal of the gods as temperamental, sulky, vengeful, and pettya portrayal that may seek to describe and explain the inequities and absurdities in life on earth.

There is nothing alive more agonized than man

of all that breathe and crawl across the earth.

Explanation for Quotation 4

Zeus speaks these words to the horses of Achilles chariot, who weep over the death of Patroclus in Book 17. Grim as they are, the lines accurately reflect the Homeric view of the human condition. Throughout the Iliad, as well as the Odyssey, mortals often figure as little more than the playthings of the gods. Gods can whisk them away from danger as easily as they can put them in the thick of it. It is thus appropriate that the above lines are spoken by a god, and not by a mortal character or the mortal poet; the gods know the mortals agony, as they play the largest role in causing it.While gods can presumably manipulate and torment other animals that breathe and crawl across the earth, humanitys consciousness of the arbitrariness of their treatment at the hands of the gods, their awareness of the cruel choreography going on above, increases their agony above that of all other creatures. For while the humans remain informed of the gods interventions, they remain powerless to contradict them. Moreover, humans must deal with a similarly fruitless knowledge of their fates. The Iliads two most important characters, Achilles and Hector, both know that they are doomed to die early deaths. Hector knows in addition that his city is doomed to fall, his brothers and family to be extinguished, and his wife to be reduced to slavery. These mens agony arises from the fact that they bear the burden of knowledge without being able to use this knowledge to bring about change.

Key Facts

Full title - The Iliad

Author - Homer

Type of work - Poem

Genre - Epic

Language - Ancient Greek

Time and place written - Unknown, but probably mainland Greece, around 750 B.C.

Date of first publication - Unknown

Publisher - Unknown

Narrator - The poet, who declares himself to be the medium through which one or many of the Muses speak

Point of view - The narrator speaks in the third person. An omniscient narrator (he has access to every characters mind), he frequently gives insight into the thoughts and feelings of even minor characters, gods and mortals alike.

Tone - Awe-inspired, ironic, lamenting, pitying

Tense - Past

Setting (time) - Bronze Age (around the twelfth or thirteenth century B.C.); the Iliad begins nine years after the start of the Trojan War

Setting (place) - Troy (a city in what is now northwestern Turkey) and its immediate environs

Protagonist - Achilles

Major conflict - Agamemnons demand for Achilles war prize, the maiden Briseis, wounds Achilles pride; Achilles consequent refusal to fight causes the Achaeans to suffer greatly in their battle against the Trojans.

Rising action - Hectors assault on the Achaean ships; the return of Patroclus to combat; the death of Patroclus

Climax - Achilles return to combat turns the tide against the Trojans once and for all and ensures the fated fall of Troy to which the poet has alluded throughout the poem.

Falling action - The retreat of the Trojan army; Achilles revenge on Hector; the Achaeans desecration of Hectors corpse

Themes - The glory of war; military values over family life; the impermanence of human life and its creations

Motifs - Armor; burial; fire

Symbols - The Achaean ships; the shield of Achilles

Foreshadowing - Foreshadowing is prominent in the Iliad, as the poet constantly refers to events that have yet to occur and to fated outcomes. Patrocluss return to battle foreshadows Achilles return to battle, for example, and Hectors taunting of the dead Patroclus foreshadows the desecration of his own corpse by Achilles. Also, Achilles and Hector themselves make references to their own fatesabout which they have been informed; technically, only Hectors references foreshadow any event in the poem itself, however, as Achilles dies after the close of the epic.

Please note that this sample paper on illiad notes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on illiad notes, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on illiad notes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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